Circumflex

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox diacritic Template:Infobox symbol Template:IPA notice

The circumflex (Template:Char) is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is also used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from Template:Langx "bent around"Template:Mdasha translation of the Template:Langx (Template:Transliteration).

The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped (Template:Char), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde (Template:Char) or like an inverted breve (Template:Char). For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin alphabet, precomposed characters are available.

In English, the circumflex, like other diacritics, is sometimes retained on loanwords that used it in the original language (for example entrepôt, crème brûlée). In mathematics and statistics, the circumflex diacritic is sometimes used to denote a function and is called a hat operator.

A free-standing version of the circumflex symbol, Template:Char, is encoded in ASCII and Unicode and has become known as caret and has acquired special uses, particularly in computing and mathematics. The original caret, Template:Char, is used in proofreading to indicate insertion.

Uses

Diacritic on vowels

Pitch

Template:See also The circumflex has its origins in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it marked long vowels that were pronounced with high and then falling pitch. In a similar vein, the circumflex is today used to mark tone contour in the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is also how it is used in Bamanankan (as opposed to a háček, which signifies a rising tone on a syllable).

The shape of the circumflex was originally a combination of the acute and grave accents (^), as it marked a syllable contracted from two vowels: an acute-accented vowel and a non-accented vowel (all non-accented syllables in Ancient Greek were once marked with a grave accent).<ref>Template:Cite book: "155. The ancients regarded the grave originally as belonging to every syllable not accented with the acute or circumflex; and some Mss. show this in practice, e.g. πὰγκρὰτής. [...]"</ref>Template:Clarify Later a variant similar to the tilde (~) was also used.

νόος contraction
→
(synaeresis) 		ν-´ō`-ς = νō͂ς = νοῦς
nóos n-´ō`-s = nō̂s = noûs

The term "circumflex" is also used to describe similar tonal accents that result from combining two vowels in related languages such as Sanskrit and Latin.

Since Modern Greek has a stress accent instead of a pitch accent, the circumflex has been replaced with an acute accent in the modern monotonic orthography.

Length

The circumflex accent marks a long vowel in the orthography or transliteration of several languages.

Stress

Bilingual sign showing the use of the circumflex in Welsh as an indicator of length and stress: parêd [paˈreːd] "parade", as opposed to pared [ˈparɛd] "partition wall".

The circumflex accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in some languages:

Vowel quality

Nasality

Other articulatory features

Visual discrimination between homographs

  • In Serbo-Croatian the circumflex can be used to distinguish homographs, and it is called the "genitive sign" or "length sign". Examples include sam "am" versus sâm "alone". For example, the phrase "I am alone" may be written Ja sam sâm to improve clarity. Another example: da "yes", dâ "gives".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Turkish. According to Turkish Language Association orthography, düzeltme işareti "correction mark" over a, i and u marks a long vowel to disambiguate similar words. For example, compare ama "but" and âmâ "blind", şura 'that place, there' and şûra "council".<ref name="tdk">Template:Cite web</ref> In general, circumflexes occur only in Arabic and Persian loanwords as vowel length in early Turkish was not phonemic. However, this standard was never applied entirely consistently<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and by the late 20th century many publications had stopped using circumflexes almost entirely.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Welsh. The circumflex is known as hirnod "long sign" or acen grom "crooked accent", but more usually and colloquially as tŷ bach "little roof". It lengthens a stressed vowel (a, e, i, o, u, w, y), and is used particularly to differentiate between homographs; e.g. tan and tân, ffon and ffôn, gem and gêm, cyn and cŷn, or gwn and gŵn. However the circumflex is only required on elongated vowels if the same word exists without the circumflex - "nos" (night), for example, has an elongated "o" sound but a circumflex is not required as the same word with a shortened "o" doesn't exist.
  • The orthography of French has a few pairs of homophones that are only distinguished by the circumflex: e.g. du Template:IPA (partitive article) vs. dû Template:IPA 'due'.

Diacritic on consonants

Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation

English

In 18th century British English, before the cheap Penny Post and while paper was taxed, the combination ough was occasionally shortened to Template:Angbr when the gh was not pronounced, to save space: thô for though, thorô for thorough, and brôt for brought. Template:Citation needed

French

Template:Main In French, the circumflex generally marks the former presence of a consonant (usually s) that was deleted and is no longer pronounced. (The corresponding Norman French words, and consequently the words derived from them in English, frequently retain the lost consonant.) For example:

Some homophones (or near-homophones in some varieties of French) are distinguished by the circumflex. However, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr distinguish different sounds in most varieties of French, for instance Template:Lang Template:IPA "level, mark, code number" and Template:Lang Template:IPA "rib, coast, hillside".

In handwritten French, for example in taking notes, an 'Template:Angbr with a circumflex (Template:Angbr) is an informal abbreviation for même "same".Template:Cn

In February 2016, the Académie Française decided to remove the circumflex from about 2,000 words, a plan that had been outlined since 1990. However, usage of the circumflex would not be considered incorrect.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Italian

In Italian, Template:Angbr is occasionally used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with -io Template:IPA as a crasis mark. Other possible spellings are -ii and obsolete -j or -ij. For example, the plural of Template:Lang Template:IPA "various" can be spelt Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang; the pronunciation will usually stay Template:IPA with only one Template:IPA. The plural forms of Template:Lang Template:IPA "prince" and of Template:Lang Template:IPA "principle, beginning" can be confusing. In pronunciation, they are distinguished by whether the stress is on the first or on the second syllable, but Template:Lang would be a correct spelling of both. When necessary to avoid ambiguity, it is advised to write the plural of Template:Lang as Template:Lang or as Template:Lang.Template:Citation needed

Latin

In Neo-Latin, circumflex was used most often to disambiguate between forms of the same word that used a long vowel, for example ablative of first declension and genitive of fourth declension, or between second and third conjugation verbs. It was also used for the interjection Template:Angbr.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref>

Norwegian

In Norwegian, the circumflex differentiates fôr "lining, fodder" from the preposition for. From a historical point of view, the circumflex also indicates that the word used to be spelled with the letter Template:Angbr in Old NorseTemplate:Spaced ndashfor example, fôr is derived from fóðr, lêr 'leather' from leðr, and vêr "weather, ram" from veðr (both lêr and vêr only occur in the Nynorsk spelling; in Bokmål these words are spelled lær and vær). After the Template:Angbr disappeared, it was replaced by a Template:Angbr (fodr, vedr).

Portuguese

Circumflexes are used in many common words of the language, such as the name of the language, Template:Lang. Usually, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr appear before nasals (Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr) in proparoxytone words, like Template:Lang but in many cases in European Portuguese Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr will be marked with an acute accent (e.g. Template:Lang) since the vowel quality is open (ɛ or ɔ) in this standard variety. In early literacy classes in school, it is commonly nicknamed Template:Lang (hat).

Welsh

Template:Main The circumflex (ˆ) is mostly used to mark long vowels, so Template:Angbr are always long. However, not all long vowels are marked with a circumflex, so the letters Template:Angbr with no circumflex do not necessarily represent short vowels.

Mathematics

Template:Main In mathematics, the circumflex is used to modify variable names; it is usually read "hat", e.g., <math>\hat x</math> is "x hat". The Fourier transform of a function ƒ is often denoted by <math>\hat f</math>.

In geometry, a hat is sometimes used for an angle. For instance, the angles <math>\hat{A}</math> or <math>\widehat{ABC}</math>.

In vector notation, a hat above a letter indicates a unit vector (a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of 1). For instance, <math>\hat{\mathbf{\imath}}</math>, <math>\hat{\mathbf{x}}</math>, or <math>\hat{\mathbf{e}}_1</math> stands for a unit vector in the direction of the x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system.

In statistics, the hat is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value, as opposed to its theoretical counterpart. For example, in errors and residuals, the hat in <math>\hat\varepsilon</math> indicates an observable estimate (the residual) of an unobservable quantity called <math>\varepsilon</math> (the statistical error). It is read x-hat or x-roof, where x represents the character under the hat.

Music

In music theory and musicology, a circumflex above a numeral is used to make reference to a particular scale degree.

In music notation, a chevron-shaped symbol placed above a note indicates marcato, a special form of emphasis or accent. In music for string instruments, a narrow inverted chevron indicates that a note should be performed up-bow.

Circumflex below

A circumflex below a vowel (for example, Template:Angbr) is a notation used by the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate a raised variant of the vowel.

Unicode

Template:Contains special characters Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with circumflex" as precomposed characters and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the combining character facility (Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and thus are not shown in the table. Template:Letters with diacritic/headerTemplate:HlistTemplate:Letters with diacritic/footer

The Greek diacritic Template:Langx, is encoded as Template:Unichar. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde (◌̃) or an inverted breve (◌̑).

Freestanding circumflex

Template:Main

There is a similar but larger character, Template:Unichar, which was originally intended to emulate the typewriter's dead key function using backspace and overtype. Nowadays, this glyph is more often called a caret instead (though the term has a long-standing meaning as a proofreader's mark, with its own codepoints in Unicode). It is, however, unsuitable for use as a diacritic on modern computer systems, as it is a spacing character. Two other spacing circumflex characters in Unicode are the smaller modifier letters Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar, mainly used in phonetic notations or as a sample of the diacritic in isolation.

Typing the circumflex accent

French AZERTY layout with 'combining circumflex' as a dead key (beside Template:Keycap)

In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with a circumflex, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols.

For users with other keyboards, see QWERTY#Multilingual variants and Unicode input.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Wiktionary

Template:Navbox diacritical marks Template:Latin script

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