1590

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March 14: The Battle of Ivry takes place in France

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Events

File:Anne of Denmark by Paul Van Somer cropped.jpg

May 17: Anne of Denmark is crowned queen consort of Scotland.

January–March

January 6 – García Hurtado de Mendoza becomes the new Viceroy of Peru (nominally including most of South America except for Brazil). He will serve until 1596.<ref>"Hurtado de Mendoza, García", by Miguel Molina Martínez, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018).</ref>
January 10 – Construction of the Fortezza Nuova around the city of Livorno begins in Italy in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany on the orders of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and continues for more than 14 years.
January 25 – Luis de Velasco y Castilla, Marquess of Salinas, becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain, a colony comprising most of Central America, Mexico and what is now a large part of the southwestern United States. Velasco will govern until 1595, and then again from 1607 to 1611.<ref>"Luis de Velasco y Castilla", by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)</ref>
February 3 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, the German-born commander of the Spanish Imperial Army captures the German fortress of Rheinberg after a four-year long siege during the Eighty Years' War.<ref>Jonathan Israel, Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713 (Bloomsbury, 1997) p.29</ref>
March 4 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, takes Breda, by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to get through the impregnable defenses.
March 14 – Battle of Ivry: Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League, under Charles, Duke of Mayenne.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
March 21 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Turkey) and the Safavid Empire (modern-day Iran), ending a 12-year war between the two nations.<ref>"Ottoman-Safavid Wars", in Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. by Alexander Mikaberidze (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.698</ref>

April–June

April 4 – The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the millones.<ref>Henry Kamen, Spain 1469—1714: A Society of Conflict (Pearson, 1983)</ref>
April 24 – Ten armed English merchant vessels of the Levant Company are intercepted by 12 galleys of the Spanish Navy while attempting to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar after trading in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>Roger Kerr, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century (Ulan Press, 2012) p.396-399</ref> Levant Company's Benedict Barnham, on the flagship Salomon, leads the corporate fleet in a six-hour battle and heavily damages the Spanish ships, clearing the way for the company ships to return home.
May 7 – King Henry of Navarre, claimant to the throne of France, begins an unsuccessful attempt to besiege Paris, at the time controlled by the Catholic League. By August 30, Henry is forced to raise the siege, when Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen consort of Scotland, at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
June 23 – The Japanese samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi sends an army of 15,000 men, led by generals Maeda Toshiie and Uesugi Kagekatsu, in an attack on the Hachiōji Castle in what is now Tokyo. The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samurai Hōjō Ujiteru has most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi's siege of Odawara. The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

July–September

July 1 (13th waning of 1st Ashadha, 952 CS) – Naresuan Maharat becomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, upon the death of his father, Sanphet I.
July 19 – The day after his 12th birthday, Ferdinand of Habsburg becomes the new Archduke of Inner Austria (Innerösterreich) upon the death, in Graz, of his father Charles II. A regency council rules in the place of Ferdinand until 1596.<ref>Robert Bireley, Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.10</ref>
July 21 – Japan's first diplomatic representatives to Europe, Itō Mancio, Michele Chijiwa, Giuliano Nakaura and Martino Hara, return to Japan after eight years, having departed on February 20, 1582. <ref>"The Japanese Embassy to Europe", by Dereck Massarella, in The Journal of the Hakluyt Society (February 2013)</ref>
August 4 – In Japan, the siege of Odawara, part of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to eliminate the clan of samurais led by Hōjō Ujinao, ends with the surrender of Odawara,<ref>Stephen Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Company, 1998) p.241</ref> part of Toyotomi's unification of the country.
August 18 – John White, governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns to Roanoke after having left the North American colony in 1587 to get supplies. Upon arrival at, the crew of the ships Hopewell and Moonlight find that the Roanoke Colony is deserted, with the only clues to where the colonist went being the word "CRO" carved into a tree, and the word CROATOAN (believed to be a reference to Hatteras Island, where the colonists formerly lived).<ref name=Stick>David Stick, Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America (University of North Carolina Press, 1983) pp. 209–210</ref>
August 27 – Pope Sixtus V dies after serving for five years, and a new papal conclave is organized, to start on September 7 at the Apostolic Palace in Rome.
September 5 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
September 15
- After the eight day conclave, Giovanni Battista Castagna, the Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso receives the necessary two-thirds majority despite support for Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna.<ref>Jim Harbaugh, The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p.123</ref> Castagna takes becomes Pope Urban VII but contracts malaria and dies 12 days later.<ref name=Sixtus>Template:Cite book</ref>
- The estimated 6.0 magnitude Neulengbach earthquake causes significant damage and some loss of life, in Lower Austria and Vienna; the effects are felt as far as Bohemia and Silesia.<ref name="SHEEC">Template:Cite web</ref>

October–December

October 6 – Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spain's ambassador to the Papal States, presents the cardinals with King the recommendations of King Philip II of Spain, a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.<ref name=VaticanHistory>"Konklave vom 05.10. - 05.12.1590 zur Wahl von Papst Gregor XIV" Vatican History.org</ref>
October 8 – The second papal conclave in less four weeks two months opens at the Apostolic Palace in Rome, 23 days after the previous conclave had been concluded, and 53 cardinals arrive. <ref name=VaticanHistory/>
October 13
- (5th waxing of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – In what is now Myanmar, King Nanda Bayin of Burma sends a 10,000-man army, led by the Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome, and General Natshinnaung to suppress a rebellion in the Shan state of Mogaung.<ref name=Yazawin>U Kala, Maha Yazawin, Vol. 3 (1724), reprinted 2006 by Ya-Pyei Publishing) 90) p.90</ref>
- German astronomer Michael Maestlin becomes the first person to record an observation of the occultation of the planet Mars by the planet Venus.<ref>"Mutual Occultation of Planets", by Stephen Breyer, Sky and Telescope (1979) p.220</ref>
October 16 – Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire: An army of 20,000 troops, led by Judar Pasha is dispatched from Marrakesh in the Saadi Sultanate (now Morocco), on orders of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur. The Saadi Army's objective is to conquer the Songhai Empire, led by the Emperor Askia Ishaq II, in North Africa, corresponding to what is now the Republic of Mali.<ref>"Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", by Lansiné Kaba, in The Journal of African History, pp. 457–475</ref>
October 24 – After an unsuccessful search of the "lost colony" of Roanoke, English officer John White and the surviving crew of the ships Hopewell and Moonlight return to England on October 24.<ref name=Stick/>
November 22 (12th waning of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – Burmese King Nanda Bayin sends a his son, the Crown Prince Mingyi Swa and 20,000 troops to what is now Thailand.<ref name=Yazawin/>
November 29 – A truce is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire (ruled by Emperor Rudolf II) and the Ottoman Empire (ruled by Sultan Murad III.<ref>Ive Mažuran, Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (Golden Marketing, 1998) pp.139-141</ref>
December 5 – Niccolò Sfondrato, Cardinal-priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, is elected as the new pope and takes the name Pope Gregory XIV.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sfondrato is selected as a compromise candidate after Gabriele Paleotti falls 3 votes short of being elected. <ref name=VaticanHistory/>
December 7 – North Berwick witch trials: Agnes Sampson is questioned by King James VI of Scotland, and confesses to practising witchcraft. She will be executed on January 28. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>