1995 Atlantic hurricane season

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Infobox tropical cyclone season

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, and is considered to be the start of an ongoing era of high-activity tropical cyclone formation. The season produced twenty-one tropical cyclones, nineteen named storms, as well as eleven hurricanes and five major hurricanes.<ref group="nb">An average season, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref></ref> The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 2, while the season's final storm, Hurricane Tanya, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 1. The very active Atlantic hurricane activity in 1995 was caused by La Niña conditions, which also influenced an inactive Pacific hurricane season. It was tied with 1887 Atlantic hurricane season with 19 named storms, which was later equalled by the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons.

There were four particularly destructive hurricanes during the season, including Luis, Marilyn, Opal and Roxanne. Hurricanes Luis and Marilyn both caused catastrophic damage in the Leeward Islands and Virgin Islands. The former storm was the first hurricane to affect the islands since Hugo in 1989, while the latter was the most devastating cyclone on the Virgin Islands since Hugo as well. Opal, the strongest and most intense storm of the season, caused devastation along portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Roxanne, a rare late-season major hurricane,<ref group="nb">A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref></ref> caused significant damage when it made landfall in Quintana Roo. All four aforementioned names were retired following the season. Additionally, Erin produced moderate damage in Florida and into Alabama. Felix generated strong waves, causing heavy beach erosion in the Northeastern United States and drowning nine people. Iris caused flooding that left five deaths in the Lesser Antilles. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the season caused about $12.35 billion (1995 USD)<ref group="nb">All damage figures are in 1995 USD, unless otherwise noted</ref> in damage and at least 185 deaths.

Seasonal forecasts

Pre-season forecasts

**Predictions of tropical activity in the 1995 season**
Source	Date	Named storms	Hurricanes	Major hurricanes	Ref
CSU	December 1994	12	8	3	<ref name="CSU">Template:Cite report</ref>
WRC	Early 1995	10	6	N/A	<ref name="wrc">Template:Cite report</ref>
CSU	April	10	6	2	<ref name="CSU"/>
CSU	June	12	8	3	<ref name="CSU"/>
Record high activity		30	15	7 (Tie)	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Record low activity		1	0 (tie)	0	<ref name="CSU Atl"/>
Actual activity		19	11	5

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU) and the Weather Research Center (WRC). A normal season, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has 12.1 named storms; of these, 6.4 reach hurricane strength; and 2.7 major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.<ref name="background">Template:Cite report</ref> Additionally, the 1950–2000 CSU average for a normal season is 9.6 named storms, of these 5.9 reach hurricane strength, and 2.3 become major hurricanes.<ref name="Gray Dec">Template:Cite report</ref>

In December 1994, CSU predicted that only 12 named storms would form and 8 of those would become hurricanes; 3 major hurricanes were projected. CSU noted an above average season due to expectations that the existing El Niño would dissipate, while a La Niña would develop by the summer of 1995. Additionally, the western areas of the Sahara Desert were predicted to have the fourth or fifth rainiest season since 1970. A year with heavier precipitation in this region usually correlates with an active Atlantic hurricane season.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In April 1995, CSU revised their forecast, decreasing the number of named storms to 10, hurricanes to 6, and major hurricanes to 2. However, in June, CSU reverted to their December forecast, which called for 12 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.<ref name="CSU"/> The forecast by the WRC in early 1995 was 10 named storms and 6 hurricanes, with no prediction on the number of major hurricanes.<ref name="wrc"/>

Seasonal summary

Template:For timeline

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File:1995 Parade of Storms.jpg

A satellite image of the Atlantic Ocean on August 24 including 3 active tropical cyclones (from left to right), Tropical Storm Jerry, Hurricane Iris, Hurricane Humberto and two tropical waves that would ultimately become Karen and Hurricane Luis

Template:Highest ACE Atlantic hurricane seasons The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1,<ref name="season">Template:Cite news</ref> and activity in 1995 began two days later with the formation of Hurricane Allison on June 3. It was a well-above average season in which 21 tropical depressions formed, 19 of which attained tropical storm status, and 11 of these attained hurricane status. In addition, five tropical cyclones reached major hurricane status,Template:Atlantic hurricane best track which was well above the 1950–2005 average of two per season.<ref name="Gray Dec"/> At the time, only 1933 surpassed the season's total storms, making the season the second most active in recorded history tying with 1887. <ref name="ACE"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Atlantic hurricane best track The 1995 season would be the beginning of an active period in the Atlantic basin, which has lasted for nearly 30 years. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of this season caused 185 deaths and about $12.35 billion in damage.<ref>Template:Cite report

|CitationClass=web }}

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The last storm of the season, Hurricane Tanya, became extratropical on November 1,Template:Atlantic hurricane best track over four weeks before the official end of the season on November 30.<ref name="season"/>

Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Hurricane Allison on June 2. The month of July was very active, with four tropical cyclones forming. This record of storms in July stood until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season when five storms formed in July. A total of seven storms formed in August — Felix, Gabrielle, Humberto, Iris, Jerry, Karen, and Luis — tying the 1933 record for most in the month; this record was broken in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season when eight named storms formed during August. Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, it was much less active than August. Four tropical cyclones developed in September, with Marilyn, Noel, and Opal eventually strengthening into hurricanes. Four tropical cyclones also formed in October; notably, Hurricane Roxanne developed in that month. The last storm of the season, Hurricane Tanya, developed later in October and eventually became extratropical on November 1.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track This was the first time since forecasters began assigning given names to tropical storms in 1953 that names starting with the letters "O" through "T" were used.

The season's activity was reflected with a very high accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 227, the fifth highest value on record,<ref name="ACE">Template:Cite report</ref> and far above the 1981–2010 median of 92.<ref name=Apr14CSU>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. Therefore, a system with a longer duration or stronger intensity will have a higher value of ACE. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of Template:Cvt. Accordingly, tropical depressions are not included here. After the storm has dissipated, typically after the end of the season, the NHC reexamines the data, and produces a final report on each storm. These revisions can lead to a revised ACE total either upward or downward compared to the operational value.<ref name="ACE"/>

Systems

Hurricane Allison

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A westward moving tropical wave reached the Caribbean Sea in late May and gradually organized over the next few days. Around 00:00 UTC on June 3, a tropical depression developed about Template:Convert east of Belize City, Belize. The depression initially moved northwestward before recurving to the north. The depression entered the Gulf of Mexico and strengthened into Tropical Storm Allison by 12:00 UTC. Despite unfavorable upper-level winds, the storm intensified into a hurricane about 24 hours later. Allison then peaked with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert. Increasing wind shear weakened it to a tropical storm early on June 5. At 14:00 UTC, Allison made landfall near Alligator Point, Florida, with winds of Template:Convert. After briefly emerging over Apalachee Bay, Allison struck near St. Marks with winds of Template:Convert. Early on June 6, Allison weakened to a tropical depression, shortly before becoming extratropical. The remnants continued northeastward and later struck Newfoundland before dissipating near Greenland on June 11.<ref name="atcr">Template:Cite report</ref>

While brushing Cuba, Allison produced wind gusts up to Template:Convert and as much as Template:Convert of rainfall. A total of 32 structures were damaged or destroyed, causing one death.<ref name="atcr"/> In Florida, storm surge heights of Template:Convert were observed in Dixie and Wakulla counties and Template:Convert to the east, causing significant beach erosion and damaging 65 homes, 3 hotels, and a restaurant.<ref name="sd6">Template:Cite journal</ref> Elsewhere in Florida, damage was generally minor, totaling only about $860,000. In Georgia, there was minor flooding and tornadoes, one of which caused $800,000 in damage in St. Marys.<ref name="atcr"/> Some locations in Atlantic Canada reported tropical storm force winds and heavy rainfall.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Tropical Storm Barry

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A frontal low situated between Bermuda and South Carolina developed into Tropical Depression Two late on July 6.<ref name="BarryTCR">Template:Cite report</ref> Strong wind shear initially prevented significant strengthening,<ref name="Barry2">Template:Cite report</ref> though by early on July 7, the depression became Tropical Storm Barry. A nearby trough enhanced convection and caused strengthening, with maximum sustained winds reaching Template:Convert later that day.<ref name="BarryTCR"/> Later on July 8, Barry weakened slightly, falling to winds of Template:Convert, an intensity it would retain until landfall.<ref name="BarryTCR"/> An approaching mid-level trough accelerated the storm as it traveled roughly along the Gulf Stream.<ref name="Barry9">Template:Cite report</ref> Early on July 9, convection began to shift away from the storm's center. While moving rapidly northeastward, Barry made landfall in Hart Island, Nova Scotia, late on July 9.<ref name="BarryTCR"/>

It weakened slightly and made landfall on Cape Breton Island less than an hour later.<ref name="BarryTCR"/> Cold water caused deep convection to diminish as it was making landfall, and the storm lost most remaining tropical characteristics as it tracked toward Newfoundland.<ref name="Barry13">Template:Cite report</ref> Barry was declared extratropical early on July 10 near the west coast of Newfoundland. As a fast-moving and weakening extratropical cyclone, the system remained distinct until it passed across the east coast of Labrador, when it dissipated.<ref name="BarryTCR"/> Tropical storm force winds were recorded at Fourchu, Nova Scotia, as well as wind gusts up to Template:Convert at Port aux Basques, Newfoundland. Barry dropped significant rainfall, peaking at Template:Convert in Nova Scotia, with lesser totals at several other locations.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Tropical Storm Chantal

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 5. During the next week, the wave improved on satellite imagery and developed into a tropical depression about Template:Convert east-northeast of Guadeloupe on July 12. The depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Chantal. Initially, Chantal threatened the Bahamas, and the Government of the Bahamas issued tropical storm watches and warnings, which were in effect for the southeast and central islands as well as the Turks and Caicos Islands. However, Chantal re-curved to the north and did not directly affect the Bahamas. After the cyclone turned northward, it threatened Bermuda, which prompted a tropical storm watch for the island on July 16. The watch was canceled on July 18 as the storm passed well northwest of the island.<ref name="ctrc"/>

By early on July 17, Chantal attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert. Thereafter, the storm began weakening and slowly losing tropical characteristics. At 18:00 UTC on July 20, Chantal transitioned into an extratropical storm about Template:Convert east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The remnants continued rapidly northeastward and later east-northeastward, before dissipating west of the British Isles on July 22.<ref name="ctrc">Template:Cite report</ref> Although Chantal remained well offshore, the storm dropped heavy rainfall in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, peaking at Template:Convert on the Burin Peninsula. Further west in Nova Scotia, heavier precipitation was reported, peaking at Template:Convert near Barrington.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Tropical Storm Dean

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico developed an upper-level circulation. By July 28, the system organized enough to be classified as Tropical Depression Four. Despite favorable conditions, the depression tracked westward without significantly intensifying, due to the poor organization of the storm itself. As the depression curved west-northwestward, it began to strengthen and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dean while located only Template:Convert from the Texas coastline on July 30. The system made landfall early on July 31 near Freeport with winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert. Shortly thereafter, Dean weakened back to a tropical depression. The storm continued to slowly weaken as it moved northwestward, dissipating on August 2 near the Texas–Oklahoma border.<ref name="Dean TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

Storm surge caused minor coastal flooding, especially on Galveston Island.<ref name="Galveston">Template:Cite report</ref> Dean produced a large swath of rainfall between Template:Convert, while some areas received more than Template:Convert.<ref name="HPC-Dean">Template:Cite report</ref> Precipitation from the storm caused moderate localized flood damage. A total of 20 families in Chambers County evacuated,<ref name="Dean TCR"/> while 38 houses in the southeastern portions of Texas were flooded.<ref name="Galveston"/> Two tornadoes were also reported in the state, but neither caused significant damage.<ref name="Galveston"/> In Oklahoma, heavy rainfall flooded more than 40 houses and left about 24 cars stranded. At least three highways suffered significant flooding, while other minor roads were closed for several days.<ref name="oklahoma">Template:Cite report</ref> Outside of Oklahoma and Texas, the remnants of the storm dropped rainfall in several Midwestern states, though minimal damage occurred.<ref name="HPC-Dean"/> Despite the flooding, property damage estimates were only $500,000,<ref name="Galveston"/> while one fatality occurred.<ref name="oklahoma"/>

Hurricane Erin

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on July 22 and headed toward the Leeward Islands, where the system nearly developed into a tropical cyclone but was inhibited by vertical wind shear. By July 31, the system was classified as Tropical Storm Erin while just west of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Despite effects from wind shear, Erin continued to strengthen as it moved northwestward and was upgraded to a hurricane later on July 31. Further intensification occurred, and Erin reached winds of Template:Convert before making landfall near Vero Beach, Florida, on August 1. The storm emerged over the Gulf of Mexico after weakening back to a tropical storm, though it quickly re-strengthened into a hurricane. Shortly before making landfall near Pensacola Beach, Florida on August 3, Erin briefly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. After moving inland, Erin slowly weakened as it tracked across the Southern United States and Midwestern United States. By August 6, Erin merged with a frontal system over West Virginia.<ref name="Erin TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

Erin was the first hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track In Jamaica, the outer bands of Erin produced heavy rainfall on the island, which caused a plane crash, killing five people; two other fatalities occurred when two people were struck by lightning.<ref name="gleaner">Template:Cite news</ref> Although many islands in the Bahamas experienced high winds and heavy rainfall, damage associated with Erin was fairly minor. Offshore of Florida, nine people drowned, three of which occurred after a cruise ship sunk. Over land, high winds produced by Erin damaged over 2,000 houses, most of which were in the Florida Panhandle. In addition, strong winds left over one million people without electricity. Several tornadoes were spawned in the state, causing damage. In Alabama, more than 100 houses were damaged by Erin.<ref name="Erin TCR"/> Between 50 and 75 percent of the pecan crop in Baldwin County was lost. Similar impact also occurred in Mississippi, although to a lesser degree.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Elsewhere, some areas of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States experienced heavy rainfall.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Overall, Erin caused 16 fatalities and $700 million in damage.<ref name="gleaner"/><ref name="Erin TCR"/>

Tropical Depression Six

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small The southern part of the tropical wave that spawned Hurricane Erin continued into the Caribbean Sea in late July. By August 4, the system entered the Bay of Campeche and developed into Tropical Depression Six on August 5. The depression moved slowly over Mexico and gradually intensified that day and August 6. Satellite intensity estimated showed the depression was likely just below the threshold of tropical storm status. However, late on August 6, the depression made landfall in Cabo Rojo, Veracruz. The depression slowly weakened inland and dissipated late on August 7.<ref name="6trc">Template:Cite report</ref> The depression and the precursor tropical wave dropped heavy rainfall in some areas of Mexico. Precipitation from the precursor system peaked at Template:Convert in Escuintla, Chiapas, while rainfall from the depression itself peaked at Template:Convert in Tlaxco, Puebla.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Some localized flooding may have occurred near the path of the depression.<ref name="6trc"/>

Hurricane Felix

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 6 developed into Tropical Depression Seven on August 8 while located about Template:Convert west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. The depression moved west-northwestward due to a subtropical ridge and deepened into Tropical Storm Felix later that day. Further intensification was slower, with Felix reaching hurricane status on August 11. Due to warm sea surface temperatures and light wind shear, Felix began to rapidly strengthen as it was curving northwestward. Late on August 12, Felix peaked with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert. Felix weakened over the next few days back to a Category 1 hurricane on August 14, after an eyewall replacement cycle and an increase in wind shear.<ref name="ftcr">Template:Cite report</ref>

The storm posed a significant threat to Bermuda, warranting a hurricane warning between August 14 and August 15. During the latter date, Felix passed only Template:Convert to the southwest of the island. Continuing on its northwest trek, the cyclone also temporarily prompted preparations along the East Coast of the United States. However, the storm curved northward and then east-northeastward while remaining offshore. Felix briefly threatened Bermuda again, but turned back to the northeast and weakened to a tropical storm on August 20. It accelerated east-northeastward and passed a short distance offshore of Newfoundland, where it transitioned into an extratropical storm on August 22. The remnants of Felix continued northeastward across the Atlantic until dissipating near Shetland on August 25.<ref name="ftcr"/>

Large waves in Puerto Rico caused minor coastal flooding in Cataño.<ref name="sd8">Template:Cite journal</ref> On Bermuda, the storm produced near-hurricane-force winds,<ref name="ftcr"/> which downed trees and power lines, and left 20,000 people without power. Rough surf was also reported on Bermuda, which damaged a few boats and hotels.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the passage of Felix postponed Bermuda's 1995 independence referendum. In the United States, Felix generated large waves from northeast Florida to Maine.<ref name="ftcr"/> In New York, two houses were washed away in The Hamptons, while 20 to 30 houses in North Carolina experienced minor damage from rough seas.<ref name="sd8"/> While passing southeast of Newfoundland, Felix produced moderate rainfall and large waves across the island, although damage was minimal.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Overall, Felix caused eight deaths due to drowning along the coasts of North Carolina and New Jersey, and $132,000 in damage.<ref name="ftcr"/>

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa in late July 1995 and entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 8. On the following day, the system developed a weak low-level circulation and was declared Tropical Depression Eight while in the western Gulf of Mexico. The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Gabrielle on August 10. Gabrielle continued to rapidly strengthen as it tracked toward the coast of Mexico, nearly becoming a hurricane late on August 11. However, Gabrielle made landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, Mexico two hours later, which prevented further strengthening. Gabrielle rapidly weakened inland and dissipated early on August 12.<ref name="Gabrielle TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

Gabrielle dropped heavy rainfall in Mexico, where some areas possibly experienced more than Template:Convert of precipitation. However, according to the Weather Prediction Center (WPC), rainfall peaked at Template:Convert in southern Tamaulipas.<ref name="Gabrielle TCR"/><ref name="DN">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the large amounts of precipitation, it was considered beneficial due to drought conditions in some areas, especially in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon.<ref name="Gabrielle TCR"/> However, in other nearby areas, the heavy rainfall flooded streets and destroyed roadways and bridges.<ref name="DN"/> Further north, Gabrielle dropped light to moderate rainfall in Texas.<ref name="HPC-Gabrielle">Template:Cite report</ref> Gabrielle caused six fatalities in Mexico, while the damage figure is unknown.<ref name="Gabrielle TCR"/>

Hurricane Humberto

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On August 19, a tropical wave crossed over Dakar, Senegal, shortly before entering into the Atlantic Ocean. The wave quickly organized once in the Atlantic and developed into Tropical Depression Nine on August 22.<ref name="htcr">Template:Cite report</ref> Due to low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Humberto six hours later.<ref name="Humberto3">Template:Cite report</ref> It continued west-northwestward and then westward under the influence of a mid-level trough. Early on August 23, Humberto intensified into a hurricane.<ref name="htcr"/> By early on August 24 the storm developed a well-defined eye after becoming a Category 2 hurricane.<ref name="Humberto10">Template:Cite report</ref>

After peaking with winds of Template:Convert on August 24, Humberto began a Fujiwhara interaction with Hurricane Iris.<ref name="htcr"/> This generated shear on Humberto, causing the storm to weaken back to a Category 1 hurricane on August 26.<ref name="Humberto15">Template:Cite report</ref> Humberto continued to weaken until August 28, when it was barely a hurricane.<ref name="htcr"/> Operationally, Humberto was erroneously downgraded to a tropical storm on that same day.<ref name="Humberto25">Template:Cite report</ref> Thereafter, the storm began restrengthening and reached a secondary peak slightly below the threshold for a Category 2 hurricane on August 30.<ref name="htcr"/> While tracking northeastward, Humberto began weakening and acquiring extratropical characteristics starting on the following day.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Later on August 31, Humberto weakened to a tropical storm. By 06:00 UTC on September 1, the storm was absorbed by an extratropical low while west of the Azores.<ref name="htcr"/> Humberto was the second of four tropical waves in quick succession in the tropical Atlantic that all eventually became tropical storms or hurricanes; it was preceded by the wave that became Iris, and followed by the waves that became Karen and Luis. It was also the first of three tropical cyclones to form within a 24-hour period on August 21 and 22; Iris formed 12 hours later and Jerry formed 18 hours later. It was also the first of five named storms to form within a seven-day period; Karen formed on August 26 and Luis on August 28.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

Hurricane Iris

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 16. It rapidly developed a closed circulation, though convection diminished a few days after the wave entered the Atlantic. However, convection began to re-develop and by 12:00 UTC on August 22, the system developed into Tropical Depression Ten. Six hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iris. Thereafter, Iris continued to intensify and became a hurricane later on August 23. After reaching winds of Template:Convert, the storm began to weaken during a Fujiwhara interaction with Hurricane Humberto, causing Iris to be downgraded to a tropical storm on August 24. Iris continued to steadily weaken as it approached the Lesser Antilles. After making a direct hit on Saint Lucia and Martinique on August 26, steering currents produced by a trough forced Iris north-northwestward; this caused it to brush Dominica and Guadeloupe and make landfall in Antigua and Barbuda on August 27. Around the time, Iris began restrengthening due to a decrease in wind shear and became a hurricane again on August 28.<ref name="itcr"/>

It is possible that the forward motion of the storm became slightly erratic after a Fujiwhara interaction began with Tropical Storm Karen. By September 1, Iris peaked as a Template:Convert Category 2 hurricane. After curving north-northeastward, Iris began to weaken after encountering increasing wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures. Nonetheless, it was still able to absorb Tropical Depression Karen on September 3. By early on the following day, Iris weakened to a tropical storm, six hours before becoming extratropical, while centered southeast of Newfoundland.<ref name="itcr">Template:Cite report</ref> While crossing through the Leeward Islands, Iris produced heavy rainfall. High waves in Trinidad caused coastal flooding and damage to boats.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In Martinique, significant amounts of precipitation led to flooding and landslides. Four fatalities were reported on that island,<ref name="itcr"/> two of which occurred after mudslides push a house off a cliff. Flooding was also reported in coastal areas, resulting in heavy damage in Le Vauclin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On Guadeloupe, the only island to record tropical storm force winds, one fatality occurred after a person drowned in a flooded river. Rainfall in Antigua damaged banana trees and caused flooding in low-lying areas.<ref name="itcr"/>

Tropical Storm Jerry

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave which emerged off of Africa began convective organization in the vicinity of the Bahamas. On August 23, the system was declared Tropical Depression Eleven while located between Florida and Andros Island. The depression strengthened as it headed north-northwestward, despite only marginally favorable conditions. On the following day, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Jerry while located only Template:Convert offshore Florida. At 18:00 UTC on August 23, the storm made landfall later near Jupiter, Florida, as a minimal tropical storm with winds of Template:Convert. Jerry slowly weakened and was downgraded to a tropical depression late on August 24. After drifting across Florida, the cyclone briefly emerged over the Gulf of Mexico, but then headed northward and back inland. Jerry meandered over Georgia and eventually dissipated on August 28.<ref name="Jerry TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

Jerry dropped heavy rainfall in Florida, especially in the southern portion of the state, where Template:Convert of precipitation fell in Golden Gate.Template:Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima Although the storm struck the east coast of the state, much of the damage in Florida occurred in Collier County. In that county, 340 houses were damaged and 12 others were destroyed due to flooding. Other nearby counties also reported flood damage, albeit less severe. Agricultural damage was also reported in southwest Florida, primarily to citrus crops. The storm also spawned two tornadoes in West Central Florida, though neither caused any damage.<ref name="Jerry TCR"/> Heavy rainfall also occurred in Georgia, with some areas experiencing over Template:Convert of rain. The remnants of Jerry produced heavy precipitation in North and South Carolina, with Template:Convert observed in Antreville, South Carolina.Template:Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima In both states, many roads were flooded and numerous buildings and houses were damaged, especially in the Charlotte and Raleigh areas of North Carolina. Overall, there were eight fatalities and $40 million in damage associated with Jerry.<ref name="sd8"/><ref name="Jerry TCR"/>

Tropical Storm Karen

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small On August 23, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Shortly after entering the Atlantic, the tropical wave developed into a low-pressure area. Over the next few days, the cloud pattern associated with the system fluctuated in organization and a tropical depression may have developed as early as August 24. Two days later, satellite imagery indicated a well-defined low-level cloud center. As a result, it is estimated that Tropical Depression Twelve developed at 12:00 UTC on August 26. The depression slowly intensified as it tracked west-northwestward under the influence of low- to mid-level flow.<ref name="Karen TCR">Template:Cite report</ref> Although sea surface temperatures were warm, outflow from Hurricane Humberto may have slowed further strengthening of the depression.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

The depression finally began to develop bands north of the center on August 27,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> though overall, the deep convection remained disorganized; the circulation of the depression also became elongated.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Around 06:00 UTC on August 28, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Karen. Early on the following day, Karen peaked with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert. By August 31, Karen north-northwestward around the circulation of Hurricane Iris and thus, a Fujiwhara interaction began.<ref name="Karen TCR"/> As the storm was approaching Iris, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began predicting on September 1 that Karen would merge with the former.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> On the following day, Karen weakened to a tropical depression. Early on September 3, Karen lost its well-defined center and merged with Iris at 06:00 UTC, while centered near Bermuda.<ref name="Karen TCR"/>

Hurricane Luis

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also A westward-moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen at 18:00 UTC on August 28. Initially, strong vertical shear hindered the depression from strengthening significantly; by early on August 29, however, it acquired sufficient organization to be named Tropical Storm Luis. The storm continued to strengthen slowly until wind shear decreased on August 30, causing Luis to become a hurricane later that day. By September 1, Luis became a major hurricane after it reached Category 3 intensity. Later that day, Luis was further upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane. Early on September 3, maximum sustained winds reached Template:Convert, though the lowest pressure in relation to Luis was not recorded until September 8. After weakening slightly, Luis passed near Antigua and made landfall in Barbuda early on September 5, before brushing Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Anguilla. After remaining a major hurricane for a week, Luis weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while northeast of the Bahamas on September 8;<ref name="Ltcr">Template:Cite report</ref> the weakening was possibly as a result of the storm crossing over decreasing ocean temperature due to upwelling from Hurricane Felix.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref> On September 10, Luis rapidly accelerated northeastward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Luis made landfall on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland early on September 11.<ref name="Ltcr"/> While crossing the island, cold, dry air began impacting the storm, causing it to rapidly become extratropical and merge with a frontal zone shortly after reentering the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Ltcr"/><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Strong winds and high waves wreaked havoc on several islands in the Lesser Antilles. In Antigua and Barbuda, winds reaching Template:Convert damaged numerous houses on Barbuda and destroyed nearly 45% of residences on Antigua.<ref name="Ltcr"/> An estimated 1,700 people were forced to flee to shelters and about 3,200 others were left homeless. Within Antigua and Barbuda alone, three fatalities occurred, 165 people were injured, and damage totaled to $350 million.<ref name="situation1-10">Template:Cite report</ref> Strong winds in Guadeloupe caused moderate damage to homes and trees, especially in the Grande-Terre region. At Basse-Terre, nearly 100% of the banana crop was destroyed. Heavy rainfall in this portion of the island caused significant damage to roads. High waves also caused significant coastal flooding on the west coast of the island.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> About $50 million in damage was reported and one fatality occurred.<ref name="Ltcr"/><ref name="EMDAT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The most significant effects occurred in the Netherlands Antilles, especially on Saint Martin – including both the French and Dutch side of the island. Approximately 60% of buildings were damaged to some degree.<ref name="Ltcr"/> Additionally, severe disruption to utility services was reported, including water, electricity, and telephone service.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nine deaths and $1.8 billion in damage was reported on the island.<ref name="Ltcr"/>

In Dominica, storm surge left 1,000 people homeless and $47 million in property losses.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Winds exceeding Template:Convert caused severe impact in eastern Puerto Rico, especially Culebra. The area was left without electricity and 350 houses were extensively damaged or destroyed. On the main island, effects were primarily limited to downed trees and power lines on highways and electrical outages at about 200,000 houses. Throughout Puerto Rico, damaged reached $200 million and there were two deaths. Similarly strong winds lashed the United States Virgin Islands. Saint Thomas suffered the worst, where 75%–80% of houses were severely damaged or destroyed. The island's hospital was flooded. Damage in the United States Virgin Islands was estimated at $300 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lesser effects occurred in the British Virgin Islands. Several homes were deroofed, especially on Anegada and Virgin Gorda. There were a number of telephone and electrical outages after a number of poles were toppled.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In the United States, storm surge and high tides were reported along the East Coast, leading to two drowning deaths—one in North Carolina and the other in New York. In the former state, eight homes were swept into the ocean and damage reached $1.9 million.<ref name="sd9">Template:Cite journal</ref> The storm also brought minor flooding to Newfoundland, with one death and $500,000 in damage.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In addition, Luis was the earliest twelfth-named storm on record at the time. However, this record has since been broken by Hurricane Laura in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on September 4 and tracked westward across the Atlantic. The system gradually organized and became a tropical depression on September 9.<ref name="TD14tcr"/> However, the NHC did not operationally declare the system as Tropical Depression Fourteen until September 11, while the system was centered Template:Convert southeast of Bermuda.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Although the National Hurricane Center predicted that it would intensify into a tropical storm, it was also noted shortly after advisories were initiated that "this might have been the only opportunity to name this depression."<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> The depression moved toward the northwest and encountered strong upper-level winds which removed the convection from the low-level center on September 13, causing the storm to dissipate.<ref name="TD14tcr">Template:Cite report</ref>

Hurricane Marilyn

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and entered into the Atlantic Ocean between September 7 and September 8. Although it had a large circulation, deep convection was minimal. After tracking steadily westward over the next few days, the system began developing convection. By 18:00 UTC on September 12, the system became Tropical Depression Fifteen, while centered about Template:Convert east-southeast of Barbados. The depression strengthened and became Tropical Storm Marilyn six hours later. Early on September 14, Marilyn further intensified to a hurricane. Later that day, Marilyn made landfall near Jenny Point, Dominica, with winds of Template:Convert at 21:00 UTC. Shortly thereafter, Marilyn entered the Caribbean Sea. While approaching the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, the storm became a Category 2 hurricane. After avoiding landfall, Marilyn re-entered into the Atlantic Ocean on September 16. The storm continued to intensify and early on September 17, it peaked as a minimal Category 3 hurricane. While curving northward, Marilyn fluctuated in intensity until beginning a weakening trend on September 20. The storm turned east-northeastward, and by the following day, it weakened to a tropical storm. By 06:00 UTC on September 22, Marilyn became extratropical while about Template:Convert southeast of Sable Island. The remnants of Marilyn lasted until merging with a cold front on October 1.<ref name="mtcr">Template:Cite report</ref>

Throughout the Lesser Antilles, the storm produced high winds and heavy rainfall.<ref name="mtcr"/> After Hurricane Luis destroyed 90% of Dominica's banana crop, Marilyn ruined the remaining 10%. In addition, a roof was torn off an emergency shelter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On Martinique, moderate rainfall and tropical storm force winds were recorded, though no damage or fatalities occurred. Effects in Guadeloupe were similar, but more intense. In Saint-Claude, Template:Convert of rain fell, which was the highest precipitation total associated with Marilyn. Wind speeds measured on Guadeloupe were also tropical storm force, with sustained winds of Template:Convert in Marie-Galante. Similar but lesser winds and rain occurred in Saint Barthélemy and Sint Maarten. However, the United States possessions, were, by far, suffered the most damage. Strong winds damaged or destroyed at least 80% of buildings on St. Thomas, which left 10,000 people homeless.<ref name="mtcr"/> Storm surge in the Charlotte Amalie harbor beached the USCGC Point Ledge and damaged many smaller boats.<ref name="Coast Guard">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moderate to severe damage was also reported on St. Croix and St. John,<ref name="mtcr"/> where 20–30% of houses were damaged.<ref name="pshsju03.gif">Template:Cite report</ref> On Culebra, an offshore island of Puerto Rico, wind gusts as high as Template:Convert were reported.<ref name="mtcr"/> As a result, light planes were overturned and 250 homes were either damaged or destroyed. Large waves also caused street flooding on the island. Flash floods on the main island of Puerto Rico sent rivers above their banks.<ref name="pshsju03.gif"/> Moderate winds and rainfall on Antigua caused extensive damage to banana crops. While the storm bypassed Bermuda, tropical storm force winds were reported but no damage occurred.<ref name="mtcr"/> Overall, Marilyn caused at least 13 fatalities and $2.1 billion in damage.<ref name="EMDAT"/><ref name="mtcr"/><ref name="costliest">Template:Cite report</ref>

Hurricane Noel

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave exited Africa on September 22 and within three days began to develop organized convection. After a low-level circulation formed, the system developed into Tropical Depression Sixteen late on September 26.<ref name="ntcr">Template:Cite report</ref> Despite the presence of wind shear, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Noel on September 27.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Moving northwestward, it gradually intensified to hurricane status by September 28, with peak winds of Template:Convert. After remaining a hurricane for 42 hours, during which it turned to the northeast, Noel weakened to tropical storm strength due to increased wind shear.<ref name="ntcr"/><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Although forecast to weaken to a tropical depression,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Noel maintained minimal tropical storm intensity as it curved to the northwest. Following a decrease in shear, Noel regained hurricane status on October 5 about Template:Convert west-southwest of the Azores. It turned to the east,<ref name="ntcr"/> and the return of unfavorable conditions caused it to weaken to a tropical storm by October 6.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> A day later, Noel weakened below tropical storm strength as it transitioned to an extratropical cyclone. The remnants lasted until late on October 7 until they were absorbed by a cold front.<ref name="ntcr"/>

Hurricane Opal

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On September 11, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. The wave remained disorganized until nearing the Yucatán Peninsula, where it became a tropical depression on September 27 while Template:Convert south-southeast of Cozumel. The depression slowly moved over the Yucatán Peninsula for a few days, eventually emerging off the north coast, where it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Opal on September 30. After becoming a hurricane on October 2, the cyclone rapidly intensified and began moving north across the Gulf of Mexico. At 10:00 UTC on October 4, Opal peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert. Shortly thereafter, the storm began weakening. Upon making landfall in Pensacola Beach, Florida, around 22:00 UTC on October 4, winds had decreased to Template:Convert, which is Category 3 intensity. Opal weakened rapidly after moving inland, deteriorating to a tropical storm early on October 5 and then to a tropical depression about six hours later. At 18:00 UTC on October 5, Opal became extratropical over Kentucky. The extratropical storm dissipated over Ontario on October 6.<ref name="Opal TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

The precursor and initial stages of Opal brought heavy rainfall and flooding to Guatemala and Mexico. In the former, rivers near the border with Mexico overflowed, resulting in the evacuation of 110 families in Tecún Umán. Approximately 34,000 people were left homeless. Landslides left damage to infrastructure and agriculture, with about $17 million in crop damage alone. Thirty-one deaths occurred in Guatemala.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Mexico, more than 42,000 people were forced to evacuate as rivers overtopped their banks in Campeche and Tabasco,<ref name="MXAP1"/> while an estimated 100,000 people evacuated due to the storm.<ref>Template:Cite news (Accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Around 500,000 acres of crops had been destroyed by the floods.<ref name="MXAP1">Template:Cite news (Accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Agricultural losses in Campeche alone were estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<ref>Template:Cite news (Accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Nineteen fatalities were reported in Mexico.<ref name="Opal TCR"/> In Florida, strong winds and storm surge left severe damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida.<ref name="sd10">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In Alabama, storm surge ranging from Template:Convert left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several counties, leaving 2.6 million people across the state without electricity at the height of the storm. Downed trees also damaged some dwellings, primarily mobile homes. Several short-lived tornadoes destroyed over 125 homes, while 150 others suffered major damage. It was estimated that the storm caused over $182 million in damage in Alabama.<ref name="sd10"/> Strong wind gusts were reported in northern Georgia, with a gust of Template:Convert at Marietta.<ref name="technical">Template:Cite report</ref> There were more than 1,200 telephone poles knocked down and almost 5,000 power lines snapped. Wind damage in Rabun County alone reached about $5 million, while the pecan crop suffered around $50 million in damage. Several other states reported lesser wind damage and flooding.<ref name="sd10"/> Throughout the United States, Opal caused approximately $4.7 billion in damage and 27 fatalities, including 14 in Georgia, 6 in Alabama, 5 in Florida, and 2 in North Carolina.<ref name="technical"/><ref name="Dead 2011">Template:Cite tech report</ref>

Tropical Storm Pablo

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa and entered into the Atlantic Ocean on October 3. It quickly acquired a low-level circulation and by the following day, it developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen. Under the influence of deep easterlies, the storm tracked west-northwest and westward across the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="PabloTCR">Template:Cite report</ref> At 12:00 UTC on October 5, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Pablo.<ref name="PabloTCR"/> After becoming a tropical storm, Pablo developed well-defined outflow and the possibility of it strengthening into a hurricane seemed likely.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Although strong upper-level westerlies were ahead of the storm, it was still predicted that Pablo would reach hurricane status.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> By 12:00 UTC on October 6, Pablo peaked as a Template:Convert tropical storm.<ref name="PabloTCR"/> However, shortly thereafter, strong vertical shear then diminished much of the deep convection associated with the storm.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Early on October 7, Pablo managed to re-develop some deep convection, though it did not restrengthen.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Later that day, the low level circulation became indiscernible on infrared imagery.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> By 12:00 UTC on October 8, Pablo weakened to a tropical depression. Six hours later, Pablo dissipated while approaching the Windward Islands.<ref name="PabloTCR"/>

Hurricane Roxanne

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A tropical wave merged with a broad low pressure area and an upper trough near Honduras. The system quickly organized into Tropical Depression Nineteen on October 7. The depression brushed Central America before curving northward, where it strengthened into Tropical Storm Roxanne on October 9. Roxanne posed a threat to Cuba and the Cayman Islands, which briefly prompted the issuance of a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch. However, a high pressure system forced Roxanne to tracked generally westward, which prevented it from significantly affecting the Cayman Islands. After becoming a hurricane on October 10, Roxanne began to rapidly strengthen. Later that day, the storm peaked as a minimal Category 3 hurricane, with winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="Roxanne TCR">Template:Cite report</ref>

By 02:00 UTC on October 11, Roxanne made landfall just north of Tulum, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula with winds of Template:Convert. The storm significantly weakened inland and emerged into the Bay of Campeche as a tropical storm. Several shortwave troughs and ridges caused Roxanne to track aimlessly through the southern Gulf of Mexico. By October 14, it re-strengthened into a hurricane. After making a close approach to the Yucatán Peninsula while heading southeastward, Roxanne weakened to a tropical storm on October 17 as it doubled back to the northwest. A cold front forced Roxanne westward on October 19, and it simultaneously weakened to a tropical depression. The cyclone curved abruptly southward and dissipated just offshore of Veracruz on October 21.<ref name="Roxanne TCR"/>

In the Gulf of Mexico, a petroleum work barge with 245 people on board capsized, causing five people to drown. Due to its erratic movement, Roxanne dropped heavy rainfall in many areas of southern Mexico, and some areas reported over Template:Convert of precipitation.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Extensive flooding occurred as a result, which destroyed crops, washed out roads, and damaged at least 40,000 homes. In addition, significant coastal flooding also occurred, as storm surge for nearly a week caused water to travel inland for hundreds of yards. High winds also occurred over the Yucatán Peninsula, with one station reporting hurricane-force winds on October 11. Unconfirmed reports also indicated that many hotel lobbies in Cancún and Cozumel were damaged from pounding waves. Overall, Roxanne caused $1.5 billion in damage and 29 fatalities. However, not all damage could be distinguished from Hurricane Opal.<ref name="Roxanne TCR"/><ref name="costliest" />

Tropical Storm Sebastien

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on October 13 and moved across the Atlantic. On October 20, it was declared a depression after shower activity increased. Twelve hours after forming, the depression became Tropical Storm Sebastien.<ref name="TCR">Template:Cite report</ref> It organized and developed good outflow.<ref name="Disc 2">Template:Cite report</ref> Although wind shear was expected to limit intensification,<ref name="Disc 8">Template:Cite report</ref> the storm instead intensified and peaked with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert late on October 22, based on a ship report.<ref name="TCR" /> At the time, most of the convection was sheared away from the center, and the storm was interacting with a low pressure area near Puerto Rico. The storm initially moved northwestward, before turning to the southwest along the low-level flow and into an area of increasing shear. On October 24, Sebastien weakened into a tropical depression, and it maintained this intensity until landfall on Anguilla. The next day, the system dissipated near the United States Virgin Islands, although the remnants continued westward.<ref name="TCR"/>

As it turned towards the Caribbean, the NHC issued a tropical storm watch for the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.<ref name="TCR"/> Other islands were on alert as the NHC stated that the watch area may need to be expanded.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Still recovering from Hurricane Marilyn less than a month prior, residents living in damaged homes reportedly evacuated their homes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the watch was discontinued 24 hours later after the storm weakened to a tropical depression.<ref name="TCR"/> The remnants of Sebastien produced moderate rainfall across parts of Puerto Rico, peaking at Template:Convert in Quebradillas.Template:Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima

Hurricane Tanya

Template:Infobox Hurricane Small {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Early on October 27, a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression. The system strengthened into Tropical Storm Tanya later that day. Tanya initially tracked northeastward due to a shortwave trough, though an upper-level cyclone soon turned the storm toward eastward. Early on October 29, Tanya was upgraded to a hurricane. On the following day, a cold front to the west forced the cyclone to accelerate northeastward.<ref name="ttcr">Template:Cite report</ref> Despite slightly cooler water,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Tanya strengthened a bit more that afternoon, reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="ttcr"/> That intensity was maintained until late on October 31, when the storm weakened as it traveled over cooler waters.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Early on November 1, Tanya began to lose tropical characteristics while heading rapidly northeast towards the Azores. The system was downgraded to a tropical storm on November 1. That evening, Tanya became extratropical near the central Azores. The remnants turned northward and were absorbed by another extratropical cyclone early on November 3.<ref name="ttcr"/>

In the Azores, Tanya tore roofs off houses and downed trees, and light posts flew through houses and buildings. One death by drowning was reported, as well as several injuries. The islands of Faial, Pico, São Jorge, and Terceira were hardest hit, where the storm sank numerous boats and knocked down trees and power lines, which severely disrupted electricity and telecommunications. Additionally, several houses were damaged and moderate crop losses were reported.<ref name="EuroParl">Template:Cite report</ref>

Storm names

Template:Tropical cyclone naming The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1995.<ref name="NHOP 95">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="1995names">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is the same list used for the 1989 season,<ref name="NHOP 89">Template:Cite report</ref> except for Humberto, which replaced Hugo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Storms were named Humberto, Luis, Marilyn, Noel, Opal, Pablo, Roxanne, Sebastien, and Tanya for the first (and in the cases of Luis, Marilyn, Opal, and Roxanne, only) time in 1995.

Allison
Barry
Chantal
Dean
Erin
Felix
Gabrielle

Humberto
Iris
Jerry
Karen
Luis
Marilyn
Noel

Retirement

Template:See also The World Meteorological Organization retired the names Luis, Marilyn, Opal, and Roxanne from the Atlantic hurricane name lists following the 1995 season due to their destructiveness. They were replaced for the 2001 season by Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah.<ref name="NHOP 01">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="names worldwide">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As of Template:Year, the 1995 season is one of four seasons to have four storm names retired, along with: 1955, 2004, and 2017; only the 2005 season had moreTemplate:Sndwith five names retired.<ref name="retired">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Season effects

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Highest ACE Atlantic hurricane seasons navbox Template:TC Decades Template:1995 Atlantic hurricane season buttons Template:Tropical cyclone season

1995 Atlantic hurricane season

Contents

Seasonal forecasts

Pre-season forecasts

Seasonal summary

Systems

Hurricane Allison

Tropical Storm Barry

Tropical Storm Chantal

Tropical Storm Dean

Hurricane Erin

Tropical Depression Six

Hurricane Felix

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

Hurricane Humberto

Hurricane Iris

Tropical Storm Jerry

Tropical Storm Karen

Hurricane Luis

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Hurricane Marilyn

Hurricane Noel

Hurricane Opal

Tropical Storm Pablo

Hurricane Roxanne

Tropical Storm Sebastien

Hurricane Tanya

Storm names

Retirement

Season effects

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

1995 Atlantic hurricane season

Seasonal forecasts

Pre-season forecasts

Seasonal summary

Systems

Hurricane Allison

Tropical Storm Barry

Tropical Storm Chantal

Tropical Storm Dean

Hurricane Erin

Tropical Depression Six

Hurricane Felix

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

Hurricane Humberto

Hurricane Iris

Tropical Storm Jerry

Tropical Storm Karen

Hurricane Luis

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Hurricane Marilyn

Hurricane Noel

Hurricane Opal

Tropical Storm Pablo

Hurricane Roxanne

Tropical Storm Sebastien

Hurricane Tanya

Storm names

Retirement

Season effects

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Search