Close central unrounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.

Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed Template:Angbr IPA (centralized Template:Angbr IPA) or Template:Angbr IPA (centralized Template:Angbr IPA).<ref>See e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt, who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English Template:Sc2 vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} with the symbol {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.</ref>

The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".</ref>

Features

Template:Close vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

File:Spectrogram of close central unrounded vowel (IPA ɨ).png
main}}

Occurrence

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly in some Slavic languages, such as Belarusian and Russian (see ы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Acehnese lang}} main}} 'to know' Asyik<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi<ref>Template:Citation</ref> describe this sound as such while Durie<ref>Mid-vowels in Acehnese Template:Webarchive</ref> describes it as closer to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
AikanãTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'aunt' main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Angami KhonomaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hail stone' main}} and mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Arhuaco lang}} main}} 'Arhuaco language'
Armenian Meghri ագարակ/agarak [hɨˈgɛrak] 'farm'
Bantawa Ilam, Nepal lang}} main}} 'afraid'
Chinese Hokkien lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'pig'
Mandarin lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'ten'
English Southeastern EnglishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'rude' May be rounded Template:IPAblink, or a diphthong {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead.
Guaraní<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'earth' ||

HausaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to eat' main}}.Template:Sfnp
Irish MunsterTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sheep' main}} between broad consonants.Template:Sfnp See Irish phonology
KalaganTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'beard'
Kashmiri<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> ||{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/Template:Transliteration||{{#invoke:IPA|main}}|| 'peach' ||

KeraTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'knee'
Khmer lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'to think' See Khmer phonology
KurdishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Palewani (Southern) lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'Kermanshah' Equal to Kurmanji and Sorani Template:IPAblink. See Kurdish phonology
LatgalianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'very much' See Latgalian phonology
Malay Kelantan-Pattani lang}} main}} 'to paint' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
MongolianTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'difficult'
MatisTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'wall'
MonoTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'count'
MpadeTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to eat'
PaicîTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed May be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
RomanianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'I swim' See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'you' (singular/informal) Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.Template:Sfnp See Russian phonology
SahaptinTemplate:Sfnp kʼsit main}} 'cold' Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent
SanumáTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to see' main}} also occurs.Template:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic LewisTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'more' main}} when short and in proximity to slender consonants.
ShipiboTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} Template:Fix main}} after coronal consonants.Template:Sfnp
SirionóTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'dry wood'
Sundanese lang}} main}} 'you' main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} by younger speakers.
SümiTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to hurt' main}}Template:Sfnp and near-close {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Swedish BohuslänTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to become' A fricated vowel that corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
NärkeTemplate:Sfnp
Tajik BukharanTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'the sound of wood sawing' main}} in the environment of uvular consonants.Template:Sfnp
TamilTemplate:Sfnp lang}}) main}} 'tail' Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Tamil phonology
TeraTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'said'
Tsou<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'man' main}}, with free variant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Used to be written as Template:Angbr, but changed to Template:Angbr for more convenient typing.<ref name=":0" />
Tupi lang}} main}} 'mountain' See Tupian Phonology
Turkish Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'shallow' Also described as close back Template:IPAblink<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and near-close near-back Template:IPAblink<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Turkish phonology
Balkans<ref name="blk1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> || Template:Example needed || || || Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, shift of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski<ref name="blk1"/> transcribes this phoneme as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

UdmurtTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Template:Citation</ref> main}} 'it growls'
Vietnamese<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> lang}} main}} 'to carry'
Wayuu lang}} main}} 'your mouth'
Welsh Northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'picture' Close when long.Template:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merges with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology
Yaeyama lang}} main}} 'person'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'be sour'

The sound of Polish Template:Angbr is often represented as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed Template:Angbr, often represented as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,Template:Sfnp more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (mid-centralized), {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (fronted) and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (less rounded, i.e. unrounded).

Near-close central unrounded vowel

Template:Infobox IPA

Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel, which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, but other transcriptions such as Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed Template:Angbr IPA, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often Template:Angbr IPA, which captures its centrality, or Template:Angbr IPA,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> which captures both. Template:Angbr IPA is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Template:Angbr IPA represents variation between {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp

Features

Template:Near-close vowel Template:Central vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AmharicTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/Template:Transliteration main}} 'root' Near-close.Template:Sfnp
Berber Central Atlas Tamazight<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'to work' Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants.
English Inland Southern AmericanTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'good' Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects. See English phonology
Southeastern English<ref name="lodge174">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> main}} May be rounded Template:IPAblink instead;<ref name="lodge174"/> it corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other dialects. See English phonology
London<ref name="alwa">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="mott75">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lip main}} 'lip' main}}.<ref name="alwa"/><ref name="mott75"/>
South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp main}} For some speakers it can be equal to Template:IPAblink. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (Template:IPAblink in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} elsewhere. See South African English phonology
Southern American<ref name="wells534">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> main}} main}} before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.<ref name="wells534"/>
Irish lang}} main}} 'salty' main}} between broad consonants. See Irish phonology
Ulster<ref name="ulir">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> saol [sɨ̞l] 'life' main}}. Near-close.<ref name="ulir"/>
Mah MeriTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'to be drunk'
Mapudungun<ref name="sadowsky">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'male cousin on father's side' main}}.<ref name="sadowsky"/>
TeraTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to give' main}} in closed syllables.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Welsh Northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp pump main}} 'five' Near-close when short.Template:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merges with {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology

See also

Notes

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References

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