1989 Spanish general election

Template:Short description Template:Infobox election A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 29 October 1989,Template:Efn to elect the members of the 4th Template:Lang under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 254 seats in the Senate. An election had not been due until 28 July 1990 at latest,Template:Efn but Prime Minister Felipe González called for a snap election nine months ahead of schedule, allegedly on the need of implementing tough economic measures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> González hoped to capitalize on a still strong economy and his party's electoral success in a European Parliament election held in June, after a troubled legislature which had seen an increase of social protest on his government's economic policy and the calling of a massive general strike in 1988.<ref name="1988Strike"/>

The election was regarded as one of the most controversial in the democratic history of Spain. Close results in many constituencies, coupled with severe flaws in electoral register data, an inefficient structure of the electoral administration and the ongoing political struggle between the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the opposition parties over the Socialist absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies, led to a major scandal when election results in a number of constituencies were contested under accusations of irregularities and fraud.<ref name="ElectionCrisis">Template:Cite news</ref> Judicial courts were forced to intervene, determining by-elections for Murcia, Pontevedra and Melilla. The issue was appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain, which overruled previous rulings and validated the vote in Melilla only, with a new election being held on 25 March 1990.<ref name="EP200290"/> In the end, the disputed seat was won by the People's Party (PP), depriving the PSOE of its 176th seat in Congress–and with it, the outright majority it had held since 1982.<ref name="EP260390"/>

The election saw an erosion in popular support for the incumbent Socialists, who nonetheless emerged again as the largest party by a decisive margin, with 68 more seats than the PP. As a result, Felipe González was able to be re-elected for a third consecutive term in office with confidence and supply support from the Canarian Independent Groups (AIC). The newly amalgamated PP, led into the election by José María Aznar, exceeded initial expectations and slightly improved on the People's Coalition 1986 result while performing better than in the June European Parliament election.<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989PP">Template:Cite news</ref> Julio Anguita's left-wing alliance, United Left (IU), scored a remarkable success by doubling its 1986 totals, whereas Adolfo Suárez's Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) fell short of its goal of becoming a government alternative and lost votes and seats.<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989IU">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989CDS">Template:Cite news</ref>

Background

Felipe González's second term as prime minister was characterized by economic growth, with public investments favoured by the Structural Funds coming from the European Economic Community to which Spain had recently accessed. The GDP grew by around or above 5% between 1987 and 1989 and unemployment decreased from 20.6% to 16.9%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This period saw a consolidation of welfare system reforms initiated during González's first term, allowed through a better financing derived from a relatively progressive tax system. But the economic expansion fostered by the government's liberal policies brought about an increase in wealth differences and of inequality, leading to social unrest and a loss of popularity for the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), made apparent in the local, regional and European Parliament elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 1988, the two major trade unions in Spain, CCOO and UGT, called a general strike which succeeded in paralyzing the country and in forcing González's government to negotiate a partial withdrawal of its economic policies.<ref name="1988Strike">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Concurrently, the opposition People's Alliance (AP) suffered from a profound internal crisis since the 1986 election, leading to the break up of the People's Coalition and the resignation of party leader Manuel Fraga.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His successor, Antonio Hernández Mancha, proved unable to improve AP's electoral fortunes and saw his political credibility decimated after an unsuccessful attempt to bring down Felipe González through a motion of no confidence in March 1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hernández Mancha ended up quitting in early 1989,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Fraga returning as a caretaker leader who oversaw the merging of AP with its former allies, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party (PL), into the new People's Party (PP).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Intending his national leadership as temporary, Fraga appointed a then-unknown President of Castile and León José María Aznar as his successor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The 1986–1989 period saw an increase in the terror activity of the ETA Basque separatist group. This reached its peak with the Hipercor bombing on 19 June 1987, which—with 21 dead and 45 injured—would eventually become the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Other deadly attacks included the Plaza República Dominicana bombing on 14 July 1986, three weeks after the previous general election and one day before the newly elected Cortes re-assembled, which left 12 dead and 32 injured; and the 1987 Zaragoza Barracks bombing, with 11 dead—including 5 children—and 88 injured. Concurrently, the PSOE government introduced a policy of dispersion of imprisoned terrorists throughout the entire Spanish territory in order to restrict contacts between them and prevent terrorist organizations from organizing themselves from prison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Political parties signed several anti-terrorist agreements, such as the Ajuria Enea Pact or the Madrid Agreement on Terrorism, aimed at increasing inter-party cooperation on the issue. In January 1989, ETA declared a ceasefire in order to start negotiation talks in Algiers with the Socialist government,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but no successful conclusion was reached and ETA resumed its violence campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Template:Lang were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} summarizing Template:Harvp.</ref> The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a limited number of functions—such as ratification of international treaties, authorization of collaboration agreements between autonomous communities, enforcement of direct rule, regulation of interterritorial compensation funds, and its role in constitutional amendment and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to the Congress's override.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Template:Lang was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>Template:Sfn

The Congress of Deputies was entitled to a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 350. 348 members were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations—using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots) being applied in each constituency. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref><ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> The use of the electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:<ref name="ElectionDecree">Template:Cite act</ref>

Seats	Constituencies
33	Madrid
32	BarcelonaTemplate:Font color
16	Valencia
12	Seville
10	Alicante, Biscay, MálagaTemplate:Font color
9	Asturias, Cádiz, La Coruña, MurciaTemplate:Font color
8	Pontevedra
7	Córdoba, Granada, Guipúzcoa, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de TenerifeTemplate:Font color, ZaragozaTemplate:Font color
6	Badajoz, Balearics, Jaén
5	Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Gerona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Orense, Tarragona, Toledo, Valladolid
4	Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lérida, Salamanca
3	Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, ZamoraTemplate:Font color

208 seats in the Senate were elected using an open list partial block voting system: in constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref><ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>Template:Sfn

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>

Eligibility

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences: rebellion and terrorism when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or freedom of the person. Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials:<ref name="CEArt70">Template:Harvp.</ref><ref name="LOREGArt6">Template:Harvp.</ref>

• Members of the Spanish royal family and their spouses;
• The holders of a number of positions: the president and members of the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State and the Court of Auditors; the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking members—undersecretaries, secretaries-general, directors-general and chiefs of staff—of Spanish government departments, the Office of the Prime Minister, the Social Security and other government agencies; government delegates in the autonomous communities, and civil governors and sub-governors; the director-general of RTVE; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the chairs of the Official Credit Institute and other official credit institutions; and members of electoral commissions and of the Nuclear Safety Council;
• Heads of diplomatic missions in foreign states or international organizations (ambassadors and plenipotentiaries);
• Judges and public prosecutors in active service;
• Personnel of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air Force) and law enforcement corps in active service.

Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.<ref name="CEArt70"/><ref name="LOREGArt6"/> Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of the Competition Defence Court; members of RTVE's board and of the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates in port authorities, hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities, state monopolies, companies with majority public participation and public saving banks; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref>

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Template:Lang—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> The previous election was held on 22 June 1986, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 22 June 1990. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 29 May 1990, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible date for election day on Saturday, 28 July 1990.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.<ref>Template:Harvp.</ref> Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} summarizing Template:Harvp.</ref> Still, as of Template:Currentyear, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

While the opposition to the PSOE government had pressed for a snap election since the general strike in December 1988, it was not until the PSOE's success in the 1989 European Parliament election, the end of the Spanish rotational Presidency of the Council of the European Union in June and the need for tough economic measures before the end of the year that Prime Minister Felipe González chose to trigger an early dissolution of the Cortes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 25 August 1989, governmental sources confirmed that González would be calling an autumn election in the following days.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Template:Lang were officially dissolved on 2 September 1989 with the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting election day for 29 October and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 21 November.<ref name="ElectionDecree"/>

Outgoing parliament

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="HESenate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

citation

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Congress of Deputies
Groups		Parties		Deputies
				Seats	Total
width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Party color"|	Socialist Parliamentary Group	width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSOE	160	181
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		PSC	21
rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	People's Coalition Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PP	86	89
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		UPN	2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		CdG	1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS	28	28
rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Catalan Minority Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDC	13	19
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		UDC	5
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		INDEP	1Template:Efn
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Parliamentary Group (PNV)	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EAJ/PNV	4	4
	Mixed Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PCE	4	24
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EE	2
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EA	2
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PCPE	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSUC	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	UV	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PAR	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	AIC	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CG	1
			RD	1
			PAM	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	INDEP	8Template:Efn
	Vacant	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	HB	5	5

citation

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Senate
Groups		Parties		Senators
				Seats	Total
width="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Party color"|	Socialist Parliamentary Group	width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSOE	135	145
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		PSC	10
rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	People's Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PP	65	66
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		CdG	1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS	11	11
rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Convergence and Union's Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDC	8	10
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|		UDC	2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EAJ/PNV	6	6
	Mixed Parliamentary Group	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EA	3	15
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	AIC	2
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PCE	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSUC	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PAR	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	AM	1
		style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	INDEP	6Template:Efn
	Vacant	style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	HB	1	1

Parties and candidates

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result				Template:Abbr	Template:Abbr
						Congress		Senate
						Vote %	Seats	Vote %	Seats
width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSOE	Template:Collapsible list		Felipe González	Social democracy	44.1%	Template:Big	44.5%	Template:Big	Template:Ya
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PP	Template:Collapsible list		José María Aznar	Conservatism Christian democracy	26.0% Template:Efn	Template:Big	26.1% Template:Efn	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS	Template:Collapsible list		Adolfo Suárez	Centrism Liberalism	9.2%	Template:Big	8.2%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CiU	Template:Collapsible list		Miquel Roca	Catalan nationalism Centrism	5.0%	Template:Big	5.3%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	IU	Template:Collapsible list		Julio Anguita	Socialism Communism	4.6%	Template:Big	4.7%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EAJ/PNV	Template:Collapsible list		Iñaki Anasagasti	Basque nationalism Christian democracy	1.5%	Template:Big	1.7%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	HB	Template:Collapsible list		Iñaki Esnaola	Basque independence Abertzale left Revolutionary socialism	1.1%	Template:Big	1.2%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EE	Template:Collapsible list		Koro Garmendia	Basque nationalism Social democracy	0.5%	Template:Big	0.6%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CG	Template:Collapsible list		Senén Bernárdez	Galician nationalism Centrism	0.4%	Template:Big	0.4%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PAR	Template:Collapsible list		José María Mur	Regionalism Centrism	0.4%	Template:Big	0.5%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	AIC	Template:Collapsible list		Manuel Hermoso	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Conservatism	0.3%	Template:Big	0.2%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	UV	Template:Collapsible list		Vicente González Lizondo	Blaverism Conservatism	0.3%	Template:Big	0.4%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PA	Template:Collapsible list		Alejandro Rojas-Marcos	Andalusian nationalism Social democracy	0.5%	Template:Big	0.5%	Template:Big	Template:Na
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	EA	Template:Collapsible list		Joseba Azcarraga	Basque nationalism Social democracy	colspan="4" Template:N/a	Template:Na

The People's Party (PP) and Navarrese People's Union (UPN) signed a coalition agreement on 8 September 1989 to run together in Navarre, renewing the alliance in existence between the PP's predecessors, the People's Alliance (AP) and the People's Coalition (CP), and UPN, in both the 1982 and 1986 elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Campaign period

Despite Aznar's designation as PP candidate, the opposition remained divided and weak on the road to the 1989 election. This, coupled with a buoyant economy, made a new PSOE victory inevitable. The electoral campaign, thus, focused on whether the Socialists would be able to maintain their absolute majority on the Congress of Deputies for a third term in office. United Left had also appointed a new leader, Julio Anguita, and had high expectations to increase their parliamentary representation from the 7 seats they had won in 1986. During the campaign, Felipe González pledged that this would be the last time he would stand for the office of Prime Minister. He would eventually stand for two more elections, until 1996.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Template:Abbr
width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PSOE	« España, en progreso »	"Spain, in progress"	<ref name="Slogans1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Slogans2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Slogans3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	PP	« ¡Palabra! »	"Promise!"	<ref name="Slogans1"/><ref name="Slogans2"/><ref name="Slogans3"/>
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CDS	« Capaces de hacerlo »	"[We are] capable of doing it"	<ref name="Slogans1"/>
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	IU	« Somos la alternativa »	"We are the alternative"	<ref name="Slogans1"/><ref name="Slogans3"/>
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	CiU	« Força! »	"Forward!"	<ref name="Slogans1"/>

Opinion polls

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	8,115,568	39.60	−4.46	175	−9
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	People's Party (PP)1 2	5,285,972	25.79	−0.18	107	+2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Left (IU)	1,858,588	9.07	+4.44	17	+10
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	1,617,716	7.89	−1.33	14	−5
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Convergence and Union (CiU)	1,032,243	5.04	+0.02	18	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	254,681	1.24	−0.29	5	−1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)	219,883	1.07	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Popular Unity (HB)	217,278	1.06	−0.09	4	−1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Andalusian Party (PA)	212,687	1.04	+0.57	2	+2
rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Green List (LV)	158,034	0.77	+0.61	0	±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV)	157,103	0.77	+0.61	0	±0
Ecologist Party of the Basque Country (PEE–(LV))	931	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian Union (UV)	144,924	0.71	New	2	+1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Solidarity (EA)	136,955	0.67	New	2	+2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	The Ecologist Greens (LVE)	136,335	0.67	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Country Left (EE)	105,238	0.51	−0.02	2	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)3	86,257	0.42	−0.72	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	84,756	0.41	−0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	81,218	0.40	+0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)	71,733	0.35	−0.01	1	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)	64,767	0.32	−0.01	1	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	62,664	0.31	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	47,763	0.23	+0.10	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Coalition (CG)	45,821	0.22	−0.18	0	−1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian People's Union (UPV)	40,767	0.20	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)	34,131	0.17	−0.06	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia (AV–MEC)4	25,978	0.13	−0.02	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	24,025	0.12	−0.10	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Canarian Nationalist Assembly (ACN)5	21,539	0.11	−0.07	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE)	21,235	0.10	−0.04	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Social Democratic Coalition (CSD)6	17,095	0.08	+0.06	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Humanist Party (PH)	15,936	0.08	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party (PNG–PG)	14,411	0.07	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Alliance for the Republic (AxR)7	12,807	0.06	−0.05	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Extremadura (EU)	10,984	0.05	−0.03	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Nationalist Left (PSM–ENE)	7,989	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE)	7,906	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Independents of Gran Canaria (IGC)	6,371	0.03	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Asturianist Party (PAS)	5,414	0.03	New	0	±0
	Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)	4,942	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician People's Front (FPG)	3,657	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regional Party of Madrid (PAM)	3,396	0.02	New	0	±0
	Group of Madrid Radicals (GRM)	3,330	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Asturian Nationalist Unity (UNA)	3,218	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Aragonese Union (UA–CHA)	3,156	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian Nationalist Left–Valencian Regional Union (ENV–URV)	2,988	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	2,962	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Balearic Union (UB)	2,883	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Ceuta (CEU)	2,760	0.01	New	0	±0
	7 Green Stars (SEV)	1,411	0.01	New	0	±0
	Green Movement (MV)	1,368	0.01	New	0	±0
	Independent Citizen Group (ACI)	1,359	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	1,199	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Cantonalist Party of the Alicantine Country (Alicantón)	1,041	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	975	0.00	New	0	±0
	Radicals for Cantabria (RxC)	904	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)	827	0.00	New	0	±0
	Lanzarote Assembly (Tagoror)	472	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	426	0.00	New	0	±0
	Balearic Radical Party (PRB)	398	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNEM)	301	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Proverist Party (PPr)	245	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Revolutionary Communist League–Communist Movement (LCR–MC)8	0	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))9	0	0.00	−0.14	0	±0
Blank ballots		141,795	0.69	+0.09
Total		20,493,682			350	±0
Valid votes		20,493,682	99.26	+0.83
Invalid votes		152,683	0.74	−0.83
Votes cast / turnout		20,646,365	69.74	−0.75
Abstentions		8,957,690	30.26	+0.75
Registered voters		29,604,055
Sources<ref name="InfoE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation							CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="HE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Results1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Results2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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Senate

← Summary of the 29 October 1989 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
width="1" style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1	22,272,484	40.14	−4.38	107	−17
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	People's Party (PP)1 2	14,459,290	26.06	−0.03	78	+15
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Left (IU)	4,866,930	8.77	+4.12	1	+1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)1	4,218,268	7.60	−0.57	1	−2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Convergence and Union (CiU)	2,937,029	5.29	+0.01	10	+2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	742,058	1.34	−0.34	4	−3
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Andalusian Party (PA)	638,137	1.15	+0.61	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Popular Unity (HB)	631,299	1.14	−0.08	3	+2
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Solidarity (EA)	398,922	0.72	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos)	391,939	0.71	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian Union (UV)	336,379	0.61	+0.20	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	The Ecologist Greens (LVE)	300,390	0.54	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Basque Country Left (EE)	299,794	0.54	−0.02	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	The Greens–Green List (LV–LV)	273,310	0.49	+0.29	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)3	267,683	0.48	−0.69	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Aragonese Party (PAR)	239,550	0.43	−0.03	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	239,532	0.43	−0.03	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Communists in the Senate Coalition (CS)	151,563	0.27	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	144,544	0.26	+0.11	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Coalition (CG)	133,989	0.24	−0.19	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian People's Union (UPV)	133,327	0.24	−0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	124,597	0.22	+0.07	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)	113,524	0.20	−0.03	2	+1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)	101,432	0.18	−0.06	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE)	99,949	0.18	−0.09	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia (AV–MEC)4	85,078	0.15	+0.02	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	71,859	0.13	−0.19	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party (PNG–PG)	58,054	0.10	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Extremadura (EU)	44,872	0.08	−0.03	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Canarian Nationalist Assembly (ACN)5	39,568	0.07	−0.02	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Humanist Party (PH)	39,436	0.07	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regional Party of Madrid (PAM)	23,998	0.04	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Alliance for the Republic (AxR)6	23,692	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Lanzarote Independents Group (AIL)	17,768	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)	17,588	0.03	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Asturianist Party (PAS)	17,380	0.03	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Nationalist Left (PSM–ENE)	15,814	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	15,742	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Asturian People's Union (UPA)	13,977	0.03	New	0	±0
	Group of Madrid Radicals (GRM)	13,576	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Aragonese Union (UA–CHA)	12,282	0.02	New	0	±0
	Independents of Gran Canaria (IGC)	12,138	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Asturian Nationalist Unity (UNA)	10,956	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Independent Solution (SI)	9,910	0.02	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	8,694	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE)	7,301	0.01	−0.03	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Natural Culture (CN)	6,633	0.01	−0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Galician People's Front (FPG)	6,249	0.01	New	0	±0
	Balearic Union (UB)	6,054	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	United Ceuta (CEU)	5,462	0.01	New	0	±0
	Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)	5,434	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Majorera Assembly (AM)	5,268	0.01	±0.00	1	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	5,016	0.01	New	0	±0
	Alicanton Alicantine Coalition (COA)	4,099	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Liberal and Social Democratic Coalition (CSD y L)7	3,269	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM)	3,267	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Valencian Nationalist Left–Valencian Regional Union (ENV–URV)	2,989	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Radicals for Cantabria (RxC)	2,977	0.01	New	0	±0
	Independent Citizen Group (ACI)	2,846	0.01	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)	2,259	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Proverist Party (PPr)	2,053	0.00	−0.01	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	1,819	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independents of Almeria and Province (IAYP)	1,576	0.00	New	0	±0
	Seven Green Stars (SEV)	1,402	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)	1,219	0.00	New	1	+1
	Lanzarote Assembly (Tagoror)	607	0.00	New	0	±0
	Balearic Radical Party (PRB)	569	0.00	New	0	±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"|	Spanish Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNEM)	551	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Action (AE)	444	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballotsTemplate:Efn		334,118	1.67	+0.10
Total		55,481,782			208	±0
Valid votes		19,974,111	96.57	−0.11
Invalid votes		710,101	3.43	+0.11
Votes cast / turnout		20,684,212	69.87	−0.45
Abstentions		8,919,843	30.13	+0.45
Registered voters		29,604,055
Sources<ref name="HESenate"/><ref name="InfoE"/><ref name="HE"/><ref name="Results1"/><ref name="Results2"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation							CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Maps

• 
  Election results by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
• 
  Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).

Aftermath

Outcome

The 1989 election night was one of the most dramatic since González's first victory in 1982, as PSOE's overall majority in the Congress of Deputies—set at 176—lingered during the entire vote tally. Exit polls and initial counts showed the PSOE below the majority threshold—with as few as 170 seats in some projections—. As the vote tally progressed, the party was allocated more seats, and with 98% of the votes counted at 4 am it was awarded the decisive 176th seat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier in the night, the party's Secretary for Organization Txiki Benegas, Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Guerra and González himself had commented that, notwithstanding the outcome, the PSOE still remained the largest party by far and would lead the new government on its own, rejecting any coalition deal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tight result could not hide the loss of nearly 800,000 voters and a clear erosion in support since 1986, which led opposition parties and some international media—such as the Financial Times, The Independent or The Times—to ask González for a change of direction in government, accusing him of acting "arrogantly" during his previous seven years in office.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PP candidate José María Aznar found his party's results as "satisfactory", slightly improving on Fraga's result in 1986.<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989PP"/> Additionally, the PP had won the election in Madrid for the first time ever, considered as a symbolical feat as both Aznar and González were personally leading their parties's lists in the constituency.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> IU experienced a remarkable growth by doubling its 1986 results, with its leaders highlighting "the electorate's displacement to the left".<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989IU"/> On the other hand, the CDS lost votes and seats compared to 1986 and its result was commented as "not the one I expected for" by party leader Adolfo Suárez, who also acknowledged his public image had "deteriorated" in recent times.<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989CDS"/> The breakdown of results would show a noticeable transfer of votes from the PSOE to IU in industrial and urban areas, with the Socialists holding their own in rural constituencies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Irregularities and judicial intervention

During the days after the election, the 176th seat determining the PSOE's absolute majority remained in dispute. PP leaders voiced their concerns over a delay in the Ministry of the Interior's presentation of detailed results during the election night, during which the PSOE was awarded several seats by very few votes in the later stages of the vote tally; seats which ultimately proved decisive for the PSOE retaining its majority.<ref name="ElPaís-30oct1989PP"/> In Barcelona, the PP claimed that its own tallies awarded the PSC–PSOE up to 5,000 votes less than those officially acknowledged by the Ministry, which would have resulted in them winning a 4th seat in the province from the PSC. Additionally, they alleged that this seat had changed hands from the PP to the PSC only when 99.98% of the votes were counted. IU's Julio Anguita criticized the vote tally, openly questioning that "How can [PSOE] go from 172 to 176 seats so fast?". IU announced that they would ask the Electoral Commission to review the voting records of 1,087 polling station wards in the constituency of Murcia, where the last seat had been allocated to PSOE from IU by a narrow margin of 96 votes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

PP claims in Barcelona were cast off after the tally of Spaniards voting abroad gave an even larger margin for the PSC and secured their 14th seat in the constituency.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 5 November, the Electoral Commission found irregularities in Murcia after determining that the number of voters and of ballot papers did not match up in fifteen wards. The new provisional results published on 6 November, which did not include the wards where irregularities had been found, awarded the last seat to PSOE by just two votes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some IU members openly accused the PSOE of fraud, claiming that Socialist intervenors had voted twice in some wards not just in Murcia, but also in Málaga, Madrid and La Rioja—where, however, election results had not been contested—.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A new tally on 11 November in Murcia resulted in the Commission awarding the seat to IU, which prompted a PSOE appeal to the Superior Court of Justice of Murcia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Concurrently, both the PP and the CDS alleged to have found irregularities in several polling stations in Melilla and Pontevedra, where seats had been awarded to PSOE by just a handful of votes, and asked for the vote to be annulled in those constituencies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The chaotic situation was further aggravated when, on 22 November, the PP denounced that it had found cases of name duplicity in the electoral register of Ceuta, with the party also demanding for the election to be repeated in Murcia after denouncing irregular procedures by the Electoral Commission during the vote tally.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Spanish Attorney General, Javier Moscoso, claimed on 24 November that Murcia's disputed seat belonged to PSOE.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 1 December, the Superior Court of Murcia annulled the election results in the constituency and required the government to call a by-election within three months.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The judicial decision in Murcia raised speculation in other constituencies where results had been appealed that the local Superior Courts would issue similar rulings. This happened in Pontevedra, where the number of counted votes exceeded the number of voters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Finally, the Superior Court of Andalusia annulled the election results in Melilla, but dismissed the appeal on Ceuta where it declared their validity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> González's government announced that it would appeal the decision to the Constitutional Court which, on 25 January 1990, provisionally suspended the scheduled re-run elections in Murcia, Pontevedra and Melilla.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> From 15 to 19 February, the Court overruled the Superior Courts of Justice of Murcia and Galicia and cancelled the re-run elections on Murcia and Pontevedra, declaring the 29 October results as valid and final. For Melilla, it determined that the scale of the detected irregularities was such that the re-run election was required to proceed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="EP200290">Template:Cite news</ref> The election in Melilla on 25 March 1990 gave the constituency's single deputy and its two senators to the PP, thus reducing the PSOE's deputy count to 175.<ref name="EP260390">Template:Cite news</ref> A re-run election was also held on 7 October 1990 in a polling station in Mamblas, Ávila, as the consequence of a judicial conflict between the PP and the CDS over one senator in the constituency, which resulted in the PP winning the disputed senator from the CDS.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Irregularities were found to be a consequence of flawed electoral registers, lack of knowledge on election rules by those appointed to integrate the polling bureaus, a lack of means for the active monitoring of the election process and an inefficient structure of the electoral administration, all of which was coupled with the detection of some illicit votes in several wards. While these flaws had been present in past elections, the closeness of results in the 1989 election and the fact that the PSOE overall majority relied on a single seat meant that these were abruptly exposed. As a result, the electoral law was subsequently amended in 1991 in order to improve the efficiency of the electoral administration.<ref name="ElectionCrisis"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Government formation

Investiture Congress of Deputies Template:Small
Ballot →		5 December 1989
Required majority →		167 out of 332 Template:Tick
	Template:Collapsible list	Template:Composition bar
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Sources<ref name="HECongressVotes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation			CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 5 December 1989, Felipe González was re-elected as prime minister in the first round of voting with an absolute majority of votes. Although the PSOE had lost its outright majority, due to Herri Batasuna's four deputies declining to take their seats, it had a majority among those deputies who did attend.

As a consequence of seat disputes, only 332 deputies had been sworn in for the investiture, as results for the remaining 18 seats had been temporarily suspended by the Superior Courts. After all 350 seats had been allocated, Prime Minister Felipe González voluntarily submitted himself to a vote of confidence to rectify the atypical investiture vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The result was essentially a repeat of the December 1989 voting, with some parties previously voting 'No' choosing to abstain. González's parliamentary support remained the same as it was.

Motion of confidence Congress of Deputies Template:Small
Ballot →		5 April 1990
Required majority →		Simple Template:Tick
	Template:Collapsible list	Template:Composition bar
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Sources<ref name="HECongressVotes"/>

Bibliography

• Template:Cite act
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External links

• Template:Commons category-inline