Hurricane Gloria
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox weather eventTemplate:Infobox weather event/NWSTemplate:Infobox weather event/EffectsTemplate:Infobox weather event/Footer Hurricane Gloria was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused significant damage along the East Coast of the United States and in Atlantic Canada during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first significant tropical cyclone to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the first major storm to affect New York City and Long Island directly since Hurricane Donna in 1960. Gloria was a Cape Verde hurricane originating from a tropical wave on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. After remaining a weak tropical cyclone for several days, Gloria intensified into a hurricane on September 22 north of the Lesser Antilles. During that time, the storm had moved generally westward, although it turned to the northwest due to a weakening of the ridge. Gloria quickly intensified on September 24, and the next day reached peak winds of Template:Convert. The hurricane weakened before striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 27. Later that day, Gloria made two subsequent landfalls on Long Island and across the coastline of western Connecticut, before becoming extratropical on September 28 over New England. The remnants moved through Atlantic Canada and went on to impact Western Europe, eventually dissipating on October 4.
Before Gloria made landfall, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings at some point for the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Maine. Hundreds of thousands of people evacuated, and the hurricane was described as the "storm of the century." In general, Gloria's strongest winds remained east of the center, which largely spared locations from North Carolina to New Jersey, and the passage at low tide reduced storm surge. Hurricane-force winds and gusts affected much of the path, which knocked down trees and power lines. This left over 4 million people without power, causing the worst power outage in Connecticut history related to a natural disaster. Fallen trees caused six of the storm's fourteen deaths.
In North Carolina, high waves damaged many homes along the Outer Banks and caused heavy beach erosion. High waves also damaged piers, boats, and docks throughout the Mid-Atlantic states. Flooding forced several highways to close, and in Pennsylvania, thousands were forced to evacuate their homes. The storm surge destroyed 48 homes on Long Island, while the winds damaged the roofs of many more. Widespread crop damage occurred, amounting to about $20 million (1985 USD)Template:Refn. Overall damage in the United States was estimated at $900 million, which was less than expected. In neighboring Canada, the remnants of Gloria caused minor power outages in New Brunswick, although confusion related to the storm's arrival led to the creation of the Canadian Hurricane Centre.
Meteorological history
Template:Storm path A tropical waveTemplate:Refn moved off the west coast of Africa on September 15. Based on data from satellite imagery, it is estimated that a tropical depression formed on September 16 near Cape Verde,<ref name="mwr">Template:Cite journal</ref> with an associated low-level circulation.<ref name="tcr1">Template:Cite report</ref> The next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gloria, but there was no further intensification. On September 18, Gloria weakened back to tropical depression status, but re-intensified into a tropical storm on September 20.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track During this time, it moved generally westward due to a strong ridge to the north. On September 21, the Hurricane Hunters began flying into Gloria to measure the storm's intensity, and the next day, a flight observed winds of Template:Convert at a height of Template:Convert. As a result, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded Gloria to a hurricane about Template:Convert east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles.<ref name="mwr" />
After having moved generally to the west, Gloria turned more to the west-northwest on September 22. This occurred after tropical storms Fabian and Henri weakened the ridge.<ref name="mwr" /> On September 23, Gloria passed about Template:Convert to the north of Anegada, the northernmost island in the Lesser Antilles. It initially remained a minimal hurricane until September 24 when it began quickly intensifying. That day, it became a major hurricaneTemplate:Refn while passing northeast of the Bahamas.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Gloria developed a Template:Convert wide eye,<ref name="reanal" /> surrounded by an eyewall, and was producing the stadium effect. At 01:20 UTC on September 25, Hurricane Hunters extrapolated a barometric pressure of Template:Convert, and reported flight-level winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="tcr2" /> At the time, this was the lowest pressure measured by reconnaissance aircraft over the northern Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="mwr" /> Because there was little difference in the flight-level winds and the surface winds, this was estimated to have been Gloria's peak intensity, making it a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.<ref name="tcr2" /> However, a preliminary reanalysis released in 2008 suggested peak winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="reanal" /> At peak intensity, the hurricane was located about Template:Convert southeast of Cape Hatteras in North Carolina,<ref name="mwr" /> and had an eye diameter of only Template:Convert.<ref name="reanal" />
After peak intensity, Gloria weakened while turning to the north, moving around the western end of the ridge,<ref name="mwr"/> toward a cold front.<ref name="reanal"/> By September 26, the winds had decreased to Template:Convert, just 30 hours after its peak intensity.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Shortly after peaking, Gloria's asymmetrical wind field caused the storm to rapidly weaken, and 18 hours later, its sustained wind speed decreased to Template:Convert.<ref name="asymmetry">Template:Cite journal</ref> Later that day, a buoy about Template:Convert east of the center recorded a wave height of Template:Convert, which at the time was the highest buoy wave recording in an Atlantic hurricane.<ref name="mwr"/> While accelerating toward North Carolina, Gloria re-intensified slightly to winds of Template:Convert, making it a Category 2 hurricane. At 05:30 UTC on September 27, the hurricane struck southern Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks.<ref name="tcr5">Template:Cite report</ref> After weakening further, Gloria passed just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey and interacted with a cold front. Its strongest winds remained on the eastern edge of the circulation, and the storm was gradually losing tropical characteristics.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="reanal"/> At 16:00 UTC on September 27, the hurricane made landfall with a broad and poorly defined center, between John F. Kennedy International Airport and Islip, New York, with sustained winds of Template:Convert, on western Long Island.<ref name="tcr5"/><ref name="tcr3">Template:Cite report</ref> This was only about three days after Henri had struck the same general area as a much weaker tropical storm.<ref name="sd">Template:Cite journal</ref> Operationally, the NHC had classified Gloria as a Category 3 major hurricane when it made landfall, but the storm's landfall intensity was later downgraded in the post-season analysis. Even then, the hurricane produced Category 3-equivalent wind gusts throughout Long Island.<ref name="nyc">Template:Cite web</ref>
About an hour after striking Long Island, Gloria made its final landfall in western Connecticut near Westport, and proceeded to move through New England, while weakening.<ref name="reanal">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="sd"/> The NHC estimated that Gloria became extratropical over Maine by 00:00 UTC on September 28.<ref name="tcr2"/> The storm continued moving towards the northeast through Atlantic Canada, passing south of Greenland on September 30. The extratropical circulation of Gloria was last noted on October 2,Template:Atlantic hurricane best track although the storm's remnants later affected Europe and were last noted on October 4.<ref name="tcr2">Template:Cite report</ref>
Preparations
Early in Gloria's duration, it threatened the northern Lesser Antilles, prompting a hurricane watch and later warning for the area.<ref name="tcr1" /> Gloria also threatened the Bahamas, prompting that government to issue hurricane watches and warnings.<ref name="tcr7">Template:Cite report</ref>
While Gloria was off the east coast of Florida, the NHC issued a hurricane watch from Edisto Beach, South Carolina to Cape Henry, Virginia, which was upgraded to a hurricane warning at 1000 UTC on September 26, or 19.5 hours before landfall. By later that day, a hurricane watch was issued for the rest of the eastern United States to Eastport, Maine. By two hours before Gloria's landfall on Long Island, a hurricane warning was in effect for the same area, after warnings were gradually extended further north.<ref name="tcr2" /><ref name="tcr7" /> Officials anticipated higher winds and storm surgeTemplate:Refn than what occurred, due to the hurricane weakening as it approached landfall.<ref name="tcr3" />
Officials in Delaware and Maryland declared a state of emergency before the storm struck, and thousands of people from coastal communities evacuated to shelters. Schools closed in Delaware, and non-emergency workers were sent home. Along Long Island in New York, hundreds of thousands of people evacuated their homes, and a state of emergency was declared for several counties. In Connecticut, about 20,000 people evacuated along the coast, and 7,300 evacuated from neighboring Rhode Island. Residents also evacuated portions of Cape Cod.<ref name="sd" />
As Gloria approached the East Coast of the United States, National Hurricane Center director Neil Frank called it the "Storm of the Century", due to its intensity and potential track over the densely populated region of New England.<ref name="chc"> Template:Cite web</ref> Such a track gathered the attention of many people, and led to the evacuation of 380,000 people along the coast from North Carolina to Connecticut.<ref name="evac">Template:Cite web</ref> In Maryland, officials implemented lane reversing to expedite the evacuation process, a policy many other coastal states now use.<ref name="evac2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Officials advised 95,000 citizens along the New Jersey coastline, an area that rarely experiences hurricanes, to evacuate. Cape May County—the most vulnerable part of the state and among the most susceptible in the entire country—would require 36 hours in 2005 to evacuate the 100,000 citizens and 900,000 tourists that were commonly present during busy summer weekends.<ref name="cpo">Template:Cite news</ref>
Offices and classes of Harvard University closed only for the third time in the 20th century, the previous cases being the New England Hurricane of 1938 and the Blizzard of '78. Although Gloria's winds downed numerous trees and caused tens of thousands of dollars in damage in the area, overall effects were much less than expected.<ref name="harvard">Template:Cite news</ref>
At the same time Gloria was making landfall on Long Island, a storm warning was issued for western New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.<ref name="tcr2" /><ref name="tcr7" /> Across Atlantic Canada, the threat of Hurricane Gloria caused many citizens to rely on American media for storm coverage.<ref name="ec" />
Impact
Hurricane Gloria was a large hurricane that affected much of the northeastern United States. Gloria brought strong wind gusts, which downed trees and left hundreds of thousands without power. Overall damage was estimated at $900 million, and there were fourteen deaths.<ref name="mwr"/><ref name="HRD">Template:Cite web</ref> Gloria was the first significant hurricane to affect New England since Hurricane Donna in 1960.<ref name="sd"/>
Carolinas and Mid-Atlantic
While offshore the eastern United States, the hurricane's strongest winds were on the eastern periphery, which reduced the winds over land. In North Carolina, where Gloria made its first landfall, the strongest winds were Template:Convert at a station near Buxton at the Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office; a gust of Template:Convert was also observed there. At Diamond Shoal Light, located offshore, sustained winds reached Template:Convert, with gusts to Template:Convert. A peak storm surge of Template:Convert was estimated at the Neuse River. A minimal surge of around 1.3 ft (0.4 ft) occurred in neighboring South Carolina, where winds were below tropical storm force.<ref name="mwr"/> The highest rainfall related to Gloria was Template:Convert, recorded in Edenton, North Carolina.Template:Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima High waves and storm surge resulted in heavy coastal flooding and beach erosion along the Outer Banks,<ref name="mwr"/> and several new inlets were created. Coastal flooding damaged several homes in the Outer Banks. Damage in the state was estimated at $8.1 million, including $2.4 million in crop damage. There was one death in North Carolina when a man was struck by a fallen tree.<ref name="sd"/>
Throughout much of the Mid-Atlantic, the winds remained generally below hurricane force; however, gusts reached Template:Convert along the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia and Template:Convert in Ocean City, Maryland. The strongest winds in the region occurred after the center passed the area. Due to Gloria's fast motion, there was minimal coastal flooding because the highest storm surge occurred during low tide, generally less than Template:Convert. Beach erosion was reported in both Maryland and Delaware.<ref name="mwr"/> The heaviest rainfall was west of the center. Statewide peaks included Template:Convert at Valley Forge National Historical Park in Pennsylvania, Template:Convert in Holland, Virginia, and Template:Convert in Annapolis, Maryland. Rainfall spread as far inland as West Virginia.Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States
High waves washed away Template:Convert of a fishing pier in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The rainfall caused minor flooding, and high tides flooded coastal portions of the Hampton Roads region. There was minor damage to trees, roofs, and signs in southeastern Virginia. The center of Gloria passed about Template:Convert offshore eastern Maryland. In Ocean City, waves of Template:Convert severely damaged the boardwalk, washing sand and debris a block inland. Downed trees left about 150,000 people in Maryland without power. High winds forced the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to close, and there was little damage outside of eastern Maryland. High waves in Delaware eroded beaches, wrecked dunes, and damaged oceanfront buildings and boardwalks. Storm flooding closed several highways, including Delaware Route 1. Damage was heaviest in Sussex County, although the storm damaged corn and soybean crops in northern Delaware. Monetary damage totaled over $500,000 in the state. In neighboring Pennsylvania, wind gusts reached Template:Convert in Allentown, which knocked down many trees and left thousands without power. Heavy rainfall flooded many streams, which closed or damaged several highways, bridges, and rail lines. About 3,000 houses were flooded, forcing thousands to evacuate.<ref name="sd"/>
While just off the New Jersey coast, Gloria produced strong winds, peaking at Template:Convert in Ocean City, where a gust of Template:Convert was also reported.<ref name="mwr"/> In the town, an F0 tornado was reported damaging a house.<ref name="sd"/> Rainfall in the state reached Template:Convert at the Charlotteburg Reservoir near West Milford.Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States Heavy beach erosion occurred along the coast, and several coastal towns sustained damage to boardwalks. Strong winds downed trees and power lines, which damaged homes and cars. One person was killed in Long Branch after touching a downed power line.<ref name="sd"/>
Though Gloria moved quickly through the region, it dropped moderate rainfall in locations, including Template:Convert at Baltimore–Washington International Airport.<ref name="nhc">Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, some unofficial reports in southeastern Virginia indicated amounts of up to Template:Convert of rain.<ref name="vahistory">Template:Cite report</ref> Because much of the Mid-Atlantic experienced the western, weaker side of this hurricane, damage was relatively light. High winds downed numerous trees throughout the area, leaving hundreds of thousands without power, including 237,000 in New Jersey, 124,000 in Maryland, and 56,000 in Virginia.<ref name="geo">Template:Cite web</ref> Extreme rainfall in Virginia resulted in $5.5 million (1985 USD) in damage.<ref name="vahistory"/> Intense flood waters split Long Beach Island in half for a period of time.<ref name="hville">Template:Cite web</ref>
Long Island and New York City
While making its second landfall, Gloria was accompanied by a storm surge of Template:Convert at Battery Park, the highest along its path. The highest wind report was a gust of Template:Convert at Islip Airport. Central Park reported a gust of Template:Convert.<ref name="mwr"/> Rainfall in the state reached Template:Convert at Unadilla,Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States although was much less near the coast, reaching Template:Convert in Central Park.<ref name="mwr"/>
Along Long Island, the high storm surge flooded hundreds of streets and caused heavy beach erosion. High winds downed thousands of trees and damaged hundreds of homes, causing widespread power outages. About 1.5 million people in the state lost power, including two-thirds of the Long Island Lighting Company customers, making it one of the worst power outages in the state. Storm surges reached Template:Convert at Bergen Point and the Battery, and Template:Convert at Willets Point; these effects were mitigated by Gloria's fast motion and arrival at low tide. Had Gloria moved more slowly and struck at high tide, the storm surge at the Battery would have been Template:Convert, a record for the location; storm surges at Bergen Point and Willets Point would have been Template:Convert, respectively.<ref name="NOAA Tech Memo">Template:Cite journal</ref> There were four deaths on Long Island, two of whom related to heart attacks and the other two related to fallen trees. There were also 14 injuries in the region, many of them due to downed tree branches. In the New York mainland, heavy rainfall flooded rivers and alleviated drought conditions. Rough waves damaged boats and docks along the Hudson River. Unsettled weather contributed to a traffic fatality and an airplane crash that killed one in the New York mainland.<ref name="sd"/>
It is believed peak gusts reached Template:Convert in eastern Long Island.<ref name = "geo"/> Weather forecasters believe that damage across parts of Long Island indicated winds in the Category 3 range, as evidence of the damage received at MacArthur Airport.<ref name = "mwr"/> Gloria's high winds caused significant damage across Long Island and southeastern New York. The area hit the worst was eastern Long Island, where high wind gusts blew thousands of trees into buildings and across roads. The broadcast tower of WBLI-FM toppled on Bald Hill in Farmingville. In addition, the winds ripped roofs off of many buildings, including hangars at the MacArthur Airport, a hangar at the Bayport Aerodrome and the roof of the Islip Police Station.<ref name = "geo"/> Prolonged exposure to high winds and waves led to moderate beach erosion, washing away several piers and docks.<ref name = "geo"/> The storm surge, though relatively weak, destroyed 48 houses on the ocean side of the island. Gloria's high winds left 683,000 people in New York without power, with some lacking electricity for over eleven days.<ref name="nyafter">Template:Cite news</ref>
New England and Canada
Gloria passed quickly through New England as a weakened hurricane, although it maintained a large circulation. The storm hit at low tide, resulting in low to moderate storm surges of Template:Convert in Groton, Connecticut, Template:Convert in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Template:Convert in Portland, Maine. The high waves caused heavy beach erosion in Connecticut and Rhode Island. The highest reported sustained winds were Template:Convert in Waterbury, Connecticut, and Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts, although neither location is at sea level. Gusts peaked at Template:Convert in Chatham, Massachusetts, and widespread areas across New England reported hurricane-force gusts.<ref name="mwr"/> It is estimated that hurricane-force winds occurred in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.<ref name="reanal"/> Rainfall in the region peaked at Template:Convert at Borden Brook Reservoir in Springfield, Massachusetts.Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for New England
In Connecticut, Gloria crossed from Westport along Long Island Sound, passed near Hartford, and exited into Massachusetts. Wind gusts peaked at Template:Convert in Bridgeport, and Template:Convert in Hartford. The winds downed thousands of trees, many of which knocked down power lines. This left about 727,000 residents without power, setting a record for the state related to a weather event. High waves damaged or sunk hundreds of boats along the coast, and several beachfront homes and docks were damaged. Light rainfall caused some minor flooding, mostly in northwestern Connecticut. Agricultural damage across the state totaled about $6 million. Damage was heaviest near Hartford, and overall storm damage was estimated at $91 million. Fallen trees contributed to two of the three deaths in the state, as well as several other injuries.<ref name="sd"/>
Hurricane-force gusts affected coastal Rhode Island, peaking at Template:Convert in Westerly. The winds uprooted thousands of trees and caused widespread roof damage. About 300,000 people lost power; this constituted the largest power outage in the state since the Northeast blackout of 1965. Coastal flooding was minimized due to the storm striking at low tide, although tides were high enough in Narragansett Bay to damage docks and hundreds of boats. Damage in the state was estimated at $20 million, including the cost for restoring the power outages. There were two deaths in Rhode Island; one was related to a fallen tree, and one occurred when a man was trying to secure his boat.<ref name="sd"/>
In Massachusetts, the hurricane moved from Connecticut through the Springfield area.<ref name="sd"/> There was a small F1 tornado in Middlesex County that damaged trees.<ref name="sd2"/> High winds knocked over thousands of trees, and about 500,000 people statewide lost power.<ref name="sd"/> At the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University in Boston, a total of approximately 95 trees were lost and another 100 were damaged at a cost of over $100,000; these impacts were generally less severe than expected, as Gloria had been forecast to track closer to Boston than it ultimately did.<ref name="Arnoldia">Template:Cite journal</ref> Heavy rainfall caused stream flooding, although the heaviest damage was from the winds. The hurricane destroyed a radio tower in Framingham and damaged hundreds of homes in the eastern portion of the state. Along the coast, the storm tide caused minor coastal flooding and damaged hundreds of boats. Across Massachusetts, damage was estimated at $61 million, including $6 million from crop damage.<ref name="sd"/>
By the time Gloria reached New Hampshire, it had weakened and was becoming extratropical, although hurricane-force wind gusts were reported across the state. On the top of Mount Washington, wind gusts reached Template:Convert. The winds were strong enough to knock down large trees, 100,000 people lost power, mostly along the coast. Fallen trees also damaged 16 homes and several vehicles. North Woodstock reported generally minor damage from rainfall-induced flooding. There was one death in the state; an elderly woman was knocked over by the strong winds, and died two weeks later. There was about $2.5 million in crop damage, mostly to the apple crop. In neighboring Maine, about 600,000 people lost power due to the storm; this was the most since the passage of hurricanes Carol and Edna in 1954. Wind gusts in Maine reached Template:Convert, and the storm knocked down about 100 power poles in addition to the downed lines. Downed trees blocked roads and damaged houses and cars. The winds damaged roofs, including the 127‑year‑old spire of a church in Groveville. Damage to the apple crop was estimated at $3 million. High waves along the coast damaged lobster traps and dozens of boats, many of which were driven ashore.<ref name="sd2">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Gloria's high winds downed numerous trees across New England, causing minor to moderate damage. In the region, Connecticut received the worst damage to trees and structures. Along the coastline, storm surge and strong waves washed away several fishing piers, and some roadways were underwater during the storm's passage.<ref name = "geo"/> New Hampshire was affected only slightly from the hurricane; effects were limited to minor wind damage and localized flooding.<ref name="newh">Template:Cite web</ref> In Maine, damage was more severe, where strong wind gusts ripped off roofs and uprooted hundreds of trees. High winds across New England resulted in significant power outages, leaving 250,000 in Maine without power.<ref name="maine">Template:Cite web</ref> In all, seven deaths occurred in New England, many of which occurred from falling tree limbs.<ref name="geo" />
While the remnants of Gloria were moving through Atlantic Canada, they produced rainfall to the north of the track, reaching as high as Template:Convert in Quebec. The highest winds in the country were Template:Convert, peaking in the Bay of Fundy and to the northeast of Newfoundland. The remnants of Gloria caused wind and wave damage in Nova Scotia. Wind gusts of Template:Convert in Fredericton, New Brunswick knocked down power lines, affecting more than 1,800 people.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Western Europe
In Western Europe, Gloria's remnants produced unusual weather over portions of the region. On October 4, Gloria's remnants caused the warmest October day on record for Switzerland during the 20th century.<ref name="tcr2" />
Aftermath
Template:See also On Long Island, thousands were left without power for over a week,<ref name="sd"/> until the last outages were restored two weeks after the storm on October 8. The long duration without electricity forced hundreds of schools to close, extended train times by six hours due to lack of powered crossings, and price gouging on food, ice, and generators. The lack of power led to a general disdain for the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO), which increased further when the company left the $40 million (1985 USD) repair bill to the ratepayers, citing the company's lack of hurricane insurance. Citizens quickly protested LILCO's decision, and within years the publicly owned Long Island Power Authority was formed.<ref name="nyafter"/>
Residents in both Massachusetts and Connecticut were also without power for up to two weeks. The states brought in workers from other states, although the delay in restoring the widespread outages caused many schools to remain closed. In Connecticut, one man was electrocuted while repairing downed power lines.<ref name="sd"/> About 477,000 Connecticut Light & Power customers in the state lost power, a record that was surpassed by the 754,000 who lost power during Hurricane Irene in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later in 2011, a nor'easter in October left over 830,000 people statewide without power, also breaking the record set by Gloria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In New Hampshire, most power outages were quickly restored, and all were restored within six days. In Maine, all power outages were restored in 11 days.<ref name="sd2"/>
After the storm, President Ronald Reagan declared several counties in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts as federal disaster areas. This declaration allowed those counties to apply for disaster assistance.<ref name="disaster">Template:Cite web</ref>
In Canada, the damage was less than expected, but confusion related to the storm threat prompted Environment Canada to research the need for a dedicated hurricane center in 1986. The following year, the Canadian Hurricane Centre was established with offices on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.<ref name="ec">Template:Cite report</ref>
Due to the hurricane's impact, the World Meteorological Organization retired name Gloria from the rotating Atlantic tropical storm naming lists in the spring of 1986, and it will never again be used in the basin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was replaced with Grace for the 1991 season.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
See also
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts
- List of New England hurricanes
- List of New York hurricanes
- List of New Jersey hurricanes
- List of North Carolina hurricanes
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
- HPC information on Gloria's rainfall
- NOAA hurricane intensities at landfall
- An unofficial Hurricane Gloria page
Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes Template:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Template:1985 Atlantic hurricane season buttons Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- 1985 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1985 natural disasters
- 1985 natural disasters in the United States
- Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- Cape Verde hurricanes
- Hurricanes in New England
- Hurricanes in New Jersey
- Hurricanes in New York (state)
- Hurricanes in North Carolina
- Hurricanes in Pennsylvania
- Retired Atlantic hurricanes
- Tropical cyclones in 1985