Yonaguni language

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Template:Short description Template:Mcn {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" /> The Yonaguni language (Template:Lang Dunan Munui) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken by around 400 people on the island of Yonaguni, in the Ryukyu Islands, the westernmost of the chain lying just east of Taiwan.<ref name="KieferBlevins2017">Template:Cite book</ref> It is most closely related to Yaeyama. Due to the Japanese policy on languages, the language is not recognized by the government, which instead calls it the Template:Nihongo. As classified by UNESCO, the Yonaguni language is one of the most endangered languages in all of Japan, after the Ainu language.

Phonology

Vowels

The table below shows the vowels present in the Yonaguni language. Vowels which are only allophonic or marginal appear in parentheses.

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA Template:IPA
Near-close Template:IPA Template:IPA
Close-Mid (Template:IPA)Template:Ref label
Open Template:IPA Template:IPA
Template:Note Template:IPA can also be recognized as an independent phoneme and not just as an allophone of Template:IPA. However, its distribution is very limited. Excluding a few interjections, the only morpheme in which it appears is the sentence-final, exclamatory particle do.

Consonants

The table below shows the consonants present in the Yonaguni language.

Consonants<ref name="Dunan grammar">Template:Cite book</ref>
Labial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar Labio-
velar 		Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive Template:Small Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:Small Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:Small Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn
Fricative [[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:Efn Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link
Flap Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Template:Notelist

Plosive and affricate phonemes have three-way contrast. Hirayama et al. (1967) describe the contrast as voiceless non-laryngealized, voiceless laryngealized, and voiced.<ref name="Takara">Template:Cite book</ref> Yamada et al. (2015) describe the contrast as fortis (unaspirated and tense), lenis (weakly aspirated and lax), and voiced. The lenis/fortis distinction neutralized in word-medial positions, both becoming phonetically fortis.<ref name="Dunan grammar"/>

In positions other than prevocalic, all nasals are phonetically homorganic with a following consonant (e.g. ng Template:IPA, nd Template:IPA, nb Template:IPA). Nasals are velar (Template:IPA) in final position.<ref name="Dunan grammar"/>

Phonological cognates

As a Southern Ryukyuan language, Yonaguni, similar to Miyakoan and Yaeyama, has Template:IPA in place with Standard Japanese Template:IPA, such as Yonaguni Template:IPA ('stomach, belly'), cognate with Japanese Template:IPA ('guts, bowels'). Yonaguni also has Template:IPA where Japanese and other Ryukyuan languages have Template:IPA (orthographically y). Thus, for example, Yonaguni Template:IPA ('mountain') is cognate with Japanese and Yaeyama Template:IPA ('id.'). Yonaguni Template:IPA is probably a recent development from an earlier Template:IPA, however, judging from the fact that even the Template:IPA in loanwords of Sinitic origin is pronounced Template:IPA by speakers of the Yonaguni language, such as dasai 'vegetables' from Middle Chinese Template:IPA (Template:Linktext). An entry in the late-15th-century Korean annals Seongjong Taewang Sillok records the local name of the island of Yonaguni in Idu script as 閏伊是麼, which has the Middle Korean reading zjuni sima, with sima glossed in the text as the Japonic word for 'island'. That is direct evidence of an intermediate stage of the fortition Template:IPA- > Template:IPA- > Template:IPA-, leading to the modern name Template:IPA 'Yonaguni'.<ref name="Vovin2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Yonaguni language exhibits intervocalic voicing of plosives, as do many Japonic languages. It also exhibits the tendency for Template:IPA, especially when intervocalic, to be pronounced as a velar nasal Template:IPA, as in Standard Japanese.

Syllable structure

Below is the syllable template for Dunan:

(C (G) ) V1 (V2) (N)

The onset allows for a single consonant with the occasional presence of a glide. The nucleus can contain up to two vowels. The only allowable coda is a moraic nasal.

Writing system

Template:Main Template:Urs Yonaguni was once written with a unique writing system called Kaidā logograms. However, after conquest by the Ryukyu Kingdom and later annexation by the Empire of Japan, the logograms were replaced by Japanese kana and Kanji.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Fv

Yonaguni Orthography (Ikema 2003)
/a/ /i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ /ja/ /ju/
/Ø/ ア
/a/
[a]		 イ
/i/
[i]		 ウ
/u/
[u]		 エ
/e/
[e]		 オ
/o/
[o]		 ヤ
/ya/
[ja]		 ユ
/yu/
[ju]
/k/ カ
/ka/
[ka]		 キ
/ki/
[ki]		 ク
/ku/
[ku]		 ケ
/ke/
[ke]		 コ
/ko/
[ko]		 キャ
/kya/
[kja]		 キュ
/kyu/
[kju]
/k'/ か
/k'a/
[kˀa]		 き
/k'i/
[kˀi]		 く
/k'u/
[kˀu]		 け
/k'e/
[kˀe]		 こ
/k'o/
[kˀo]
/g/ ガ
/ga/
[ga]		 ギ
/gi/
[gi]		 グ
/gu/
[gu]		 ゲ
/ge/
[ge]		 ゴ
/go/
[go]		 ギャ
/gya/
[gja]		 ギュ
/gyu/
[gju]
/ŋ/ カ゚
/ŋa/
[ŋa]		 キ゚
/ŋi/
[ŋi]		 ク゚
/ŋu/
[ŋu]		 ケ゚
/ŋe/
[ŋe]		 コ゚
/ŋo/
[ŋo]
/s/ サ
/sa/
[sa]		 シ
/ɕi/
[ɕi]		 ス
/su/
[su]		 セ
/se/
[se]		 ソ
/so/
[so]		 シャ
/ɕa/
[ɕa]		 シュ
/ɕu/
[ɕu]
/t/ タ
/ta/
[ta]		 ティ
/ti/
[ti]		 トゥ
/tu/
[tu]		 テ
/te/
[te]		 ト
/to/
[to]
/t'/ た
/t'a/
[tˀa]		 てぃ
/t'i/
[tˀi]		 とぅ
/t'u/
[tˀu]		 て
/t'e/
[tˀe]		 と
/t'o/
[tˀo]
/d/ ダ
/da/
[da]		 ディ
/di/
[di]		 ドゥ
/du/
[du]		 デ
/de/
[de]		 ド
/do/
[do]
/ts'/ ツャ
/ts'a/
[tsˀa]		 チ
/tɕ'i/
[tɕˀi]		 ツ
/ts'u/
[tsˀu]
/n/ ナ
/na/
[na]		 ニ
/ni/
[ni]		 ヌ
/nu/
[nu]		 ネ
/ne/
[ne]		 ノ
/no/
[no]
/h/ ハ
/ha/
[ha]		 ヒ
/hi/
[çi]		 フ
/hu/
[hu]		 ヘ
/he/
[he]		 ホ
/ho/
[ho]		 ヒャ
/ça/
[hja]		 ヒュ
/çu/
[hju]
/p/ パ
/pa/
[pa]		 ピ
/pi/
[pi]		 プ
/pu/
[pu]		 ペ
/pe/
[pe]		 ポ
/po/
[po]		 ピャ
/pya/
[pja]		 ピュ
/pyu/
[pju]
/b/ バ
/ba/
[ba]		 ビ
/bi/
[bi]		 ブ
/bu/
[bu]		 ベ
/be/
[be]		 ボ
/bo/
[bo]		 ビャ
/bya/
[bja]		 ビュ
/byu/
[bju]
/m/ マ
/ma/
[ma]		 ミ
/mi/
[mi]		 ム
/mu/
[mu]		 メ
/me/
[me]		 モ
/mo/
[mo]
/w/ ワ
/wa/
[wa]
/r/ ラ
/ra/
[ɾa]		 リ
/ri/
[ɾi]		 ル
/ru/
[ɾu]		 レ
/re/
[ɾe]		 ロ
/ro/
[ɾo]
ン
/N/*
[n, m, ŋ]		 ー
/ː/
[ː]		 ッ (final)
/ʔ/
[ʔ]		 ッ
/Q/
[k, g, s, ts, t, d, h, b, p]

* /m/ before labial consonants and /ŋ/ before velar consonants. Example ディンブンキルン [dimbuŋkirun] "to have a goal for".

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:IncubatorTemplate:Japonic languages Template:Japanese language Template:Languages of Japan

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