1634

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File:Ermordung-wallensteins-in-eger-anonymer-kupferstich 1-640x370.jpg

February 25: Albrecht von Wallenstein, dismissed as the supreme commander of the Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, is assassinated.

File:Jan van der Hoecke - The Battle of Nördlingen, 1634.jpg

September 6: The Imperial army defeats the Army of Sweden at the Battle of Nördlingen

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Events

January–March

January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed, Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
January 19 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine abdicates in favor of his brother Nicholas II, who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days.
January 24 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a classified order dismissing Albrecht von Wallenstein, the supreme commander of the Imperial Army.
February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.
February 24 – By this date, the Paulaner Brewery is established in Munich, by Minim friars.
February 25 – Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate Bohemian military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein at Cheb.
March 1 – The Russians vacate their camp, ending the Siege of Smolensk.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
March 4 – Belgian scientist Jan Baptist van Helmont is interrogated by the Spanish Inquisition and put under house arrest for his experiments into plant growth.<ref>Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy (Dover Publications, 2013) p. 310</ref>
March 25 – Leonard Calvert arrives in Maryland, with Jesuit missionaries Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing St. Mary's as the fourth permanent settlement in British North America. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning here, which later becomes Georgetown University, the United States's oldest university.

April–June

April 1 – Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine, who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother Charles IV abdicates in favor of Charles.
April 14 – The Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the Sikh religious leader, Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.
May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.
May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "Union Jack".
June 14 – The Treaty of Polyanovka is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, concluding the Smolensk War.
April – The first performance of the Oberammergau Passion Play is held in Bavaria.<ref name=EJ>Template:Cite book</ref>

July–September

July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.
July 29 – Curaçao is captured by the Dutch.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
August 18 – In France, Urbain Grandier, accused of wizardry, is burned alive in Loudun.
August (prob.) – Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what becomes the U.S. state of Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at Green Bay of Lake Michigan.
September 6 – The Battle of Nördlingen ends after two days with a decisive victory for the Imperial Army and Habsburg Spain over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
September 12 – A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.

October–December

October 11 – The Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
November 11 – The Irish House of Commons passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery.
December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. <ref>Karl von Gebler, Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, From Authentic Sources (DigiCat, 2022)</ref>
December 16 – Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I,<ref> "Relations between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th and 17th Centuries, by D.M. Loades, in Rome and the Anglicans: Historical and Doctrinal Aspects of Anglican-Roman Catholic Relations by J. C. H. Aveling (Walter De Gruyter, 2019) p.41,</ref> marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.

Date unknown

The English establish a settlement at Cochin (modern-day Kochi) on the Malabar Coast.
Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.
Cardinal Richelieu gathers members for the Académie Française which will be formally established in 1635).
Moses Amyraut's Traité de la predestination is published.