Ø
Template:About Template:Distinguish Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox grapheme Ø (or minuscule: ø) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian, Faroese, and Southern Sámi languages. It is mostly used to represent the mid front rounded vowels, such as Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, except for Southern Sámi where it is used as an Template:IPA diphthong.
The name of this letter is the same as the sound it represents (see usage). Among English-speaking typographers the symbol may be called a "slashed O"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or "o with stroke". Although these names suggest it is a ligature or a diacritical variant of the letter Template:Vr, it is considered a separate letter in Danish and Norwegian, and it is alphabetized after Template:Vr — thus Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, and Template:Vr.
In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet, or in limited character sets such as ASCII, Template:Vr may correctly be replaced with the digraph Template:Vr, although in practice it is often replaced with just Template:Vr, e.g. in email addresses. It is equivalent to Template:Vr used in Swedish (and a number of other languages), and may also be replaced with Template:Vr, as was often the case with older typewriters in Denmark and Norway, and in national extensions of International Morse Code.Template:Cn
Template:Vr (minuscule) is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a close-mid front rounded vowel.
Language usage
Languages in Scandinavia
- In modern Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian, the letter generally represents close-mid front rounded vowel, the IPA symbol for which is Template:IPA (Unicode U+00F8). As with so many vowels, it has slight variations in quality. Besides the close-mid vowel, as in Danish Template:Lang ("sister") pronounced Template:IPA, like the Template:Vr in the French word Template:Lang), Template:Vr may have a lower vowel quality, e.g. in Danish Template:Lang ("bean") pronounced Template:IPA, like the Template:Vr in the French word Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Suðuroy-dialect of Faroese, the short Template:Vr is pronounced Template:IPA, e.g. Template:Lang Template:IPA ("children"). The letter was used in both Antiqua and Fraktur from at least as early as the Christian III Bible. Under German influence, the letter ö appeared in older texts (particularly those using Fraktur) and was preferred for use on maps (e.g., for Helsingör or Læsö) until 1957.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Southern Sami language uses the letter Template:Vr in Norway. It is used in the diphthongs Template:Vr Template:IPA and Template:Vr Template:IPA. In Sweden, the letter Template:Vr is preferred.
- Template:Visible anchor (Ø with an acute accent, Unicode U+01FE) may be used in Danish on rare occasions to distinguish its use from a similar word with Ø. Example: Template:Lang, "the dog barks" against Template:Lang, "the dog does (it)". This distinction is not mandatory and the first example can be written either Template:Lang or Template:Lang; the first variant (with ǿ) would only be used to avoid confusion. The second example cannot be spelled Template:Lang. In Danish, Template:Lang, "the dog barks", may sometimes be replaced by the non-standard spelling Template:Lang. This is, however, usually based on a misunderstanding of the grammatic rules of conjugation of verbs ending in the letters ø and å. These idiosyncratic spellings are not accepted in the official language standard. On Danish keyboards and typewriters, the acute accent may be typed above any vowel, by pressing the acute key before pressing the letter, but Ǿ is not implemented in the Microsoft Windows keyboard layout for Danish.
- Ø is used in Old Icelandic texts, when written with the standardized orthography, denoting, among other things the umlauts o > ø and ǫ > ø.
Other languages
- The Iaai language uses the letter Template:Vr to represent the sound Template:IPA.
- Template:Vr is used in the orthographies of several languages of Africa, such as Lendu, spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Koonzime, spoken in Cameroon.
- Outside Europe, Template:Vr is used in Latin transliteration of the Seneca language as the equivalent of the ampersand; it abbreviates the Seneca word Template:Lang.
- Template:Vr is used in some alphabets for the indigenous Mexican Tlahuica language (also known as Pjyɇkakjo or Ocuiltec), where it represents the open-mid back unrounded vowel Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Ø (or more properly, the similar null sign, ∅), is used in English as a short for "no" or "none", but this usage is discouraged in handwriting, since it may be mistaken as another number, especially "0".<ref>Template:Cite web Updated: 11/20/03 Effective 3/3/04</ref>
Similar letters
- The Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Swedish, Icelandic, Rotuman, German, Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian alphabets use the letter Ö instead of Ø. Hungarian orthography uses Ő for the same sound lengthened.
- Ø / ø is not related to, and should not be confused with similar-looking Greek Φ / φ or Cyrillic Ф / ф.
- The Cyrillic letter Ө has the same sound as Ø, which is used in the Cyrillic alphabets for Kazakh, Mongolian, Azerbaijani, and other languages that have this sound. This is not to be confused with the Early Cyrillic letter fita Ѳ.
- The letter Ø-with-diæresis (Ø̈, ø̈) was used by the Øresund bridge company, as part of their logotype, to symbolize its union between Sweden and Denmark. Since Ø-with-diæresis did not exist in computer fonts, it was not used in the text. The logotype now uses the spelling Øresundsbron, with Øresunds- being Danish and -bron being Swedish. The letter Ø-with-diæresis sometimes appears on packaging meant for the Scandinavian market so as to prevent printing the same word twice. For example, liquorice brand Snøre/Snöre's logo on the packaging is Snø̈re. The letter is rarely used on maps (e.g.: Malmø̈).<ref>Die Erde: Haack Kleiner Atlas; VEB Hermann Haack geographisch-kartographische Anstalt, Gotha, 1982; p. 78</ref>
- In Old Polish texts, the letter Ꟁ / ꟁ, called "o rogate" (eng. "horned o"), represented a nasal vowel (after all nasal vowels had merged, but before they re-diverged in modern Polish). Due to limitations in printing technology, this letter has sometimes been rendered as Template:Char, Template:Char, or Template:Char.
Similar symbols
- The letter "Ø" is sometimes used in mathematics as a replacement for the symbol "∅" (Unicode character U+2205), referring to the empty set as established by Bourbaki, and sometimes in linguistics as a replacement for same symbol used to represent a zero. The "∅" symbol is always drawn as a slashed circle, whereas in most typefaces the letter "Ø" is a slashed ellipse.
- The diameter symbol (⌀) (Unicode character U+2300) is similar to the lowercase letter ø, and in some typefaces it even uses the same glyph, although in many others the glyphs are subtly distinguishable (normally, the diameter symbol uses an exact circle and the letter o is somewhat stylized). The diameter symbol is used extensively in engineering drawings, and it is also seen in situations where abbreviating "diameter" is useful, such as on camera lenses. For example, a lens with a diameter of 82 millimeters would be engraved with Template:Nowrap
- Ø or ⌀ is sometimes also used as a symbol for average value, particularly in German-speaking countries. ("Average" in German is Durchschnitt, directly translated as cut-through.)<ref>
Template:Cite web </ref>
- Slashed zero is an alternate glyph for the zero character. Its slash does not extend outside the ellipse (except in handwriting). It is often used to distinguish "zero" ("0") from the Latin script letter "O" anywhere that people wish to preempt confounding of the two, particularly in encoding systems, scientific and engineering applications, computer programming (such as software development), and telecommunications. It is also used in Amateur Radio call signs, such as XXØXX, XØXXX, and so on, in the United States and in other countries. See, also,<ref>
Template:Cite web </ref> for information on international amateur radio call signs.
- The letter "Ø" is often used in trapped-key interlock sequence drawings to denote a key trapped in a lock. A lock without a key is shown as an "O".
- The letter "Ø" is also used in written music, especially jazz, to type an ad-hoc chord symbol for a half-diminished chord, as in "Cø". The typographically correct chord symbol is spelled with the root name, followed by a slashed degree symbol, as in "C𝆩". The slashed degree symbol is found in the musical symbols block of Unicode but is unsupported by some fonts.
- The null sign, ∅
History
The letter arose as a version of the ligature Template:Vr. In Danish manuscripts from the 12th and 13th century, the letter used to represent an Template:IPA sound is most frequently written as an Template:Vr with a line through, but also Template:Vr. The line could both be horizontal or vertical.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Unicode
Some 7-bit ASCII variants defined by ISO/IEC 646 use Template:Tt for Ø and Template:Tt for ø, replacing the backslash and vertical bar. The most common locations in EBCDIC code pages is Template:Tt and Template:Tt. Most code pages used by MS-DOS such as CP437 did not contain this character; in Scandinavian codepages, Ø replaces the yen sign (¥) at 165, and ø replaces the ¢ sign at 162. The 8-bit ISO-8859-1 and similar sets used Template:Tt and Template:Tt; these locations were then inherited by CP1252 on Windows, and by Unicode.
Not to be confused with the mathematical signs:
See also
Notes
References
- Robert Bringhurst (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style, pp. 270, 284. For typographic reference to "slashed o".
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