Voiced bilabial fricative
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
A voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is either a Latin or Greek-style beta, Template:Angbr IPA.
This letter is also often used to represent a voiced bilabial approximant, though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is Template:Angbr IPA. That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant Template:Angbr IPA, in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> It has been proposed that either a turned Template:Angbr IPA or reversed Template:Angbr IPA, among others, be used as a dedicated symbol for the bilabial approximant, but despite occasional usage none of them have gained general acceptance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Proto-Germanic<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Proto-Italic<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> are reconstructed as having had a contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the voiced labial–velar approximant Template:IPA, albeit with Template:IPA being an allophone for another consonant in both cases. In Bashkir language, it is an intervocal allophone of Template:IPA, and it is contrastive with Template:IPA: Template:Lang Template:IPA Template:Gloss, Template:Lang Template:IPA Template:Gloss.
A bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
The sound is not the primary realization of any sound in English dialects except for Chicano English, but it can be produced by approximating the normal English Template:IPA between the lips; it can also sometimes occur as an allophone of Template:IPA after bilabial consonants.
Features
Features of a voiced bilabial fricative:
Template:Fricative Template:Bilabial Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central–lateral Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
Voiced bilabial fricative
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akei | Template:IPA | 'four' | |||
| Alekano | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'nothing' | ||
| Angor | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'horn' | ||
| Bengali | Eastern dialects | Template:Lang | Template:IPA] | 'Visa' | Allophone of Template:IPAslink in Bangladesh and Tripura; Template:IPA used in Western dialects. |
| Berta | Template:IPA | 'no' | |||
| Catalan<ref name="wheeler">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of Template:IPA. Mainly found in betacist (Template:IPA and Template:IPA merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese dialects | Fuzhou<ref name="zhuqing">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:IPA | 'eighth day of the month' | Allophone of Template:IPA and Template:IPA in certain intervocalic positions.<ref name="zhuqing"/> |
| Suburban Shanghainese | 碗盞 ve tse |
Template:IPA | 'bowl' | Usually Template:IPA or Template:IPA in other Wu dialects<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |
| Comorian | upvendza | Template:IPA | 'to love' | Contrasts with both Template:IPA and Template:IPA | |
| Coptic | Bohairic | Template:Coptic | Template:IPA | 'brick' | Shifted to Template:IPAblink with a syllable coda allophone of Template:IPAblink in a later stage. |
| Sahidic | Template:Coptic | Template:IPA | |||
| Dahalo<ref name="mad34">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:IPA | 'to want' | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA, and may be simply a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="mad34"/> | ||
| English | Some dialects | upvote | Template:IPA | 'upvote' | Less-common allophone of Template:IPAslink after Template:IPA, Template:IPA, or Template:IPA (the more-common alteration being the shifting of the earlier consonant to Template:IPA, Template:IPA, or Template:IPA, respectively, although Template:IPA/Template:IPA/Template:IPA exist in free variation with Template:IPA/Template:IPA/Template:IPA). |
| Chicano | very | Template:IPA | 'very' | May be realized as Template:IPAblink instead. | |
| Epena PedeeTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'mother' | Word medial realization of Template:IPA, in free variation with a nasalized approximant Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Sfnp | |
| Ewe<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Ewe' | Contrasts with both Template:IPA and Template:IPA | |
| Fijian | ivava | Template:IPA | 'shoe' | ||
| German<ref name="Krech">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Moosmueller">Template:Cite web. This source mentions only intervocalic Template:IPA.</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'but' | Intervocalic and pre-lateral allophone of Template:IPA in casual speech.<ref name="Krech"/><ref name="Moosmueller"/> See Standard German phonology | |
| Hopi | tsivot | Template:IPA | 'five' | ||
| Japanese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Kobe' | Allophone of Template:IPA only in fast speech between vowels. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabyle | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to cut' | ||
| Kinyarwanda | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'children' | ||
| Korean | Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'later' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA and Template:IPA. See Korean phonology | |
| Luhya | Wanga Dialect | Nabongo | Template:IPA | 'title for a king' | |
| Mapos Buang<ref name=":0" /> | venġévsën | Template:IPA | 'prayer' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as Template:Angbr, and the approximant as Template:Angbr.<ref name=":0" /> | |
| Marwari | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'brother' | ||
| Nepali | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'meeting' | Allophone of /bʱ/. See Nepali phonology | |
| Portuguese | European<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'Saturday' | Allophone of Template:IPA. See Portuguese phonology |
| Ripuarian | ColognianTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'wine' | Allophone of syllable-initial Template:IPA for some speakers; can be Template:IPA instead.Template:Citation needed See Colognian phonology |
| Sardinian | Logudorese<ref name=log>(Italian) http://www.antoninurubattu.it/rubattu/grammatica-sarda-italiano-sardo.html Template:Webarchive</ref> | paba | Template:Audio-IPA | 'pope' | Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA as well as word-initial Template:IPA when the preceding word ends with a vowel and there is no pause between the words.<ref name=log /> |
| Turkish<ref name="gk6">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'body' | Allophone of Template:IPA before and after rounded vowels.<ref name="gk6"/> See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'country' | ||
| Venda<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'work party held by one who wants to have the land ploughed or cultivated' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/ | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Example needed | Allophone of Template:IPA | ||
Bilabial approximant
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amharic<ref name="hayward48">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'flower' | Allophone of Template:IPA medially between sonorants.<ref name="hayward48"/> | |
| Asturian | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'swing' | Allophone of Template:IPA | |
| Basque<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'daughter' | Allophone of Template:IPA | |
| Catalan<ref name="wheeler" /> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'before' | Approximant or fricative. Allophone of Template:IPA. Mainly found in betacist (Template:IPA and Template:IPA merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
| Cia-Cia | ᄫᅡᆯ루/walu | [β̞alu] | 'eight' | Allophone of /β/ | |
| Dutch | SouthernTemplate:Sfnp | Template:Lang | Template:Audio-IPA | 'cheek' | Labiovelar Template:IPA in northern Dutch. |
| Indonesian | tawa | [taβ̞a] | 'laugh' | Allophone of /w/ by some younger speakers. | |
| Japanese | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'me' | Usually represented phonemically as Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp See Japanese phonology | |
| Katë<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> | Western | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'wood' | Corresponds to Template:IPA and Template:IPA in other dialects. |
| Kyrgyz | ооба | [оːˈβ̞a] | 'yes' | Allophone of /b/ medially between vowels. | |
| Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'to want' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lombard | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'he was going away' | Regular pronunciation of Template:IPA when intervocalic. Used also as an allophone for other positions. | |
| Mapos Buang<ref name=":0" /> | wabeenġ | Template:IPA | 'kind of yam' | Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as {v}, and the approximant as {w}.<ref name=":0" /> | |
| Occitan | Gascon | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'then' | Allophone of Template:IPA |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade<ref name="skd">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'smoke' | Weakly rounded; contrasts with Template:IPA.<ref name="skd"/> See Kerkrade dialect phonology |
| Spanish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'lava' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as Template:Harvcoltxt have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are
not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of Template:IPA. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'problem' | Allophone of Template:IPA in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Ukrainian<ref name="zk">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'she' | An approximant; the most common prevocalic realization of Template:IPA. Can vary with labiodental Template:IPAblink.<ref name="zk"/> See Ukrainian phonology | |
See also
Notes
References
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