Yery
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Expand Russian Template:Infobox grapheme
Yeru or Eru (Ы ы; italics: Ы ы or Ы ы; italics: Ы ы), usually called Y Template:IPA in modern Russian or Yery or Ery historically and in modern Church Slavonic, is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the close central unrounded vowel Template:IPA (more rear or upper than i) after non-palatalised (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets.
The letter is usually romanised Template:Angbr, such that the family name Template:Lang is usually written Krylov in English and most other West European languages. That spelling matches the Latin alphabet used for Polish, whose letter Template:Angbr represents the same sound. Similarly, Template:Angbr is used for Template:Angbr in the cyrillisation of Polish, such that the name Template:Lang appears as Template:Lang in Russian. Note, however, that the letter Template:Angbr also appears in romanisation of other Russian letters both in isolation (such as Template:Angbr, Template:Translit) and as part of digraphs (such as Template:Angbr, Template:Translit).
In Rusyn, Template:Angbr represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel Template:IPA. In most Turkic languages that use Cyrillic, such as Kazakh and Kyrgyz, Template:Angbr is used to represent the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/ instead.
Origin
Like many other Cyrillic letters, it was originally from a ligature Template:Slavonic (which is represented in Unicode as Yeru with Back Yer), formed from Yer Template:Angbr and Dotted I Template:Angbr (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe (Template:Angbr which formerly resembled Template:Angbr). In Medieval manuscripts, it is almost always found as Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr.Template:Citation needed The modern form Template:Angbr first occurred in South Slavic manuscripts following the loss of palatalization of word-final and preconsonantal consonants, so the letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr became confused; since the end of the 14th century, Template:Angbr came to be used in East Slavic manuscripts.Template:Citation needed
Usage
While vowel letters in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (for example, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr both represent Template:IPA, the latter denoting a preceding palatalised consonant), Template:Angbr is more complicated. It appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from Template:Angbr, and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr denote different phonemes.Template:Citation needed
In Russian
There are no native Russian words that begin with Template:Angbr (except for the specific verb Template:Lang: "to say the Template:Angbr-sound"), but there are many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) that begin with it: Kim Jong-un (Template:Lang) and Ŭlchi Mundŏk (Template:Lang), a Korean military leader; and Ytyk-Kyuyol (Template:Lang), Ygyatta (Template:Lang), a village and a river in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic respectively.
In Ukrainian
In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery is not used since the language lacks the sound Template:IPA.<ref name=vnulu2010>Larysa Pavlenko Historical grammar of the Ukrainian language (Історична граматика української мови). The editorial and publishing department of the Volyn National University of Lesia Ukrainka. Lutsk, 2010. pages 47-48</ref> In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery merged with [i] and was phased out in the second half of the 19th century.<ref>Hlushchenko, V. Yer, yery (ЄР, ЄРИ). Ukrainian Language. Encyclopedia (Izbornik).</ref> According to the Ukrainian academician Hryhoriy Pivtorak, the letter was replaced with so called "Cyrillic i" Template:Angbr, which in Ukrainian represents the sound Template:IPAblink, which appeared by the merger of the earlier sounds [ɨ] and [i]. Ukrainian also had newly developed the sound [i] from various origins, which is represented by Template:Angbr ("Cyrillic dotted i").<ref name=vnulu2010/> Yery could be found in several earlier versions of the Ukrainian writing system that were introduced in the 19th century among which were "Pavlovsky writing system", "Sloboda Ukraine (New) writing system", and "Yaryzhka".<ref>Hryhoriy Pivtorak. Orthography (ПРАВОПИС). Izbornik.</ref>
In Rusyn
In Rusyn, it denotes a sound that is a bit harder Template:IPAblink than Template:IPA and similar to the Romanian sound î, which is also written â. In some cases, the letter may occur after palatalised consonants (Template:Lang "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr.
In Turkic languages
The letter Template:Angbr is also used in Cyrillic-based alphabets of several Turkic and Mongolic languages (see the list) for a darker vowel Template:IPAblink. The corresponding letter in Latin-based scripts are Template:Angbr (dotless I), I with bowl (Ь ь), and Template:Angbr (in Turkmen).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Tuvan, the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In Mongolian
In Mongolian, yery is called (Template:Lang, "Sixty One Yery"). It is used as a suffix in a lot of words in the Mongolian language. (Template:Lang "Mongolian Cyrillic Alphabet").
Related letters and other similar characters
- И и : Cyrillic letter I
- Й й : Cyrillic letter Short I
- Ъ ъ : Cyrillic letter Yer
- Ꙑ ꙑ : Cyrillic letter Yeru with back Yer
- Ь ь : Cyrillic letter Soft sign
- Ҍ ҍ : Cyrillic letter semisoft sign
- Ѣ ѣ : Cyrillic letter yat
- I ı : Latin letter Dotless I
- Ь ь : Latin letter I with bowl
- Ư ư : Latin letter U with horn, the 26th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet.
- Y y : Latin letter Y
- Ý ý : Latin letter Ý
- B b : Latin letter B (lowercase)
- L l : Latin letter L (lowercase)
Computing codes
References
- Russian: An interactive online reference grammar, by Dr Robert Beard