ʻOkina

The Template:Okinaokina (Template:IPA) is the letter that transcribes the glottal stop consonant in Hawaiian. It does not have distinct uppercase and lowercase forms, and is represented electronically by the modifier letter turned comma: Template:Serif.

A phonemic glottal stop exists in many other Polynesian languages as well; these are usually written by a similar apostrophe-like letter.

Names

Following are the names of the glottal stop consonant in various Polynesian languages, and notes on how they are represented in text.

Language	Vernacular name	Literal meaning	Notes
Hawaiian	Template:Wikt-lang	Separator; cutting; breaking	The Template:Okinaokina is often replaced in computer publications by the grave accent (Template:Char), the left single quotation mark (Template:Char), or the apostrophe (Template:Char), especially when the correct typographical mark (Template:Char) is not available.
Samoan	Template:Lang	"Inverted comma"—inverted (Template:Lang) comma (Template:Lang)	Often replaced by an apostrophe in modern publications, recognized by Samoan scholars and the wider community.<ref name=hunkin>Template:Cite book</ref> Use of the apostrophe and macron diacritics in Samoan words was readopted by the Ministry of Education in 2012 after having been abandoned in the 1960s.<ref name="samoa-news">Template:Cite web</ref>
Tahitian	Template:Lang	Template:Lang = to harden
Tongan	Template:Lang (honorific for Template:Lang)	Throat maker	Typeset by the same character (Template:Char) as the Template:Okinaokina, according to the Unicode standard.<ref name=U5/>
Rapa Nui	Template:Lang<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		In electronic texts tends to be written with a (always lower-case) saltillo Template:Angbr.<ref>Template:Cite book (41st page of the downloadable PDF file)</ref>
Cook Islands Māori	Template:Lang or Template:Lang	"hamza" or "hamza mark"	Not commonly used in daily writing. The 2014 Revised New Testament Bible models the use of the Saltillo character to mark the glottal stop. The Template:Okinaokina is also used in some contemporary writing.
Wallisian	Template:Lang	By throat	Not used in daily writing. Various graphic forms are used.

Appearance

File:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in quotes.svg

The phrase Template:Lang, meaning "Hawaiian language", set in Gentium Book typeface. In the second line, the character-variant option for large apostrophe-like letters is set.

In many typefaces, the symbol for the ʻokina looks identical to the symbol for the curved single opening quotation mark. In others (like Linux Libertine) it is a slightly different size, either larger or smaller, as seen in the adjacent image.

The phrase illustrated is surrounded by single opening and closing quotation marks. There is one ʻokina before the Ō and another one before the last i. These are slightly smaller than the quotation marks in the first line and slightly larger in the second.

Case

The Template:Okinaokina is treated as a separate letter in the Hawaiian alphabet. It is used only before vowels: Template:Okinaa, Template:Okinae, Template:Okinai, Template:Okinao, Template:Okinau. It is unicameral—that is, it does not have separate uppercase (capital or majuscule) and lowercase (small or minuscule) forms—unlike the other letters, all of which are basic Latin letters. For words that begin with an Template:Okinaokina, capitalization rules affect the vowel: for instance, at the beginning of a sentence, the name of the letter is written "Template:OkinaOkina", with a capital O.

Geographic names in the United States

The United States Board on Geographic Names lists relevant place names both with and without the Template:Okinaokina and kahakō (macron) in the Geographic Names Information System. Colloquially and formally, the forms have long been used interchangeably.<ref>U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Collection and Dissemination of Indigenous Names (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Twenty-third Session Vienna, 28 March – 4 April 2006, Working Paper No. 82), S. 3: "An example of this has been the addition of the glottal stop (okina) and macron (kahako) to placenames of Hawaiian origin, which prior to 1995 had always been omitted. The BGN staff, under the direction and guidance of the Hawaii State Geographic Names Authority, has been restoring systemically these marks to each Hawaiian name listed in GNIS."</ref>

Computer encoding

Apostrophes and quotation marks

In the (limited) ASCII character set, the Template:Okinaokina was typically represented by the apostrophe character (Template:Char), conventionally a straight typewriter apostrophe, thus lacking the curve of the Template:Okinaokina proper. In some computer fonts, the ASCII apostrophe is rendered as a right single quotation mark, which is an even less satisfactory glyph for the Template:Okinaokina—essentially a 180° rotation of the correct shape.

Many subsequent "extended ASCII" character sets expanded on the overloaded ASCII apostrophe, providing distinct characters for the left and right single quotation marks. The left single quotation mark has been used as an acceptable approximation to the Template:Okinaokina, though it still has problems: the Template:Okinaokina is a letter, not a punctuation mark, which may cause incorrect behaviour in automated text processing. Additionally, the left single quotation mark is represented in some typefaces by a glyph shaped like a mirrored miniature Template:Char (rather than like a Template:Char), and thus unsuitable for the Template:Okinaokina.

Unicode

In the Unicode standard, the Template:Okinaokina is encoded as [[Modifier letter turned comma|Template:Unichar]] (Template:Char). It can be rendered in HTML by the entity ʻ (or in hexadecimal form ʻ).<ref name=U5>Unicode Standard 5.1 Template:Webarchive</ref>

Although this letter was introduced in Unicode 1.1 (1993), lack of technical support for this character prevented its easy and universal use for many years. Since about 2008, OS X, Microsoft Windows and Linux-based computers and all new major smartphones have had no problem with correctly rendering the glyph. Consequently, U+02BB should be the value used in encoding new data when the expected use of the data permits.

See also

• Template:Anli
• Template:Anli
• Template:Anli
• Template:Anli
• Template:Anli, which has a Unicode codepoint Template:Unichar that is also used for the umlaut (diacritic)

External links

• Apple compatibility with Hawaiian added in OS 10.2
  • "Apple Computer Includes Hawaiian Language Support With Latest Operating System". (Template:Webarchive)
  • Honolulu Advertiser (September 2, 2002): "I mua! Macintosh 'speaks' Hawaiian"
  • Starbulletin (September 16, 2002): "Macs upgrade to isle punctuation" (Template:Webarchive)
  • SFGate (September 9, 2002): "Hawaiian language advocates applaud new Mac operating system".
• Honolulu Advertiser (June 28, 2004): "Hawaiian spellings catch on, but slowly". (On slow progress in using proper Hawaiian spellings instead of makeshift English spelling.)
• Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library: Browser information for viewing Hawaiian characters (Template:Webarchive)
• The Okina in French Polynesian Template:Webarchive, a graphic example on the top of the page of the official website of the commune of Faʻaʻā, capital of the French Polynesia (this explains why the INSEE still encodes it like the French apostrophe).
• Polynesian Font hints and information on encoding Template:Webarchive.