1509
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Year 1509 (MDIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 21 – The Portuguese first arrive at the Seven Islands of Bombay and land at Mahim after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim Creek.<ref name="harvnb">Template:Harvnb</ref>
- January 30 – French ambassador Janus Lascaris leaves Venice, after being recalled by king Louis XII in the eve of the War of the League of Cambrai.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- February 3 – Battle of Diu: The Portuguese defeat a coalition of Indians, Muslims and Italians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- March 13 – At Bourges, the French king Louis XII ratifies treaties that were concluded 10 December 1508, regarding the creation of the League of Cambrai.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- March 18 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, names Margaretha land guardians of the Habsburg Netherlands.<ref name="1509 in History">Template:Cite web</ref>
- March 23 – Pope Julius II issues the papal bull Petierunt a nobis, declaring his allegiance to the League of Cambrai.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
April–June
- April 17 – In Venice, the envoy of the French king Louis XII delivers the declaration of war to the Venetian doge Leonardo Loredan, thus marking the official beginning of the War of the League of Cambrai.<ref name="Italianwars">Template:Cite book</ref>
- April 21 – Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna to papal control.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- May 2 – Juan Ponce de León obtains authorization to bring his family from Spain to his home in the Casa de Contratación in Caparra, Puerto Rico.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- May 9
- The French army under the command of Louis XII crosses the Adda River at Cassano d'Adda.<ref name="Italianwars" />
- The Venetians, encamped around the town of Treviglio, move south towards the Po River in search of better positions.<ref name="Italianwars" />
- May 14 – Battle of Agnadello: French forces defeat the Venetians. The League of Cambrai occupies Venice's mainland territories.<ref name="Italianwars" />
- May 17 – Venice made an effort to appease the emperor Maximilian I by offering various political and territorial concessions, but the effort failed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- June 11
- Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione, concerning the golden ratio, is published in Venice, with illustrations by Leonardo da Vinci.<ref name="Golden Ratio Luca Pacioli">Template:Cite web</ref>
- June 19 – Brasenose College, Oxford, is founded by a lawyer, Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, Cheshire, and the Bishop of Lincoln, William Smyth.<ref name="A History of Brasenose">Template:Cite web</ref>
- June 24 – King Henry VIII and Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon are crowned.<ref>J.J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968) pp. 500–1.</ref>
July–September
- July 17 – Venetian forces retake the city of Padua from French forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- July 26 – Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN missing</ref>
- August 10 – Maximillian I of the Holy Roman Empire along with French allies begins a siege of Padua that would last for months to retake the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.<ref name=Catholic/>
- September 10 – The Constantinople earthquake destroys 109 mosques and kills an estimated 10,000 people.<ref name="DailySabah">Template:Cite news</ref>
- September 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- September 27 – A violent storm ravages the Dutch coast, killing potentially thousands of people.<ref name="1509 in History"/>
October–December
- October 1 – The siege of Padua ends with Venetian victory, causing the retreat of HRE and French forces back to Tyrol and Milan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- November 4 – Afonso de Albuquerque becomes the Viceroy of Portuguese India,<ref name="Albuquerque p. 1">Template:Harvnb</ref> replacing Francisco de Almeida, who departs five days later from Diu.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Almeida never makes it home, getting killed along with his 64 men in a battle on March 1 with the local Khoekhoe people at South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.
- November 10 – Uriel von Gemmingen is assigned to secure others' opinions before continuing the Jewish book purge started on August 19th.<ref name=Catholic/>
- December 1 – Prince Le Oanh is installed as the new Emperor of Vietnam by a coup d'etat against his cousin, Emperor Le Uy Muc, and is enthroned at the age of 14 as Emperor Le Tuong Duc. Uy Muc is granted his request to be allowed to commit suicide rather than to be executed.
Date unknown
- Erasmus writes his most famous work, In Praise of Folly.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- St Paul's School, London is founded by John Colet, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral.<ref name="St. Paul's School">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Royal Grammar School, Guildford, England, is founded under the will of Robert Beckingham.<ref name="RGS Guildford History">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, England, is founded as a grammar school for boys.<ref name="QEGS Blackburn History">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Georg Tannstetter is appointed by Maximilian I as the Professor of Astronomy at the University of Vienna.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Johannes Pfefferkorn writes his fourth and fifth pamphlets condemning the Jewish faith and people, Das Osterbuch and Der Judenfeind.<ref name=Catholic>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Basil Solomon becomes Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Births
- January 2 – Henry of Stolberg, German nobleman (d. 1572)<ref>Template:De-ADB</ref>
- January 3 – Gian Girolamo Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1591)<ref>Albani Giangirolamo Template:Webarchive Civica Biblioteca Angelo Maj Bergamo</ref>
- January 25 – Giovanni Morone, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580)<ref>Template:CathEncy</ref>
- February 2 – John of Leiden, Dutch Anabaptist leader (d. 1536)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- February 10 – Vidus Vidius, Italian surgeon and anatomist (d. 1569)<ref name="Life of Vidus Vidius">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- March 25 – Girolamo Dandini, Italian Cardinal<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- March 27 – Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, German nobleman (d. 1578)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- April 23 – Afonso of Portugal, Portuguese Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1540)<ref name=fiu>The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</ref>
- July 4 – Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Lutheran bishop of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (d. 1550)<ref name="Prince-Bishop/ Magnus III of Mecklenburg">Template:Cite web</ref>
- July 10 – John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- July 25 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German nobleman (d. 1554)<ref name="Philip II">Template:Cite web</ref>
- August 3 – Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (d. 1546)<ref name="From Latin to French: Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) and the Rise of the Vernacular in Early Modern France">Template:Cite web</ref>
- August 7 – Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (d. 1561)<ref name="Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Template:Cite web</ref>
- August 25 – Ippolito II d'Este, Italian cardinal and statesman (d. 1572)<ref name=Tibursuperbum>"The Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este", Tibersuperbum</ref>
- October 20 – Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1510)<ref name="www.famechain.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
- November 4 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Polish-German nobleman (d. 1565)<ref name="Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien">Template:Cite book</ref>
- November 7 – Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist (d. 1588)<ref name="Bernardino Telesio">Template:Cite web</ref>
Date unknown
- Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist (d. 1539)<ref name="Esaiasdr., Anneke">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Élie Vinet, French humanist (d. 1587)<ref name="Élie Vinet">Template:Cite book</ref>
- François de Scépeaux, French governor (d. 1571)<ref name="François">Template:Cite web</ref>
- François Douaren, French jurist (d. 1559)<ref name="François Douaren">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Spanish conquistador (d. 1579)<ref name="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Guillaume Le Testu, French privateer (d. 1573)<ref name="Quinn">Quinn, David B. Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500-1625. London: Hambleton Press, 1990. Template:ISBN</ref>
- John Erskine of Dun, Scottish religious reformer (d. 1591)<ref name="Life of John Erskine, Baron of Dun">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Naoe Kagetsuna, Japanese Clan Officer (d. 1577)<ref name="Turnball">Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle Turnball, S. 2013.</ref>
- Stanisław Odrowąż, Polish nobleman (d. 1545)<ref name="Stanisław Odrowąż">Template:Cite web</ref>
Deaths
- January – Adam Kraft, German sculptor and architect (b. circa 1460)<ref name="Adam Krafft">Template:Cite web</ref>
- January 27 – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern, German nobleman (b. 1459)<ref>Winfried Dotzauer: Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001</ref>
- March 14 – Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio, Italian cardinal (b. unknown)<ref>From 1493; he was bishop of Frascati in 1503, bishop of Palestrina in 1507, bishop of Sabina in 1508.</ref>
- April 21 – Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland (b. 1457)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- April 27 – Margaret of Brandenburg, German abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (b. 1453)<ref name="Markgrafen Albrecht Achilles">Template:Cite book</ref>
- May 28 – Caterina Sforza, Italian countess of Forlì (b. 1463)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- June 29 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII of England (b. 1443)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- July 11 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse, German nobleman (b. 1469)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- July 16
- Joao da Nova, Portuguese explorer (b. 1460)<ref>Albuquerque's Commentaries, vol. ii, p.49 online</ref>
- Mikalojus Radvila the Old, Lithuanian nobleman (b. circa 1450)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- July 28 – Ignatius Noah of Lebanon, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (b. 1451).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- December 1 – Lê Uy Mục, 8th king of the later Lê Dynasty of Vietnam (b. 1488)<ref name="LÊ UY MỤC ĐẾ">Template:Cite web</ref>
Date unknown
- Dmitry Ivanovich, Russian Grand Prince (b. 1483)<ref name="Dmitry Ivanovich">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Eleanor de Poitiers, Burgundian courter and writer (b. circa 1444)Template:Cn
- Hans Seyffer, German sculptor and woodcarver (b. circa 1460)<ref name="Hans Seyffer">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (b. 1427)<ref name="Shen Zhou">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Viranarasimha Raya, Indian ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire (b. unknown)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>