Template:Short description
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Template:Infobox IPA
Template:Infobox IPA
A voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called a voiceless glottal transition or an aspirate,<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. However, Template:IPA has been described as a voiceless phonation because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:
Template:Blockquote
An effort undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 attempted to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, to approximants.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The fricative may be represented with the raising diacritic Template:Angbr IPA, or the approximant with a lowering diacritic Template:Angbr IPA.
The Shanghainese language, among others, contrasts voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.<ref>Qian 2003, pp.14-16.</ref>
Features
Features of the voiceless glottal fricative:
- In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an approximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticiansTemplate:Who no longer consider Template:IPA to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
- It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation Template:IPA, and Template:IPA has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
Template:Voiceless
Template:Oral
Template:Central–lateral
Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
Fricative or transition
| Language |
Word |
IPA |
Meaning |
Notes
|
| Adyghe |
Shapsug |
Template:Lang/khyg' |
Template:IPA |
'now' |
Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
|
| Afar
|
daháb
|
[dʌhʌb]
|
'gold'
|
|
| Albanian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPATemplate:Fix |
'the graces' |
|
| Aleut
|
hanix̂
|
Template:IPA
|
'lake'
|
|
| Arabic |
Modern Standard<ref name="Thelwall">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang/haa'il |
Template:IPA |
'enormous' |
See Arabic phonology
|
| Assyrian |
Eastern |
ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta |
Template:IPA |
'faith' |
|
| Western |
ܗܪܟܗ harcë |
Template:IPA |
'here' |
|
| Armenian |
Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang/hayeren |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'Armenian language' |
|
| Asturian
|
South-central dialects
|
ḥuerza |
Template:IPA |
'force' |
F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
|
| Eastern dialects
|
ḥacer
|
[haˈθeɾ]
|
"to do"
|
F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
|
| All dialects
|
guaḥe
ḥispiar
|
[ˈgwahɪ]
[hisˈpjaɾ]
|
"kid"
"to steal small quantities of something"
|
Some words use ḥ in all dialects.
|
| Avar |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'oath' |
|
| Azeri
|
hin
|
Template:IPA |
'chicken coop' |
|
| Basque |
North-Eastern dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'three' |
Can be voiced Template:IPAblink instead.
|
| Bengali |
Template:Lang/haoua |
Template:IPA |
'wind' |
|
| Berber |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'shoe' |
|
| Blackfoot<ref name="nlguide2">Template:Cite web</ref> |
Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
|
Template:IPA
Template:IPA
|
'really!'
'Finished'
|
Allophone of /x/ when it occurs beginning of a word.
|
| Cantabrian
|
muḥer
|
[muˈheɾ]
|
'woman'
|
F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as Template:IPA.
|
| Catalan |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'ha!' |
Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
|
| Chechen |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'this' |
|
| Chinese |
Cantonese |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:Audio-IPA |
'sea' |
See Cantonese phonology
|
| Taiwanese Mandarin |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
A velar fricative Template:IPAblink for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology
|
| Danish<ref name="gr125">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'house' |
Often voiced Template:IPAblink when between vowels.<ref name="gr125"/> See Danish phonology
|
| English |
high |
Template:IPA |
'high' |
See English phonology and H-dropping
|
| Esperanto |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'home' |
See Esperanto phonology
|
| Eastern Lombard |
Val Camonica |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'Brescia' |
Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
|
| Estonian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'tooth' |
See Estonian phonology
|
| Faroese |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'she' |
|
| Finnish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'tooth' |
See Finnish phonology
|
| French |
Belgian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'pannier' |
Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology
|
| Galician
|
Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects
|
gato
|
[ˈhätʊ]
|
'cat'
|
Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as Template:IPA. See gheada.
|
| Georgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang/hava |
Template:IPA |
'climate' |
|
| German<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hatred' |
See Standard German phonology
|
| Greek |
Cypriot<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang/mahazi |
Template:IPA |
'shop' |
Allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA.
|
| Hawaiian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'shelf' |
See Hawaiian phonology
|
| Hebrew |
Template:Lang/har |
Template:IPA |
'mountain' |
See Modern Hebrew phonology
|
| Hindi |
Standard<ref name="Thelwall"/> |
Template:Lang/ham |
Template:IPA |
'we' |
See Hindustani phonology
|
| Hmong |
Template:Script / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'to honor' |
|
| Hungarian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'right' |
See Hungarian phonology
|
| Irish |
shroich |
Template:IPA |
'reached' |
Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology.
|
| Italian |
Tuscan<ref name="hall">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'the captains' |
Intervocalic allophone of Template:IPA.<ref name="hall"/> See Italian phonology
|
| Japanese |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'bare skin' |
See Japanese phonology
|
| Javanese |
ꦩꦲ/Maha |
Template:IPA |
The expert, Almighty one |
|
| Kabardian |
Template:Lang/ tkhyl"khė |
Template:IPA |
'books' |
|
| Kazakh |
шаһар / şahar |
Template:IPA |
'city' |
|
| Khmer |
Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration
Template:Lang / Template:Transliteration |
Template:IPA
Template:IPA |
'spicy'
'old' |
See Khmer phonology
|
| Korean |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'waist' |
See Korean phonology
|
| Lakota |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'voice' |
|
| Lao |
Template:Lang/haa |
Template:IPA |
'five' |
|
| Leonese |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'boy' |
|
| Lezgian |
Template:Lang/hek |
Template:IPA |
'glue' |
|
| Luxembourgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'here' |
See Luxembourgish phonology
|
| Malay |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'day' |
|
| Mutsun |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'dog' |
|
| Navajo |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'mister' |
|
| Norwegian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hat' |
See Norwegian phonology
|
| Pashto |
Template:Lang/ho |
Template:IPA |
'yes' |
|
| Persian |
Template:Lang/haft |
Template:IPA |
'seven' |
See Persian phonology
|
| Pirahã |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'he' |
|
| Portuguese |
Many Brazilian dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'sledgehammer' |
Allophone of Template:IPA. Template:IPA are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology.
|
| Most dialects |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'Honda'
|
| Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'art' |
|
| Colloquial Brazilian (some dialects)<ref>Template:In lang Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:In lang Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Template:Webarchive</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'drizzle' |
Corresponds to either Template:IPA or Template:IPA (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
|
| Quechua
|
Standard
|
hatun
|
Template:IPA
|
'big'
|
The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of Template:IPA, but the young changed the pronunciation to Template:IPA.
See Quechuan phonology
|
| Romanian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'bridle' |
See Romanian phonology
|
| Scottish Gaelic |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'topsail'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology
|
| Serbo-Croatian |
Croatian<ref name="Landau68">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hops' |
Allophone of Template:IPA when it is initial in a consonant cluster.<ref name="Landau68"/> See Serbo-Croatian phonology
|
| Spanish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Andalusian, Canarian, and Extremaduran Spanish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'fig' |
Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.
|
| Many dialects |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'bishop' |
Allophone of Template:IPA at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology
|
| Some dialects |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'pony' |
Corresponds to Template:IPA in other dialects.
|
| Swedish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hat' |
See Swedish phonology
|
| Sylheti |
Template:Lang/hamukh |
Template:IPA |
'snail' |
|
| Tagalog |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'quiet' |
See Tagalog phonology
|
| Tamil
|
Indian Tamil
|
பகை/pakai
|
Template:IPA
|
'hate'
|
Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>
|
| Tatar |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'air' |
See Tatar phonology
|
| Telugu |
పదిహేను/padihēnu |
Template:IPA |
'fifteen' |
Rarely native, mostly in loanwords. See Telugu#Phonology
|
| Thai |
Template:Lang/haa |
Template:IPA |
'five' |
|
| Turkish |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'carpet' |
See Turkish phonology
|
| Ubykh |
дуаха
|
[dwaha] |
'prayer' |
See Ubykh phonology
|
| Ukrainian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'claws' |
Sometimes when Template:IPAblink is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology.
|
| Urdu |
Standard<ref name="Thelwall" /> |
Template:Lang/ham |
Template:IPA |
'we' |
See Hindi-Urdu phonology
|
| Vietnamese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'understand' |
See Vietnamese phonology
|
| Welsh |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'sun' |
See Welsh orthography
|
| West Frisian |
Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'corner' |
|
| Yi |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang |
Template:IPA |
'hundred' |
|
Nasal
Template:Infobox IPA
A nasalized voiceless glottal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.
Occurrence
The Template:IPA sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds called rhinoglottophilia.Template:Cn Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized are Krim, Lisu, and Pirahã.
More rarely, a language will contrast oral Template:IPA and nasal Template:IPA. Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia, Kwangali and Mbukushu. In these languages, vowels following Template:IPA are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported from Wolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare. Swazi distinguishes Template:IPA.
See also
Notes
Template:Reflist
References
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External links
Template:IPA navigation
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