1986 Atlantic hurricane season

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The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season was a very inactive season that produced 10 depressions, 6 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and no major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1986, and lasted until November 30, 1986. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. During the 1986 season, the first subtropical depression formed in the first week of June, while the last tropical cyclone dissipated at the end of the third week of November. The 1986 season had lower than average activity because of an ongoing El Niño, and was the least active season in the North Atlantic since the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season. This was also the first season since 1972 to have no major hurricanes.<ref name="HURDAT" />

The season started on June 5 when Subtropical Depression One formed near the Bahamas, which would later gain tropical characteristics and become the first tropical storm of the season; Tropical Storm Andrew. On June 9, Andrew would later be absorbed by a larger low pressure system. On June 23, the season's first hurricane formed; Bonnie, although it attained hurricane status on June 25, just two days after Bonnie's formation. Two more tropical depressions followed suit later in the season. On August 13, the season's fifth tropical depression formed and would later become Hurricane Charley four days later. After Charley dissipated, two more tropical depressions formed on August 31 and September 1. Both dissipated on September 4. On September 7, Tropical Storm Danielle formed and would dissipate on September 10. Just after Danielle dissipated, Hurricane Earl formed and would later become the strongest system of the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season, peaking as a 105 mph Category 2 hurricane and 979 mbars in lowest pressure. No tropical cyclones formed during the months of October and the first half of November. That is, until Hurricane Frances became the latest sixth named storm on record since tropical cyclones were first named in 1950. The season came to a close on November 21, which was when Frances dissipated.

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Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 1985 season
Source Date Named
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010) 12.1 6.4 2.7 <ref name="Background">Template:Cite web</ref>
Record high activity 30 15 7† <ref name="CSU Atl">Template:Cite web</ref>
Record low activity 1 0† 0† <ref name="CSU Atl"/>
WRC Early 1986 11 5 N/A <ref name="wrc">Template:Cite web</ref>
CSU May 29, 1986 8 4 N/A <ref name="CSU">Template:Cite web</ref>
CSU July 28, 1986 7 4 N/A <ref name="CSU"/>
Actual activity 6 4 0

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU).<ref name="csu1"/> A normal season, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the period from 1981 to 2010, has approximately twelve named storms, with six of those reaching hurricane status. About three hurricanes strengthen into major hurricanes, which are tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale.<ref name="Background"/> In early 1986, the Weather Research Center (WRC) predicted eleven tropical storms and five hurricanes.<ref name="wrc"/>

CSU issued forecasts on May 29 and July 28 indicating within both forecasts the anticipation of a below normal hurricane season, the former citing the absence of an El Niño event and eastward winds associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation.<ref name="csu1">Template:Cite web</ref> In May, a total of 8 named storms were expected, with four hurricanes expected, 15 days with hurricanes, and a total of 35 days with a tropical storm active in the northern Atlantic Ocean. In July, the numbers were dropped to a total of 7 named storms, 4 hurricanes, 10 hurricane days, and 25 days with a named tropical storm, which almost perfectly verified.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> CSU lowered their numbers from the previous prediction after data indicated high sea-level pressure anomalies over the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico and westward-oriented zonal wind anomalies, both of which favored less tropical cyclone activity.<ref name="csu2">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

Season summary

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June 1
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT May 31) – The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.<ref name="AOML FAQ G1">Template:Cite report</ref>
June 5
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT June 4) – Subtropical Depression One formed near the Bahamas.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 2">Template:Cite report</ref>
June 6
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT June 5) – Subtropical Depression One acquired tropical characteristics and strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 2" />
June 7
June 9
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT June 8) – Tropical Storm Andrew was absorbed by a low pressure system.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 2" />
June 23
June 24
  • 1800 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) – Tropical Depression Two strengthened into Tropical Storm Bonnie.<ref name="PRPG5" />
June 25
  • 1800 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) – Tropical Storm Bonnie strengthened into Category 1 hurricane.<ref name="PRPG5" />
June 26
  • 0900 UTC (4:00 a.m. CDT) – Hurricane Bonnie attained its peak intensity with winds of Template:Convert and a minimum pressure of 990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg).<ref name="PRPG5" />
  • 1000 UTC (5:00 a.m. CDT) – Hurricane Bonnie made landfall near High Island, Texas with winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="PRPG5" />
  • 1800 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) – Hurricane Bonnie weakened back to a tropical storm.<ref name="PRPG5" />
June 27
  • 0000 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT June 26) – Tropical Storm Bonnie weakened back to a tropical depression.<ref name="PRPG5" />
June 28
  • 1200 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) - Tropical Depression Bonnie dissipated in Missouri.<ref name="PRPG5" />

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July 23
July 28

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August 4
August 5
August 13
August 15
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – The subtropical depression transitioned into a tropical depression Template:Convert southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.<ref name="tcr4" />
  • 1200 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) – The tropical depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Charley.<ref name="tcr4" />
August 17
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Charley strengthened into Category 1 hurricane.<ref name="tcr4" />
  • 1400 UTC (10:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Charley made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina with winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="tcr4" />
  • 2200 UTC (6:00 p.m. EDT) – Hurricane Charley attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="tcr4" />
August 18
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Charley weakened back to a tropical storm.<ref name="tcr4" />
August 21
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Charley transitioned into an extratropical storm.<ref name="tcr4" />
August 30

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September 1
September 4
September 7
  • 2:00 a.m. EDT (0600 UTC) - Tropical Depression Seven formed several hundred miles east of the Windward Islands.<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_2">Template:Cite report</ref>
  • 2:00 p.m. EDT (1800 UTC) - Tropical Depression Seven strengthened into Tropical Storm Danielle.<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_2" />
September 8
  • 0600 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Danielle attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_2" />
September 9
  • 1800 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Danielle weakened back to a tropical depression.<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_2" />
September 10
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Tropical Depression Danielle dissipated in the western Caribbean.<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_2" />
  • 1800 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Depression Eight developed Template:Convert east-northeast of Puerto Rico.<ref name="etcr4">Template:Cite report</ref>
September 11
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT September 10) – Tropical Depression Eight strengthened into Tropical Storm Earl.<ref name="etcr4" />
  • 1800 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Earl strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.<ref name="etcr4" />
September 12
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Earl strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane.<ref name="etcr4" />
September 14
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Earl attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="etcr4" />
September 16
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT September 15) – Hurricane Earl weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane.<ref name="etcr4" />
September 19
  • 0000 UTC (98:00 p.m. EDT September 18) – Hurricane Earl transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.<ref name="etcr4" />

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  • There was no tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic basin during October 1986.

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November 18
  • 1800 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Depression Nine formed north of the Leeward Islands.<ref name="fprelim2">Template:Cite report</ref>
November 19
  • 0600 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) – Tropical Depression Nine strengthened into Tropical Storm Frances.<ref name="fprelim2" />
November 20
  • 0600 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Frances strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane.<ref name="fprelim2" />
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Frances attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="fprelim2" />
November 21
  • 1200 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) – Hurricane Frances weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref name="Ftcr">Template:Cite report</ref>
November 22
  • 0000 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT) – Tropical Storm Frances merged with an extratropical storm.<ref name="Ftcr" />
November 30
  • 2359 UTC (7:59 p.m. EDT) – The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially ended.<ref name="AOML FAQ G1" />

Template:Hidden end The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 36,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> which is classified as "below normal".<ref name="background">Template:Cite report</ref> ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding Template:Convert or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Systems

Tropical Storm Andrew

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small In early June, a large area of disturbed weather persisted over the Greater Antilles, bringing heavy rains to the islands. The area moved northward, developing a circulation over the Bahamas. Strong upper-level winds caused when satellite imagery showed a circulation developing over the Bahamas. Strong upper-level winds caused the structure to resemble a subtropical cyclone, and as a result, the system was classified as a subtropical depression on June 5.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 2" /><ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 1">Template:Cite report</ref> The depression moved to the northwest and transitioned into a tropical storm on June 6; it was named Andrew about Template:Convert southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 1" /> The tropical storm approached the South Carolina coast within Template:Convert before recurving to the northeast on June 7. The storm passed within Template:Convert of Cape Hatteras while recurving, while near its peak intensity of Template:Convert. The storm accelerated to the northeast, briefly crossing into the forecasting territory of Environment Canada, the first of three storms of the season to do so,<ref name="Environment Canada 1986 Summary">Template:Cite report</ref> before ultimately being absorbed by a low pressure system over Canada on June 8.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 1" />

While active, Andrew posed a threat to the Carolinas. Gale warnings were posted from an area ranging from Cape Lookout to south of Virginia Beach, Virginia on June 7.<ref name="NHC 1986 Summary">Template:Cite report</ref> Waves reached heights of Template:Convert off the coast of the Carolinas,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which killed a person on Ocracoke Island. Three companions were also swept out, all of whom made it back to shore. At Wrightsville Beach and Carolina Beach, at least 40 swimmers were caught in the currents, four of whom were hospitalized.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The precursor to the storm produced heavy rainfall across Jamaica that caused a deadly flood event.<ref name="Andrew Prelim Page 1" /> Template:Clear

Hurricane Bonnie

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small Template:Main During late June, a frontal trough drifted into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, and by June 22 a surface circulation formed. Tracking west-northwestward, it developed into Tropical Depression Two on June 23 while located about Template:Convert south of Pensacola, Florida. The next day, it attained tropical storm status, and with continued favorable conditions attained hurricane status on June 25 to the south of Louisiana. Bonnie turned to the northwest and made landfall near Sea Rim State Park in Texas. The storm quickly weakened over land as it turned to the north and northeast, and on June 28 it was absorbed by an approaching frontal zone in southeastern Missouri.<ref name="PRPG2">Template:Cite report</ref>

Prior to moving ashore, 22,000 people were evacuated. Upon making landfall, Hurricane Bonnie produced a storm surge peaking at Template:Convert at Sabine Pass. Rainfall from the storm peaked at Template:Convert in Ace, Texas,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> which caused some street flooding and destroyed a small dam in Liberty County, Texas. The hurricane also spawned eleven tornadoes, which, in combination with moderate winds, destroyed about 25 residencies in southwestern Louisiana. Three storm deaths occurred in the Port Arthur, Texas area; two deaths occurred from separate car accidents, and another occurred after a partially paralyzed woman died in a house fire. Hurricane Bonnie caused minor damage totaling $2 million (1986 USD, $3.5 million 2006 USD).<ref name="PRPG4">Template:Cite report</ref> Template:Clear

Tropical Depression Three

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small The third tropical depression of the season was detected early on July 27 in the open waters of the Atlantic, north of Bermuda. While about Template:Convert north of the island, the storm was moving northward at Template:Convert while its maximum sustained winds were about Template:Convert.<ref name="UPI wire July 27 BC">Template:Cite news</ref> Later that afternoon, aircraft reconnaissance found no well-defined circulation and the storm's status was reduced from a depression. The depression never threatened any land areas.<ref name="AP wire July 27 am">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Clear

Unnumbered tropical depression

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical disturbance was detected on August 4 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico along the lower Texas coast. The low-pressure system moved slowly toward land, limiting the system's development.<ref name="AP wire August 5 pm">Template:Cite news</ref> On August 5, the system became organized enough to be considered a tropical depression.<ref name="wpctd86">Template:Cite report</ref> The storm moved inland overnight, dumping several inches of rain over South Texas and causing street flooding in Brownsville and nearby South Padre Island. The system caused rainfall up to Template:Convert in some areas but had no major problems attributed to it.<ref name="wpctd86" /><ref name="AP wire August 5 am">Template:Cite news</ref> This storm was not carried as a depression operationally, and thus has no assigned number.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Template:Clear

Hurricane Charley

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small Template:Main Hurricane Charley was the first hurricane to threaten the east-central United States since Hurricane Gloria in the previous year. The third tropical storm and second hurricane of the season, Charley formed as a subtropical low on August 13 along the Florida panhandle. A few days later intensified it into a tropical storm off the coast of South Carolina, and Charley attained hurricane status before moving across eastern North Carolina. It gradually weakened over the north Atlantic Ocean before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, though its remnants remained identifiable for over a week until after crossing the British Isles and dissipating on August 30.<ref name="tcr">Template:Cite report</ref>

The storm brought light to moderate precipitation along its path through the southeastern United States. In Georgia and South Carolina, the rainfall alleviated drought conditions.<ref name="rain">Template:Cite report</ref> In North Carolina, where the hurricane made landfall, tidal flooding and downed trees were the primary impact. The storm brought high winds to southeastern Virginia, where 110,000 people were left without power. Minor damage extended along the Atlantic coastline northward through Massachusetts. One traffic fatality was reported each in North Carolina and Virginia. Three people in Maryland died due to a plane crash related to the storm. Throughout the United States, Hurricane Charley caused an estimated $15 million in damage (1986 US$, $29 million 2008 USD).<ref name="tcr" />

As an extratropical cyclone, Charley brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to Ireland and the United Kingdom, causing at least 11 deaths.<ref name="ap826">Template:Cite news</ref> In Ireland, the rainfall set records for 24‑hour totals, including an accumulation of more than Template:Convert which set the record for the greatest daily rainfall total in the country. In the country, the rainfall caused widespread flooding, resulting in two rivers overflowing their banks. In the Dublin area, 451 buildings were flooded, some up to a depth of Template:Convert.<ref name="mwb">Template:Cite report</ref> In the United Kingdom, the storm caused downed trees and power lines, as well as flooded rivers.<ref name="ap826" /> Template:Clear

Tropical Depression Five

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small This tropical depression formed in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 31. The depression moved west-northwest, then northwest away from the Caribbean Sea without further development before dissipating east-southeast of Bermuda on September 4.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Template:Clear

Tropical Depression Six

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave crossed the Caribbean sea, moving into a favorable upper environment in the western Caribbean sea on August 31. The system formed into a weak tropical depression before crossing the Yucatán peninsula, becoming better organized as it moved into the south-central and western Gulf of Mexico between September 1 and 3. The system moved ashore east-central Mexico before quickly dissipating as a tropical cyclone on September 4. Satellite imagery revealed that its residual cloud pattern persisted over Mexico for an additional couple of days before degenerating. Heavy rainfall fell primarily north of its track, with the maximum across northeast Mexico falling at El Barranco/Altamira, where a total of Template:Convert was measured.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Template:Clear

Tropical Storm Danielle

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small Template:Main On September 1, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and headed westward. The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it organized into a tropical depression on September 7 and then a tropical storm later that day. Danielle peaked as a Template:Convert storm on September 8, while Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force. After passing through the Lesser Antilles, Danielle encountered vertical wind shear, and on September 10 it dissipated in the central Caribbean. The remnants continued westward and ultimately regenerated into Tropical Storm Lester.<ref name="mwr">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines experienced wind gusts up to hurricane force, causing severe power outages and causing roof damage. In the Grenadines, the storm drove a coast guard ship aground,<ref name="Noaa Danielle report_1">Template:Cite report</ref> while five people were injured and hundreds of homes were destroyed. Torrential rainfall produced several mudslides, which, in turn, damaged roads, bridges, electricity, and water services.<ref name=StVin>Template:Cite report</ref> Danielle also destroyed twelve homes on the island of Barbados.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In Trinidad and Tobago, strong flooding of up to four feet caused 27 landslides, destroying four bridges. The storm caused $8 million in damage in Tobago.<ref name="nema.gov">Template:Cite report</ref> Total damage from the storm amounted to $9.2 million (1986 USD), mostly to crops, though no deaths were reported.<ref name=StVin /> Template:Clear

Hurricane Earl

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4. After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it developed into Tropical Depression Eight on September 10 while about Template:Convert east of Puerto Rico. The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11, peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on September 12 as it made a half circle, weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came. Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19. At its peak, Earl had sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Template:Clear

Hurricane Frances

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small First spotted as a tropical disturbance near the Lesser Antilles on November 15, the system moved generally northward while slowly developing. The system organized into a tropical depression on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm curved northeast and strengthened further, reaching hurricane strength on November 20. However, a surface high-pressure system to the north caused the storm to weaken as the vertical wind shear increased over its center. Frances was later absorbed by an extratropical cyclone on November 21.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Template:Clear

Storm names

Template:Tropical cyclone naming The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1986.<ref name="NHOP 86">Template:Cite report</ref> This is the same list used for the 1980 season except for Andrew,<ref name="NHOP 80">Template:Cite report</ref> which replaced Allen, and was used for the first time in 1986. No names were retired from this list following the season,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and it was used again for the 1992 season.<ref name="NHOP 92">Template:Cite report</ref>

Season effects

This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1986 USD.

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See also

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References

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