Yojimbo

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox film

Template:Nihongo is a 1961 Japanese samurai film directed by Akira Kurosawa, who also co-wrote the screenplay and was one of the producers. The film stars Toshiro Mifune, Tatsuya Nakadai, Yoko Tsukasa, Isuzu Yamada, Daisuke Katō, Takashi Shimura, Kamatari Fujiwara, and Atsushi Watanabe. In the film, a rōnin arrives in a small town where competing crime lords fight for supremacy. The two bosses each try to hire the newcomer as a bodyguard.

Based on the success of Yojimbo, Kurosawa's next film, Sanjuro (1962), was altered to incorporate the lead character of this film.<ref name="Richie 156">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite video</ref> In both films, the character wears a rather dilapidated dark kimono bearing the same family mon.Template:Efn

The film was released and produced by Toho on April 25, 1961. Yojimbo received highly positive reviews, and, over the years, became widely regarded as one of the best films by Kurosawa. The film grossed an estimated US$2.5 million worldwide with a budget of ¥90.87 million ($631,000). It was unofficially remade by Sergio Leone as the Spaghetti Western film A Fistful of Dollars (1964),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> leading to a lawsuit by Toho.

Plot

In 1860, during the final years of the Edo period, a rōnin wanders through a desolate countryside. Stopping at a farmhouse for water, he overhears an elderly couple lamenting that their only son has run off to join the "gamblers" in a nearby town, which is overrun with criminals and contested by two rival yakuza gangs.

In the town, the rōnin stops at a small izakaya (tavern). The owner Gonji advises the rōnin to leave, and tells him that the two warring bosses, Ushitora and Seibei, are fighting over the lucrative gambling trade run by Seibei. Ushitora had been Seibei's right-hand man until Seibei decided that his successor would be his son Yoichiro, a useless youth. The town's mayor, a silk merchant named Tazaemon, had long been in Seibei's pocket, so Ushitora aligned himself with the local sake brewer, Tokuemon, proclaiming him the new mayor.

After sizing up the situation and recognizing that no one in town cares about ending the violence, the rōnin says he intends to stay, as the town would be better off with both sides dead. He convinces the weaker Seibei to hire his services by effortlessly killing three of Ushitora's men. When asked his name, he sees a mulberry field and states his name is Kuwabatake ("mulberry field") Sanjuro ("thirty-years-old") (Template:Lang).Template:Efn

Seibei decides that with the rōnin's help, it is time to deal with Ushitora. Sanjuro eavesdrops on Seibei's wife, who orders Yoichiro to prove himself by killing the rōnin after the upcoming raid, saving them from having to pay him. Sanjuro leads the attack on Ushitora's faction, but then "resigns" over Seibei's treachery, expecting both sides to massacre each other. His plan is foiled due to the unexpected arrival of a bugyō (a government official), which prompts both Seibei and Ushitora to make a bloodless retreat.

The bugyō leaves soon after to investigate the assassination of a fellow official in another town. Overhearing the assassins discussing the hit in Gonji's tavern, Sanjuro later captures them and sells them to Seibei. Then he comes to Ushitora and tells him Seibei's men caught the assassins. Alarmed, Ushitora generously rewards Sanjuro for his "help" and kidnaps Yoichiro to exchange for the two assassins. At the swap, Ushitora's brother Unosuke kills the assassins with a pistol.

Anticipating this, Seibei reveals he had ordered the kidnapping of Tokuemon's mistress. The next morning, she is exchanged for Yoichiro. Sanjuro learns that the mistress, Nui, is a local farmer's wife. After he sold her to Ushitora to settle a gambling debt, Ushitora gave her to Tokuemon as chattel to gain his support. After tricking Ushitora into revealing where Nui is held, Sanjuro kills the guards and reunites the woman with her husband and son, ordering them to leave town immediately. He comes to Ushitora and informs him that Seibei is responsible for killing his men.

The gang war escalates, with Ushitora burning down Tazaemon's silk warehouse and Seibei retaliating by trashing Tokuemon's brewery. After some time, Unosuke becomes suspicious of Sanjuro and the circumstances surrounding Nui's escape, eventually uncovering evidence of the rōnin's betrayal. Sanjuro is severely beaten and imprisoned by Ushitora's thugs, who torture him to find out Nui's whereabouts. When Ushitora decides to eliminate Seibei once and for all, Sanjuro escapes. Smuggled out of town in a coffin by Gonji, Sanjuro witnesses the brutal end of Seibei and his family. He then recuperates in a small temple near a cemetery.

Upon learning that Gonji has been captured by Ushitora, Sanjuro returns to town and dispatches Ushitora, Unosuke, and their gang in a final confrontation. He spares a terrified young man, the son of the elderly couple from the opening, and sends him back to his parents. As Sanjuro surveys the damage, a now deranged Tazaemon comes out of his home in a samurai outfit and stabs Tokuemon to death. Sanjuro frees Gonji, proclaims that the town will be quiet from then on, and departs.

Cast

• Toshiro Mifune as Template:Nihongo, a wandering rōnin and master swordsman who provokes two gangs into open war.
• Eijirō Tōno as Template:Nihongo, the izakaya (tavern) owner and the rōnin's ally and confidant.
• Tatsuya Nakadai as Template:Nihongo, a gun-toting gangster and younger brother to both Ushitora and Inokichi.
• Seizaburo Kawazu as Template:Nihongo, the original boss of the town's underworld. He operates out of a brothel.
• Kyū Sazanka as Template:Nihongo, the other gang leader in town. He was originally Seibei's lieutenant but broke ranks to start his own syndicate in a succession dispute.
• Isuzu Yamada as Template:Nihongo, the wife of Seibei and the brains behind her husband's criminal operations.
• Daisuke Katō as Template:Nihongo, younger brother of Ushitora and older brother to Unosuke. He is a strong fighter but is very dim-witted and easily fooled.
• Takashi Shimura as Template:Nihongo, a sake brewer who claims to be the new mayor.
• Hiroshi Tachikawa as Template:Nihongo, the timid son of Seibei and Orin who shows little inclination to take over his father's gang.
• Yosuke Natsuki as Farmer's Son, a young man seen running away from home at the beginning of the film who joins Ushitora's gang.
• Kamatari Fujiwara as Template:Nihongo, the town mayor and silk merchant who is going insane from fear.
• Ikio Sawamura as Template:Nihongo, the town constable who is completely corrupt and concerned only with keeping himself alive.
• Atsushi Watanabe as the town's coffin maker, who is profiting heavily from the gang war but ultimately chooses to help Sanjuro and Gonji put an end to it.
• Susumu Fujita as Template:Nihongo, Seibei's "master swordsman" who deserts his employer before a battle with Ushitora's men, allowing Sanjuro to take his place.
• Sachio Sakai as Ashigaru
• Yoko Tsukasa as Template:Nihongo, the wife of Kohei. She was taken prisoner by Tokuemon because of her beauty after her husband could not pay back his gambling debts.
• Yoshio Tsuchiya as Template:Nihongo, the husband of Nui who lost all of his money gambling and frequently gets beaten for trying to visit his wife.
• Template:Illm as Template:Nihongo, Ushitora's acromegalic enforcer.

Production

Writing

Kurosawa stated that a major source for the plot was the 1942 film noir classic The Glass Key, an adaptation of Dashiell Hammett's 1931 novel of the same name. It has been noted that the overall plot of Yojimbo is closer to that of another Hammett novel, Red Harvest (1929).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Kurosawa scholar David Desser, and film critic Manny Farber claim that Red Harvest was the inspiration for the film; however, Donald Richie and other scholars believe the similarities are coincidental.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When asked his name, the samurai calls himself "Kuwabatake Sanjuro", which he seems to make up while looking at a mulberry field by the town. Thus, the character can be viewed as an early example of the "Man with No Name" (other examples of which appear in several earlier novels, including Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Casting

Many of the actors in Yojimbo worked with Kurosawa before and after, especially Toshiro Mifune, Takashi Shimura and Tatsuya Nakadai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Filming

After Kurosawa scolded Mifune for arriving late to the set one morning, Mifune made it a point to be ready on set at 6:00 AM every day in full makeup and costume for the rest of the film's shooting schedule.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This was the second film where director Akira Kurosawa worked with cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa (the first being Rashomon in 1950).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The sword instruction and choreography for the film were done by Yoshio Sugino of the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū and Ryū Kuze.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Music

The soundtrack for the film has received positive reviews. Michael Wood writing retrospectively for the London Review of Books found the film's soundtrack by Masaru Sato as effective in its 'jaunty and jangling' approach stating:<ref name="Books, Vol 2007, page 17">London Review of Books, Vol. 29 No. 4 · 22 February 2007, page 17, At the Movies, Michael Wood, Yojimbo directed by Akira Kurosawa.[1]</ref>

The film is full of music, for instance, a loud, witty soundtrack by Masaru Sato, who said his main influence was Henry Mancini. It doesn’t sound like Breakfast at Tiffany’s, though, or Days of Wine and Roses. The blaring Latin sound of Touch of Evil comes closer, but actually you wouldn’t think of Mancini if you hadn’t been told. Sato’s effect has lots of drums, mixes traditional Japanese flutes and other instruments with American big band noises, and feels jaunty and jangling throughout, discreetly off, as if half the band was playing in the wrong key. It’s distracting at first, then you realise it’s not decoration, it’s commentary. It’s a companion to Sanjuro, the sound of his mind, discordant and undefeated and unserious, even when he’s grubby and silent and apparently solemn.<ref name="Books, Vol 2007, page 17"/>

Release

Yojimbo was released in Japan on 25 April 1961.Template:Sfn The film was released by Seneca International in both a subtitled and dubbed format in the United States in September 1961.Template:Sfn

Box office

Yojimbo was Japan's fourth highest-grossing film of 1961, earning a distribution rental income of Template:JPY.Template:Sfn This was equivalent to estimated box office gross receipts of approximately Template:JPY<ref name="Statistics">Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:US$).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Overseas, the film had a September 1961 release in North America, but the box office income of this release is currently unknown.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the 2002 Kurosawa & Mifune Festival in the United States, the film grossed $561,692.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In South Korea, a 2012 re-release grossed Template:KRW<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:US$).

In Europe, a January 1991 limited French re-release sold 14,178 tickets,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately Template:Currency<ref name="Europe">Template:Cite book</ref> ($87,934).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other limited European re-releases sold 3,392 tickets between 2000 and 2018,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of at least Template:Currency<ref name="Europe"/> (Template:US$). This adds up to an estimated Template:US$ grossed overseas, and an estimated Template:US$ grossed worldwide.

Adjusted for ticket price inflation, at 2012 Japanese ticket prices, its Japanese gross receipts are equivalent to an estimated Template:JPY<ref name="Statistics"/> (Template:US$), or Template:US$ adjusted for inflation in Template:Inflation/year. The overseas gross revenue of North American and European re-releases since 1991 are equivalent to approximately Template:US$ adjusted for inflation, adding up to an estimated inflation-adjusted total gross of over Template:US$ worldwide.

Critical response

Yojimbo was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design at the 34th Academy Awards. Toshiro Mifune won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 22nd Venice Film Festival.

A 1968 screening in the planned community of Columbia, Maryland was considered too violent for viewers, causing the hosts to hide in the bathroom to avoid the audience.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Pauline Kael described the film as Kurosawa's "first shaggy man" movie <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> going on to call it a wonderful satire-comedy and "farce of force."

In a retrospective look at the film Michael Wood writing for the London Review of Books found the film to span several genres and compared it to other western and samurai films from the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, such as Seven Samurai, A Fistful of Dollars, High Noon, The Outlaw Josey Wales, and Rashomon, stating, "(The film contains) comedy, satire, folk tale, action movie, Western, samurai film, and something like a musical without songs. As everyone says, this work is not as deep as Rashomon or as immediately memorable as Seven Samurai. But it is funnier than any Western from either side of the world, and its only competition, in a bleaker mode, would be Clint Eastwood’s The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)."<ref name="Books, Vol 2007, page 17"/> In 2009 the film was voted at No. 23 on the list of The Greatest Japanese Films of All Time by Japanese film magazine Kinema Junpo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yojimbo was also ranked at #95 in Empire magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Films of All Time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Rotten Tomatoes prose Template:Metacritic film prose<ref>Template:Cite Metacritic</ref>

Sequel

Template:Main In 1962, Kurosawa directed Sanjuro, originally intended to be a straight adaptation of Shūgorō Yamamoto's short story Template:Nihongo, but was reworked to include Mifune and his character following the success of Yojimbo.<ref name="Richie 156"/>

In both films, he takes his surname from the plants he happens to be looking at when asked his name: in Yojimbo it is the mulberry trees that feed the town's silkworms, and in Sanjuro it is camellia bushes used to make tea.Template:Sfn

Legacy

Template:Stack Both in Japan and in the West, Yojimbo has influenced various forms of entertainment.

Yojimbo has been remade several times, starting with A Fistful of Dollars (1964), a Western directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood in his first appearance as the Man with No Name.Template:Sfn Leone and his production company failed to secure the remake rights to Kurosawa's film, resulting in a lawsuit. It was settled out of court for an undisclosed agreement before the U.S. release.Template:Sfn A second, looser western adaptation, Django (1966), was directed by Sergio Corbucci and featured Franco Nero in the title role.<ref name="Western2">Marco Giusti, Dizionario del western all'italiana, 1st ed. Milan, Mondadori, August 2007. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="One2">Template:Cite video</ref><ref name="Cox2">Template:Cite book</ref> Other retellings include The Warrior and the Sorceress (1984), a sword and sorcery take,<ref>DVD Talk - Roger Corman's Cult Classics Double Feature: The Warrior and the Sorceress/Barbarian Queen</ref> and Inferno (1999, aka Desert Heat).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Last Man Standing (1996), a Prohibition-era action film directed by Walter Hill and starring Bruce Willis, is an official remake of Yojimbo: both Kikushima and Kurosawa specifically listed in this movie's credits as having provided the original story.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The film Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo (1970) features Mifune as a somewhat similar character. It is the twentieth of a series of movies featuring the blind swordsman Zatoichi. Although Mifune is clearly not playing the same "Yojimbo"<ref name="archive.animeigo.com liner notes2">Template:Cite web</ref> as he did in the two Kurosawa films (his name is Sasa Daisaku Template:Lang, and his personality and background are different in many key respects), the movie's title and some of its content do intend to suggest the image of the two iconic jidaigeki characters confronting each other.Template:Citation needed Incident at Blood Pass (1970), made the same year, stars Mifune as a rōnin who looks and acts even more similarly to Sanjuro and is referred to simply as "Yojimbo"<ref name="archive.animeigo.com liner notes2" /> throughout the film, but whose name is Shinogi Tōzaburō.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As was the case with Sanjuro, this character's surname of Shinogi (Template:Lang) is not an actual proper family name, but rather a term that means "ridges on a blade".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Outside of remakes, several other films and other works have been inspired by the basic premise of an outsider joining a criminal group to defeat them from within. James Bond screenwriter Michael G. Wilson compared the story of Licence to Kill (1989) to Yojimbo, as both feature their leads "without any attacking of the villain or its cohorts, only sowing the seeds of distrust, he manages to have the villain bring himself down".<ref name="comm2">Template:Cite video</ref> Screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan stated that his inspiration for The Bodyguard (1992) was "Yojimbo with Steve McQueen as the lead."<ref>Schreger, Charles (October 6, 1979). "Writer's Hot, but No Credits: Film Clips". Los Angeles Times. p. B6.</ref> Nancy A. Collins's novel A Dozen Black Roses (1996), the fourth book in her series about vampire killer Sonja Blue, is a retelling of Yojimbo featuring warring vampire clans with Blue taking the role of protagonist.Template:Citation needed After the writers of season one of Barry (2018) discovered they had "kinda just did Yojimbo," they added an acknowledgement of the similarity in the show itself.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other works that pay narrative and visual homage to Yojimbo include Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Samurai Jack (2002)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Usagi Yojimbo.Template:Citation needed

Mifune's character became the model for John Belushi's Samurai Futaba character on Saturday Night Live.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Roger Clark cited Yojimbo as an inspiration for his portrayal of Arthur Morgan in Red Dead Redemption 2.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

See also

• List of cult films

References

Notes

Sources

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External links

• Template:IMDb title
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• West Meets East an essay by Alexander Sesonske at the Criterion Collection
• A Comparison of Yojimbo, A Fistful of Dollars and Last Man Standing
• Yojimbo Template:In lang at the Japanese Movie Database