1584

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Events

March 18: Feodor I becomes the new Tsar of Russia.

January–March

January 11 – Sir Walter Mildmay is given a royal licence to found Emmanuel College, Cambridge in England.<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
January 16 – Roman Catholic priest George Haydock, imprisoned in the Tower of London since 1582, states during an interrogation that he claimed that Queen Elizabeth, leader of the Church of England, was a heretic. Convicted of treason, he is executed on February 12.<ref>"Ven. George Haydock", in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 7. (Robert Appleton Company, 1910)</ref>
February 2 – (6th waning moon of the Magha, BE 2126) In what is now Thailand, Prince Naresuan, the Uparaja of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the son of King Mahathammarachathirat carries out the orders of Burma's King Nanda Bayin, and leads an army to suppress a rebellion by the Viceroy of the Ava Kingdom, Thado Minsaw. Arriving in April, Naresuan learns that King Nanda has ordered Naresuan to be assassinated, and begins his own rebellion against Burma, the Burmese–Siamese War.<ref name=Hmannan>Hmannan Yazawin (Ministry of Information of Myanmar, 2003)</ref>
February 22 – After being falsely accused of various charges, Jeremias II Tranos, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed by his fellow bishops and exiled to the island of Rhodes. Jeremias is replaced by Pachomius II Patestos.<ref>Demetrius Kiminas, The Ecumenical Patriarchate (Wildside Press, 2009) p.38,46</ref>
March 5 – The city of Karlstad, Sweden gaines city status by Duke Charles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
March 28 (O.S. March 18) – Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia since 1533, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his son, Feodor.

April–June

April 24 – (1st waning of Kason 946 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Prince Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand) suppresses the rebellion of Thado Minsaw of the Ava Kingdom.<ref name=Hmannan/>
April 28 – (Tenshō 12, 18th day of the 3rd month) In Japan, the Battle of Komaki begins as fight between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu when Ieyasu, commander of 100,000 men, begins the occupation of the Komakiyama Castle, prompting Hideyoshi to advance from Osaka with 30,000 troops.
May 17 – (Tenshō 12, 8th day of the 4th month) The conflict between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu culminates in the Battle of Nagakute.
June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
June 4 – Walter Raleigh sends Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the Outer Banks of Virginia (modern-day North Carolina), with a view to establishing an English colony; they locate Roanoke Island.<ref name=tt>Template:Cite book</ref>
June 11 – Walk (modern-day Valka and Valga, towns in Latvia and Estonia respectively), receives city rights from Polish king Stefan Bathory.

July–September

July 3 – The Siege of Antwerp by the Spanish Army begins<ref>Ronald P. de Graaf, Oorlog, mijn arme schapen (Uitgeverij Van Wijnen, 2004) p.128</ref> and lasts for 13 months until Antwerp's surrender on August 17, 1585.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
July 5 – The Maronite College is established in Rome.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
July 10 – Willem van Oranje, the leader of the Dutch Republic as Stadtholder of Holland, is assassinated in Delft. Balthasar Gérard, who bought two wheel-lock pistols and then made an appointment with at the Prinsenhof, shoots William in the chest at close range and fatally wounds him, making William the first head of state to be assassinated with a handgun.<ref>"The pistol as assassination weapon: A case of technological lag", by A. D. Harvey, Terrorism and Political Violence (June 1991)</ref>
August 6 – Russian conquest of Siberia: Russian General Yermak Timofeyevich, who had been dispatched by Ivan the Terrible in 1582 to conquer the Khanate of Sibir, is killed along with all but one member of his invading force in an ambush commanded by Kuchum Khan, the ruler of Siberia.<ref>Yuri Semyenov, The Conquest of Siberia (Routledge & Sons, 1944) p.84</ref><ref>A. J. Haywood, Siberia: A Cultural History (Oxford University Press, 2010) p.18</ref>
August 7 – In Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Italian printer Antonio Ricardo receives official permission to set up the first printing press in South America, and prints the first publication there, Pragmatica, a four-page outline of how the new Gregorian calendar (adopted 1582) works.<ref>Nicole Howard, The Book: The Life Story of a Technology (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005) p.86</ref>
August 11 – (Tenshō 12, 16th day of the 7th month) The Tenshō embassy, Japan's first diplomatic mission to Europe, arrives in Portugal with four teenagers— Julião Nakaura, Mancio Itō, Martinho Hara and Miguel Chijiwa— who had become converts to Christianity.<ref>"Spiritual Saga: When Four Boys Went to Meet the Pope, 400 Years Ago", by Michael Cooper, The Japan Times, February 21, 1982</ref>
September 17 – In what is now Belgium, the Calvinist Republic of Ghent comes to an end after seven years when its capital, Ghent, falls following a siege of 13 months. Jan van Hembyze, leader of the republic since October 1583, surrenders the city to Alexander Farnese, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

October–December

October 26 – At the Battle of Slunj in the Kingdom of Croatia, an Ottoman invasion led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović is turned back by Croatian forces, aided by troops of the Habsburg monarchy.<ref>Ive Mažuran, Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (in Croatian) (Golden marketing, 1998) p. 138.</ref>
November 23 – In the wake of the Throckmorton Plot to overthrow her government, Queen Elizabeth convenes a new session of the English House of Commons since 1581. John Puckering is appointed by her as the Speaker of the House of Commons, which has 460 members. The parliament passes the Safety of the Queen Act and the Jesuits Act 1584,<ref>"5th Parliament of Elizabeth I, 27 Eliz. I", History of Parliament online</ref>
November 24 – Albert Fontenay sends an enciphered letter to Mary, Queen of Scots that will become the chief evidence against her in her trial for treason during the Babington Plot. After becoming a witness for the English government in return for immunity from prosecution, Jérôme Pasquier will decipher the letter in 1586, leading to Mary's conviction for an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and to overthrow the English government.<ref>"The Enterprise of England", in Calendar of the state papers relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1547-1605 (General Register Office of Scotland, 1914) pp.74-75</ref>
December 31 – The Treaty of Joinville is signed secretly between the French Catholic League and Spain.<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, Radical Reactionaries: The Political Thought of the French Catholic League (Librairie Droz, 1975)</ref>

Date unknown

Ratu Hijau becomes queen regnant of the Malay Patani Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Belgian cartographer and geographer Abraham Ortelius features Ming dynasty-era Chinese carriages with masts and sails, in his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; concurrent and later Western writers also take note of this peculiar Chinese invention.
This year, according to Italian heretic Jacopo Brocardo, is regarded as an apocalyptic inauguration of a major new cycle.