1577

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File:Von einem Schrecklichen vnd Wunderbarlichen Cometen so sich den Dienstag nach Martini dieses lauffenden M. D. Lxxvij. Jahrs am Himmel erzeiget hat (grayscale).png

November: the Great Comet of 1577 is visible

Template:C16 year in topic Year 1577 (MDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 9 – The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by King Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
February 12 – The "Perpetual Edict", providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now the Netherlands, is signed in the city of Marche-en-Famenne in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) by the Spanish Governor-General, Don Juan de Austria and representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months, before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels.<ref>Alastair Duke, The Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries (Bloomsbury Academic, 2003) p.189</ref>
February 23 – The new Shah of Iran, Ismail II, has most of the advisers of his late father executed, including Prince Ibrahim Mirza.<ref>"Ebrāhīm Mīrzā", by Marianna S. Simpson, in

Encyclopedia Iranica online (1997)</ref>

March 17 – The Cathay Company is formed, to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

April–June

April 17 – Battle of Lubieszów: General Jan Zborowski leads the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the catastrophic defeat of most of Jan Winkelbruch's 12,000 rebels and mercenaries from the Commonwealth's richest city, Danzig, killing 4,420 of the men and capturing another 5,000 as prisoners. Only 88 of Zborowski's 2,500 troops are killed.<ref>Richard Brzezinski, Polish Armies 1569-1696 (Osprey Publishing, 1988)</ref><ref>Radoslaw Sikora, Lubieszów 17 April 1577 (Wydawnictwo Inforteditions, 2005)</ref> The Danzig Rebellion ends at the end of the year.
May 27 – English explorer Martin Frobisher departs from Blackwall in his flagship, HMS Ayde, along with the ships Gabriel and Michael, to begin the English expedition to North America.<ref name=RSR>Robert Steven Ruby, Unknown Shore: The Lost History of England's Arctic Colony (Henry Holt and Company, 2001) p.139</ref>
May 28 – The Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as the Torgau Book (1576), had been condensed into an Epitome; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
June 11 – Sebastiano Venier becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, succeeding Alvise Mocenigo, who died on June 4.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
June 12 – The French city of Issoire surrenders and 3,000 of its Protestant Huguenots are massacred by the troops of the French Catholic General Francis, Duke of Anjou, on orders by King Henry III of France. The massacre is carried out 20 months after the October 15, 1575 killing of Catholic residents by Matthieu Merle.<ref>Pierre Miquel, Les Guerres de Religion ("The Wars of Religion") (Fayard, 1980) p.325</ref> Most of Issoire's buildings are torn down, and the royal troops leave an inscription on a pillar, Ici fut Issoire ("Here stood Issoire.")<ref>"Issoire", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), Volume 14 (1911)</ref>
June 13 – Mirza Salman Jaberi is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of Persia by Shah Ismail II, replacing Mirza Shokrollah Isfahani.
June 29 – Mehmed II Giray becomes the new Khan of Crimea for the Ottoman Empire, after the death of his father, Devlet I Giray, from a plague.<ref>"Devlet I Giray (ö. 985/1577) Kırım hanı (1551-1577)", in TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, ed. by Halil Inalcik (in Turkish)</ref>

July–September

July 9 – Ludvig Munk is appointed Governor-General of Norway.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
August 1 – Göran Boije becomes the new Duke of Estonia, ruling what is, at the time, a dominion of the Swedish Empire.
August 23 – Martin Frobisher ends his expedition to Canada and he and his crew begin the journey back to England on the ships Ayde, Gabriel and Michael.<ref name=RSR/>
September 8 – (11th waning of Tawthalin 939 ME) Min Phalaung, King of Arakan in what is now northern Myanmar and southern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal, enters his new palace in dedication ceremonies at the capital at Mrauk U.
September 17 – The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
September 23 – The first Inuit to see Europe— Kalicho, Arnaq, and Arnaq's son, Nutaaq— are brought as captives of Martin Frobisher when HMS Gabriel arrived in England at Bristol. All three were captured on Baffin Island, and none of the three survive to the end of the year.<ref>Renée Fossett, In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550–1940 (University of Manitoba Press, 2001) p.37</ref><ref name=RSR/>

October–December

October 19 – In Italy, Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa for a two-year term, replacing Prospero Centurione Fattinanti.
October 28 – In Flanders (now part of Belgium), two Protestant members of the city council of Ghent, Jan van Hembyze and François van Ryhove, proclaim the Calvinist Republic of Ghent.<ref>P.J. Blok, History of the People of the Netherlands: The War with Spain (G. P. Putnam's sons, 1900)</ref> The stadtholder of Flanders, Philippe III de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops Martin Rythovius of Ypres and Remi Drieux of Bruges. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the Spanish conquest of Ghent in 1584.
November 6 – The first recorded observation from Earth of the Great Comet of 1577 takes place by Aztec astronomers in Mexico, followed by reports from Italy on November 7 and Japan on November 8.<ref>"Abū'l Faẓl, independent discoverer of the Great Comet of 1577", by R. C. Kapoor, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage vol.18, No.3 (2015) pp.249–260</ref> Astronomer Tycho Brahe will track the comet from November 13 until January 26 before it departs the Solar System.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
November 13 – In the Battle of Tedorigawa, Uesugi Kenshin's forces decisively defeat the forces of Oda Nobunaga, in what will be Kenshin's last victory before his death the following year.
November 19 – With defeat coming close in the siege of Shigisan, Matsunaga Hisahide commits suicide.
December 13 – Francis Drake leaves Plymouth, England, aboard the Pelican, with four other ships and 164 men, on an expedition against the Spanish, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which will become his circumnavigation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Date unknown

Supposed massacre of the MacDonald inhabitants of the Scottish island of Eigg, by the Clan MacLeod.
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge over the Drina in Višegrad is completed in the Ottoman Empire.
The church in San Pedro de Atacama is built, in the Atacama Desert in Chile.
Casiodoro de Reina publishes his "Declaracion, o confesion de fe", the first and only Spanish confession of faith in the post Reformation period.