Î
Î, î (i-circumflex) is a letter in the Dobrujan Tatar, Friulian, Kurdish, Tupi, Persian Rumi, and Romanian alphabets and phonetic Filipino. This letter also appears in French, Turkish, Italian, Welsh and Walloon as a variant of the letter “i”.
Afrikaans
In Afrikaans, î is a punctuated form of i: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the plural of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('wedge').
Dobrujan Tatar
Î is the 13th letter of the Dobrujan Tatar alphabet, this letter represents the hight unrounded RTR or hard vowel /ɯ/ as in îşan [ɯʃ̱ɑṉ] 'mouse'. At the end of the word it is pronounced with half open mouth shifting through dilatation "Keñiytúw" to mid unrounded RTR or hard /ɤ/, close to schwa, as in şîlapşî [ʃ̱ɯḻɑp̱ʃ̱ɤ] 'trough'.
French
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Î is a letter which appears in several French words, like {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (island), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to be born), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (abyss), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (master), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fresh), and more. Unlike Â, Ê, and Ô, the circumflex does not alter the pronunciation of î or û.
The circumflex usually denotes the exclusion of a letter (usually an s) that was in a prior version of the word:
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} became {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} became {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and then {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} became {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and then {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
The 1990 spelling reforms removed the accents if they are not required to distinguish between homonyms and so {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} no longer take the circumflex. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, however, (meaning 'your one' as a pronoun) uses the circumflex to distinguish it from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning 'your' as a possessive determiner).
Friulian
Î is used to get a longer value of I, becoming {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. It can be found for example in all verbs of the fourth conjugation: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, (to revel). Another use of Î (and also the other long vowels), is due to Latin derivation. Instead of preserving the last vowel, in Friulian it was used to give a longer value to the penultimate vowel, ending the word with a consonant: gliru(m) < {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, (dormouse), where the ending u disappeared.
Italian
In Italian the circumflex accent is an optional accent. While the accent itself has many uses, with the letter "i" it is used only while forming the plural of male nouns ending in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in order to minimize both ambiguity and the stressing of the wrong syllable: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (principle) has the plural {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (prince) has {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as plural. In this situation it can be replaced with a double "i" (E.g. "principii" ), with an i followed by a j (E.g. "principij"), with a single j (E.g. "principj") or, more simply, with a single "i" (E.g. "principi"). In contemporary usage, the single "i" is mostly used and the other variants are seen as archaic and overly formal.
Kurdish
Î is the 12th letter of the Kurdish alphabet and represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, 'Kurdish language').
Persian
Î is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ي.
Romanian
Î is the 12th letter of the Romanian alphabet and denotes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter â. The difference is that â is used in the middle of a word, as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but î is used at the beginning or the end of a word: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (understanding), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î retains it, even if it is in the middle of the word: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to hate), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (hated).
Turkish
In Turkish, î can indicate the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound in Arabic loanwords where it is used as an adjectival suffix that makes an adjective from a noun: askerî (military), millî (national), dâhilî (internal) etc.
Welsh
In Welsh, î is used to represent long stressed i {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the mutated form of "team"), as opposed to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} "no, nought, nothing".
Other usage
In mathematics
- The letter <math>\mathbf{\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}}</math> is sometimes used to denote a unit vector in physics.
Character mappings
See also
- Circumflex
- tab key (Template:Keypress on some systems)