1984 Summer Paralympics

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Olympic games Template:1984 Summer Olympics The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, commonly known as the 1984 Summer Paralympics, were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. There were two separate competitions: one in Stoke Mandeville, England, United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University on Long Island, New York, United States for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy, amputees, and les autres [the others] (conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes). Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games, as the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome in 1960 are now recognised as the first Summer Paralympics.<ref>"2012 – The Paralympics come home"Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore, BBC, 4 July 2008</ref>

As with the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, the Soviet Union and other communist countries, except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia, did not participate in the Paralympic Games.<ref name=Bailey>Bailey, Steve. "The Collapse of the Illinois Games", Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement], Wiley, 2008, pages 57–60.</ref> The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time, arguing that they have no disabled people (called "invalids" by Soviet officials) in the country.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A delegation of 18 blind Soviet athletes registered for the International Games for the Disabled, but withdrew its participation weeks before the opening ceremony due to the Olympic boycott.<ref>"Soviets yank another team from world competition", Associated Press, via the Quad-City Times, June 7, 1984, page 27.</ref> The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988, during Perestroika.

The 1984 Paralympic Games were the last Summer Games not to be staged by the same host city as the Olympic Games. Seoul hosted both events in 1988, a pattern maintained thereafter.

Organization

World Wheelchair Games

Since the 1960 inception of the international event that retroactively became known as the Paralympic Games, the organizers had held the event in the same country as the Summer Olympics every four years, except when they were prevented from doing so by the national government (Mexico in 1968 and the Soviet Union in 1980). With the selection of the United States as the host of the 1984 Summer Olympics, it was expected that the U.S. would also host the Paralympics, but the two events were not officially connected at the time.<ref>"Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984 Paralympic Games", International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved September 22, 2025.</ref>

The National Wheelchair Athletic Association (NWAA) was responsible for finding an institution in the United States that would host and financially sponsor the Paralympic Games. By June 1981, the choice of a host institution had been narrowed to three finalists: the Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital in Inglewood, California, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and the University of Washington in Seattle.<ref>Hart, Jim. "Inglewood may be host for Paralympics", The Daily Breeze, June 1, 1981, page A3.</ref> Another proposal was made by the University of Texas at Arlington,<ref>Hensley, Denise. "Arlington leads for '84 Paralympics host", Fort Worth Star-Telegram, July 15, 1981, page 1B.</ref> but this was dropped due to a lack of clarity about the source of funding for the Games.<ref>"Arlington drops Paralympic games", Fort Worth Star-Telegram, October 6, 1981, page 16A.</ref> In December, the University of Illinois was chosen as the host for the event.<ref>Zentz, Renny. "Illinois lands 1984 Paralympics", The Daily Illini, December 12, 1981, page 34.</ref>

Organizers approached the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) to seek its support for the event.<ref name=Bailey/> Instead, the USOC demanded that the NWAA stop using the term "Paralympics". The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 had given the USOC exclusive control over the use of the term "Olympics" in sporting competitions in the United States, and the USOC had previously sued events like the Gay Olympics in San Francisco to stop them from using the name. The name of the Illinois event was changed to the World Wheelchair Games. The change of name contributed to the NWAA's difficulties in raising funds for the event, as the name "Paralympics" was familiar to many but "World Wheelchair Games" was not.<ref>Savitz, Harriet May. "Comment: Forcing name change, Olympics dealt Paralympics a cruel blow", Allentown Call-Chronicle, March 25, 1984, page B-27.</ref>

The University of Illinois, not wanting to take on debt to host the Games, gave the NWAA a deadline of January 31, 1984, to raise $2 million or the event would be cancelled.<ref>Hilman, Randy. "Paralympics Chief Hoping For a 'Miracle'", The Tennessean, January 30, 1984, pages 1-B and 2-B.</ref> Despite several nationwide fundraising efforts, including a General Mills sponsorship which encouraged donations on the back of every box of Wheaties, the fundraising goal was not met.<ref>Rossi, Frank. "Athletes losers to power play", Knight-Ridder News Service, via the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, July 8, 1984, page 7C.</ref> The following month, the university terminated its contract with the World Wheelchair Games, leaving the event without a host. The organizers contacted the IOC and the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee for emergency support, but without success.<ref name=Bailey/>

On March 4, 1984, the Executive Committee of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF), which had organized the Paralympics before 1976, announced that it would host a replacement event if the problems in Illinois could not be resolved. At the time, the ISMGF held an edition of the International Stoke Mandeville Games every summer except in Paralympic years, so this meant hosting an extra event in 1984.<ref name=Bailey/>

International Games for the Disabled

Beginning in 1976, the International Games for the Disabled, consisting of events for disabled athletes other than those with paraplegia, were organized by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD). The event had been held in tandem with the Paralympic Games in Canada in 1976 and in the Netherlands in 1980, but the NWAA decided in October 1980 that its plans in Illinois would not include non-wheelchair athletes. Therefore, the ISOD was responsible for organizing its own event, and also sought to do so in the United States.<ref>Cashman, Richard, and Simon Darcy. "The Evolution of the Paralympic Games", Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games, 2008, pages 30–31.</ref>

The 1984 International Games for the Disabled were sponsored by the U.S. Association for Blind Athletes, the U.S. Amputee Athletic Association, and the National Association of Sports for Cerebral Palsy. Nassau County, New York, was chosen as the host area of the Games in October 1982.<ref>"Nassau is chosen to host 1984 Int'l Games for Disabled", New York Daily News, October 26, 1982, page K 12.</ref><ref>English, Merle. "Nassau Will Host Games For Physically Disabled", Newsday, March 25, 1983, Suffolk Edition, page 21.</ref>

Ceremonies

In the opening ceremonies, patchy showers greeted the 14,000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on 19 June.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech.<ref name=":3" /> Entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech.<ref name=":3" /> At the closing ceremonies, Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a short speech acknowledging the athletes and the next host city, Seoul, South Korea and was to be held in conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics. The flag of the Games was lowered and American athletes carried the flag back to the honor stand where they handed over to the President of the Organizing Committee, Dr William T. Callahan and Cameron.<ref name=":3" />

Mascot

Template:Infobox The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, which was designed by an art teacher, Maryanne McGrath Higgins. The name was voted on by students of the Human Resources School (now Henry Viscardi School), a school in Albertson, New York for students with severe physical impairments.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="p509">Template:Cite web</ref> Another mascot named Dan D. Lion, with a different design, was the mascot for the British team in the Stoke Mandeville portion of the Games.<ref name="d651">Template:Cite web</ref>

Sports

Competitors were divided into five disability-specific categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair, and les autres (athletes with physical disabilities that had not been eligible to compete in previous Games). The wheelchair category was for those competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs. Within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The trials for the two wheelchair events to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using "paralympic" terminology, in the United States the US Olympic Committee prohibited the Games organizers from using the term. The seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Medal table

Template:Main The host nations, Great Britain and the United States, are highlighted. Bahrain, China, Jordan, Trinidad and Tobago won their first ever medals, with Luxembourg winning a first ever gold. Template:Medals table

Participating delegations

Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics. Bahrain, China, East Germany, Faroe Islands, Jordan, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela made their first appearances, India and Portugal returned to the Games after a 12-year absence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear Template:Div col

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Reception at the host cities

Odeda Rosenthal, a professor of humanities at a local community college on Long Island and translator for the Austrian team highlighted a number of problems at the games in a series of articles.<ref name=":3" /> She highlighted a number of issues such as poor communication, administrative hiccups and even bus drivers not knowing the routes to scheduled events that even caused some teams to miss events completely.<ref name=":3" /> Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief "took the opposite tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess".<ref name=":3" /> However, overall reports and the general impression exuded by the games included a friendly atmosphere and volunteers trying their hardest under difficult conditions.<ref name=":3" />

See also

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References

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