Andalusian Spanish

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Template:Short description Template:More citations needed {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" /> The Andalusian dialects of Spanish (Template:Langx, Template:IPA, Template:IPA) are spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and Gibraltar. They include perhaps the most distinct of the southern variants of peninsular Spanish, differing in many respects from northern varieties in a number of phonological, morphological and lexical features. Many of these are innovations which, spreading from Andalusia, failed to reach the higher strata of Toledo and Madrid speech and become part of the Peninsular norm of standard Spanish.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Andalusian Spanish has historically been stigmatized at a national level, though this appears to have changed in recent decades, and there is evidence that the speech of Seville or the Template:Lang enjoys high prestige within Western Andalusia.<ref name="Ruch18">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Due to the large population of Andalusia, Andalusian dialects are among the most widely spoken dialects in Spain. Within the Iberian Peninsula, other southern varieties of Spanish share some core elements of Andalusian, mainly in terms of phonetics Template:Snd notably Extremaduran Spanish and Murcian Spanish as well as, to a lesser degree, Manchegan Spanish.

Due to massive emigration from Andalusia to the Spanish colonies in the Americas and elsewhere, all Latin American Spanish dialects share some fundamental characteristics with Western Andalusian Spanish, such as the use of Template:Lang instead of Template:Lang for the second person informal plural, Template:Lang, and a lack of Template:Lang. Much of Latin American Spanish shares some other Andalusian characteristics too, such as Template:Lang, [[Spanish dialects and varieties#Debuccalization of coda /s/|weakening of syllable-final Template:IPA]], pronunciation of historical Template:IPA or the Template:Angbr sound as a glottal fricative, and merging syllable-final Template:IPA and Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Canarian Spanish is also strongly similar to Western Andalusian Spanish due to its settlement history.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Phonology

Consonant phonemes<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Stop Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Continuant Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink* Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Lateral Template:IPAlink (Template:IPAlink)
Flap Template:IPAlink
Trill Template:IPAlink

Sibilants

Areas of Andalusia in which seseo (green), ceceo (red), or the distinction of c/z and s (white) predominate.

Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate, at least in pre-vocalic position, between the sounds represented in traditional spelling by Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr (before Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr), pronounced Template:IPA, and that of Template:Angbr, pronounced Template:IPA. However, in many areas of Andalusia, the two phonemes are not distinguished and Template:IPA is used for both, which is known as seseo Template:IPA. In other areas, the sound manifests as Template:IPAblink (a sound close, but not identical to Template:IPAblink), which is known as Template:Lang (Template:IPA). Unless a specific dialect is transcribed, transcriptions in this article follow the standard pattern found in the syllable onset, so that the orthographic Template:Angbr and the soft Template:Angbr are transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA, whereas the orthographic Template:Angbr is transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA. Additionally, in most regions of Andalusia which distinguish Template:IPA and Template:IPA, the distinction involves a laminal Template:IPA, as opposed to the apico-alveolar Template:IPA of most of Spain.

The pronunciation of these sounds in Andalusia differs geographically, socially, and among individual speakers, and there has also been some shift in favor of the standard Template:Lang. As testament to the prevalence of intra-speaker variation, Template:Harvp found that many Andalusians alternate between a variety of sibilants, with little discernible pattern.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Additionally, the idea that areas of rural Andalusia at one time exclusively used Template:Lang has been challenged, and many speakers described as Template:Lang or Template:Lang-using have in fact alternated between use of Template:IPA and Template:IPA with little pattern.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> While Template:Lang is stigmatized and usually associated with rural areas, it is worth noting that it was historically found in some large cities such as Huelva and Cádiz,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> although not in the more prestigious cities of Seville and Córdoba.<ref name="Alvar1972p50">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Above all in eastern Andalusia, but also in locations in western Andalusia such as Huelva, Jerez, and Seville, there is a shift towards Template:Lang. Higher rates of Template:Lang are associated with education, youth, urban areas, and monitored speech. The strong influence of media and school may be driving this shift.<ref name="Ruch18" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:Harvp provides a map showing the different ways of pronouncing these sounds in different parts of Andalusia. The map's information almost entirely corresponds to the results from the Linguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula, realized in the early 1930s in Andalusia and also described in Template:Harvp. These sources generally highlight the most common pronunciation, in colloquial speech, in a given locality.

According to Template:Harvp, the distinction between a laminal Template:IPA and Template:IPA is native to most of Almería, eastern Granada, most of Jaén, and northern Huelva, while the distinction between an apical Template:IPA and Template:IPA, as found in the rest of Peninsular Spanish, is native to the very northeastern regions of Almería, Granada and Jaén, to northern Córdoba, not including the provincial capital, and to a small region of northern Huelva.<ref name="PennySeseoCeceo">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Also according to Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp, Template:Lang predominates in much of northwestern Huelva, the city of Seville as well as northern Seville province, most of southern Córdoba, including the capital, and parts of Jaén, far western Granada, very northern Málaga, and the city of Almería. Likewise, Template:Lang is found in southern Huelva, most of Seville, including an area surrounding but not including the capital, all of Cádiz including the capital,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Alvar1972p50" /> most of Málaga, western Granada, and parts of southern Almería.<ref name="PennySeseoCeceo" />

Outside Andalusia, seseo also existed in parts of western Badajoz, including the capital, as of 1933, though it was in decline in many places and associated with the lower class.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Lang was likewise found, in 1933, in a southern, coastal area of Murcia around the city of Cartagena, and in parts of southern Alicante such as Torrevieja, near the linguistic border with Valencian. Template:Lang was also found in the Murcian villages of Perín and Torre-Pacheco, also near the coast.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Other general features

Andalusian Spanish phonology includes a large number of other distinctive features, compared to other dialects. Many of these are innovations, especially lenitions and mergers, and some of Andalusian Spanish's most distinct lenitions and mergers occur in the syllable coda. Most broadly, these characteristics include yeísmo, the pronunciation of the Template:Angbr sound like the English Template:IPA, velarization of word- and phrase-final Template:IPA to Template:IPA, elision of Template:IPA between vowels, and a number of reductions in the syllable coda, which includes occasionally merging the consonants Template:IPA and Template:IPA and leniting or even eliding most syllable-final consonants. A number of these features, so characteristic of Spain's south, may have ultimately originated in Astur-leonese speaking areas of north-western Spain, where they can still be found.<ref name="Penny 1991">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The leniting of syllable-final consonants is quite frequent in middle-class speech, and some level of lenition is sociolinguistically unmarked within Andalusia, forming part of the local standard. That said, Andalusian speakers do tend to reduce the rate of syllable-final lenition in formal speech.<ref name="Ruch18" /><ref name="Lipski86">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Yeísmo, or the merging of Template:IPA into Template:IPA, is general in most of Andalusia, and may likely be able to trace its origin to Astur-leonese settlers.<ref name="Penny 1991"/> That said, pockets of a distinction remain in rural parts of Huelva, Seville, and Cadiz. This merger has since spread to most of Latin American Spanish, and, in recent decades, to most of urban Peninsular Spanish.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Template:IPA is usually aspirated, or pronounced Template:IPA, except in some eastern Andalusian sub-varieties (i.e. Jaén, Granada, Almería provinces), where the dorsal Template:IPA is retained. This aspirated pronunciation is also heard in most of Extremadura and parts of Cantabria.

Word-final Template:IPA often becomes a velar nasal Template:IPA, including when before another word starting in a vowel, as in Template:IPA for Template:Lang 'they disgust me'. This features is shared with many other varieties of Spanish, including much of Latin America and the Canary Islands, as well as much of northwestern Spain, the likely origin of this velarization.<ref name="Penny 1991"/> This syllable-final nasal can even be deleted, leaving behind just a nasal vowel at the end of a word.<ref name="Lipski86" /><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Intervocalic Template:IPA is elided in most instances, for example Template:Lang for Template:Lang ('heavy'), Template:Lang for Template:Lang ('often'). This is especially common in the past participle; e.g. Template:Lang becomes Template:Lang ('I have finished'). For the -Template:Lang suffix, this feature is common to all peninsular variants of Spanish, while in other positions it is widespread throughout most of the southern half of Spain. Also, as occurs in most of the Spanish-speaking world, final Template:IPA is usually dropped.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This widespread elision of intervocalic Template:IPA throughout the vocabulary is also shared with several Asturian and Cantabrian dialects, pointing to a possible Asturian origin for this feature.<ref name="Penny 1991"/>

One conservative feature of Andalusian Spanish is the way some people retain an Template:IPA sound in words which had such a sound in medieval Spanish, which originally comes from [[History of the Spanish language#Latin f- to Spanish h- to null|Latin Template:IPA]], i.e. Latin Template:Smallcaps 'stuffed, full' → Template:Lang Template:IPA (standard Spanish Template:IPA 'fed up'). This also occurs in the speech of Extremadura and some other western regions, and it was carried to Latin America by Andalusian settlers, where it also enjoys low status. Nowadays, this characteristic is limited to rural areas in Western Andalusia and the flamenco culture. This pronunciation represents resistance to the dropping of Template:IPA that occurred in Early Modern Spanish. This Template:IPA sound is merged with the Template:IPA phoneme, which derives from medieval Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> This feature may be connected to northwestern settlers during the reconquista, who came from areas such as eastern Asturias where Template:IPA had, as in Old Castile, become Template:IPA.<ref name="Penny 1991"/>

Template:IPA undergoes deaffrication to Template:IPA in Western Andalusia, including cities like Seville and Cádiz, e.g. Template:Lang Template:IPA ('s/he listens').

Coda obstruents and liquids

A list of Andalusian lenitions and mergers in the syllable coda that affect obstruent and liquid consonants includes:

  • Syllable-final Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA (where ceceo or distinción occur) are usually aspirated (pronounced Template:IPA) or deleted. The simple aspiration of final Template:IPA as Template:IPA occurs in the speech of all social classes within Andalusia, and is the most widespread form of Template:IPA-lenition outside Andalusia. S-aspiration is general in all of the southern half of Spain, and now becoming common in the northern half too.<ref name="Penny122to125">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
  • Word-final Template:IPA can also be pronounced as Template:IPA, or elided entirely, before a following word that starts with a vowel sound, like Template:IPA for Template:Lang 'the waves'.<ref name="Lipski86"/> This can also occur at morpheme boundaries within a word, as in Template:Lang being pronounced Template:IPA.<ref name="Penny122to125"/>
  • In Eastern Andalusian dialects, as well as in Murcian Spanish, the preceding vowel becomes lax when before an underlying elided obstruent. This results in Template:IPA fronting to Template:IPA, while the other vowels are lowered.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|p=24-25">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Thus, in these varieties one distinguishes casa Template:IPA ('house') and casas Template:IPA ('houses') by vowel quality, whereas northern Spanish speakers would have central vowels in both words and a terminal alveolar Template:IPA in casas.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
    • There is disagreement as to whether or not Template:IPA are affected by this process, although most evidence shows they are lowered to a moderate degree.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
    • The quality of word-final lax Template:IPA, typically transcribed Template:IPA, differs according to a number of geographic and social factors. It may be lower than a typical word-final Template:IPA, or it may instead simply be fronted. In some towns, in the mid-20th century at least, it overlapped with the quality of, or even merged with, Template:IPA, the lax allophone of Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Cite book</ref>
    • As a result, these varieties have five vowel phonemes, each with a tense allophone (roughly the same as the normal realization in northern Spanish; Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, hereafter transcribed without diacritics) and a lax allophone (Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA). In addition to this, a process of vowel harmony may take place where tense vowels that precede a lax vowel may become lax themselves, e.g. trébol Template:IPA ('clover, club') vs tréboles Template:IPA ('clovers, clubs').<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|p=24-25" /> Template:Clarification needed
    • Traditionally, these varieties were considered to have eight distinct vowel phonemes—/a, e, i, o, u/, as well as the lax /æ, ɛ, ɔ/ (the aforementioned allophones of /a, e, o/).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> More recently, it has been postulated that Eastern Andalusian could have ten – five tense, five lax – , or even up to fourteen phonemes: /a, as, aθ, ar, e, e{s, θ, r}, i, i{s, θ, r}, o, os, oθ, or, u, u{s, θ, r}.<ref name=":0" /> Indeed, at least in /a, o/, depending on whether it is coda-position /s/, /θ/, or /r/ that is lost, there seems to be a different vowel that arises, that may or may not be distinguishable in isolation, but which appears to, along with other factors, play a significant role in distinguishing minimal pairs.

Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> as in ascensor Template:IPA ('lift').

Morphology and syntax

Subject pronouns

Many Western Andalusian speakers replace the informal second person plural Template:Lang with the formal Template:Lang (without the formal connotation, as happens in other parts of Spain). For example, the standard second person plural verb forms for Template:Lang ('to go') are Template:Lang (informal) and Template:Lang (formal), but in Western Andalusian one often hears Template:Lang for the informal version.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Object pronouns

Although mass media have generalised the use of le as a pronoun for animate, masculine direct objects, a phenomenon known as leísmo, many Andalusians still use the normative lo, as in lo quiero mucho (instead of le quiero mucho), which is also more conservative with regards to the Latin etymology of these pronouns. The Asturleonese dialects of northwestern Spain are similarly conservative, lacking leísmo, and the dominance of this more conservative direct object pronoun system in Andalusia may be due to the presence of Asturleonese settlers in the Reconquista. Subsequent dialect levelling in newly founded Andalusian towns would favor the more simple grammatical system, that is, the one without leísmo.<ref name="Penny 1991" /> Laísmo (the substitution of indirect pronoun le with la, as in the sentence la pegó una bofetada a ella) is similarly typical of central Spain and not present in Andalusia,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and, though not prescriptively correct according to the RAE, is frequently heard on Radio and TV programmes.

Verbs

The standard form of the second-person plural imperative with a reflexive pronoun (os) is -aos, or -aros in informal speech, whereas in Andalusian, and other dialects, too, -se is used instead, so ¡callaos ya! / ¡callaros ya! ('shut up!') becomes ¡callarse ya! and ¡sentaos! / ¡sentaros! ('sit down!') becomes ¡sentarse!.

Gender

The gender of some words may not match that of Standard Spanish, e.g. la calor not el calor ('the heat'), el chinche not la chinche ('the bedbug'). La mar is also more frequently used than el mar. La mar de and tela de are lexicalised expressions to mean a lot of....

Lexicon

Many words of Mozarabic, Romani and Old Spanish origin occur in Andalusian which are not found in other dialects in Spain (but many of these may occur in South American and, especially, in Caribbean Spanish dialects due to the greater influence of Andalusian there). For example: chispenear instead of standard lloviznar or chispear ('to drizzle'), babucha instead of zapatilla ('slipper'), chavea instead of chaval ('kid') or antié for anteayer ('the day before yesterday'). A few words of Andalusi Arabic origin that have become archaisms or unknown in general Spanish can be found, together with multitude of sayings: e.g. haciendo morisquetas (from the word morisco, meaning pulling faces and gesticulating, historically associated with Muslim prayers). These can be found in older texts of Andalusi. There are some doublets of Arabic-Latinate synonyms with the Arabic form being more common in Andalusian like Andalusian alcoba for standard habitación or dormitorio ('bedroom') or alhaja for standard joya ('jewel').

Influence

Some words pronounced in the Andalusian dialects have entered general Spanish with a specific meaning. One example is juerga,<ref name="juerga DRAE">Juerga in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.</ref> ("debauchery", or "partying"), the Andalusian pronunciation of huelga<ref name="huelga DRAE">Huelga in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.</ref> (originally "period without work", now "work strike"). The flamenco lexicon incorporates many Andalusisms, for example, cantaor, tocaor, and bailaor, which are examples of the dropped "d"; in standard spelling these would be cantador, tocador, and bailador, while the same terms in more general Spanish may be cantante, músico, and bailarín. Note that, when referring to the flamenco terms, the correct spelling drops the "d"; a flamenco cantaor is written this way, not cantador. In other cases, the dropped "d" may be used in standard Spanish for terms closely associated with Andalusian culture. For example, pescaíto frito ("little fried fish") is a popular dish in Andalusia, and this spelling is used in many parts of Spain when referring to this dish. For general usage, the spelling would be pescadito frito.

Llanito, the vernacular of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, is based on Andalusian Spanish, with British English and other influences.

Language movement

Template:Main In Andalusia, there is a movement promoting the status of Andalusian as a separate language and not as a dialect of Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

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Further reading

  • Guitarte, Guillermo L. (1992): "Cecear y palabras afines" (en Cervantes Virtual)
  • Ropero Núñez, Miguel (1992): "Un aspecto de lexicología histórica marginado: los préstamos del caló" (en Cervantes Virtual)

Template:Languages of Spain Template:Spanish variants by continent

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