Voiced glottal fricative
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A voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called a breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.
In many languages, Template:IPA has no inherent place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages.<ref name=lagandmad>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>), making it a fricative.
Northern Wu languages such as Shanghainese contrast voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.<ref>Qian 2003, pp.14-16.</ref>Template:Full citation needed The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Clarify
Features
Features of a voiced glottal fricative:
- Its phonation is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider Template:IPA to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
- It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation Template:IPA, and accordingly Template:IPA has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
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Occurrence
Nasal
Template:Infobox IPA A nasalized voiced glottal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. Swazi distinguishes Template:IPA.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | Zuberoan<ref name="basque">Template:Cite journal Also: Template:Cite web</ref> | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'dew, frost' | Phonemic<ref name="basque" /> |
| UMbundu<ref name="glottal21">Template:Cite journal Also preprint. UCSD.</ref> | Template:Exn | Contrasts with Template:IPA<ref name="glottal21" /> | |||
See also
Notes
References
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