Anderson River (Northwest Territories)
Template:Infobox river The Anderson River (Inuvialuktun: Kuuk, river) is in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada. It originates in lakes northwest of Great Bear Lake; its headwaters are possibly on the north side of Colville Lake in the vicinity of the hamlet of Colville Lake.<ref name="specnt">spectacularnwt.com Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="region">Anderson River Region at Inuvialuit Living History</ref> It flows north and west in the area between the Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers. Its mouth is on the Beaufort Sea on the Arctic Ocean near the eastern end of Liverpool Bay at about 70 degrees north latitude. Its main tributary is the Carnwath River. Originally known as the Beghula River it was renamed to the Anderson River in 1857 by Roderick MacFarlane after James Anderson, both of the Hudson's Bay Company. Anderson was the Chief Factor in the Mackenzie District.<ref name="gazetteer">Gazetteer of the Northwest Territories Template:Webarchive, page 16</ref>
Geography
The Anderson River's northwestern sloping drainage basin is a part of the Anderson Plain High Subarctic (HS) Ecoregion, itself a subsection of the Taiga Plains Ecozone and the Anderson Upland Low Arctic north (LAn) Ecoregion, which is part of the Southern Arctic Ecozone.<ref name="nwttaiga">Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories Taiga Plains Template:Webarchive, page 34</ref><ref name="nwtsoutharc">Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories Southern Arctic Template:Webarchive, page</ref> The river encompasses wildly varied landscape. Canyons are common in the upper and middle sections, the largest of which is Falcon Canyon, at Template:Convert long and approximately Template:Convert deep. The upper sections of the river are in taiga, with black spruce being the dominant tree. White spruce and shrublands grow on the river's floodplain and valley slopes. There are large deposits of alluvial terraces, along with cretaceous shales, Devonian limestone, and Devonian dolomite. Closer to the ocean, the river pulls above tree line, and continues through rolling tundra east of Inuvik.<ref name="nwttaiga"/><ref name="nwtsoutharc"/>
Whitewater is most intense in the middle section of the river (around Falcon Canyon and upstream). A couple of class III rapids, many class I and II, and no major falls make the Anderson a fun, but not overly demanding whitewater run for experienced paddlers.
Wildlife
Wildlife is abundant on the Anderson. The Bluenose barren-ground caribou herd, which calves further east near Bluenose Lake, Nunavut, migrates south down parts of the Anderson River valley in July. Muskox, moose, and grizzly bears are also common along the river.<ref name="nwttaiga"/><ref name="nwtsoutharc"/>
Bird life is also abundant and varied. However, the Canadian Wildlife Service's 1999 to 2008 Field Project at the Anderson River Delta entitled "Impact of Increased Harvest on the Western Arctic Snow Goose Population" shows a decline in snow geese.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nwttaiga"/><ref name="nwtsoutharc"/>
The last Template:Convert of the river is listed as an Important Bird Area with an area of Template:Convert.<ref>Anderson River Delta</ref><ref>Anderson River Delta map, site NT038</ref> There is a larger area, Template:Convert, known as the Anderson River Delta Migratory Bird Sanctuary.<ref>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Northwest Territories</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On the delta and on the Arctic Ocean, ringed seals and bearded seals may be seen. On the ocean itself, pods of beluga whales are not uncommon.<ref name="nwttaiga"/><ref name="nwtsoutharc"/>
History
The Anderson River area was the historic home of an Inuvialuit group of Inuit called the Siglit, or Mackenzie Inuit,<ref>Chronicling Siglit Identities: Economy, Practice, and Ethnicity in the Western Canadian Arctic</ref> known as the Anderson River People.<ref name="insh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although the Inuvialuktun name of the people is no longer known it is thought that they may have been called the Kuukugmiut, the Kuungmiut, as used by Emmanuel Felix, or Kramalit by Father Émile Petitot.<ref name="insh"/><ref name="ilh">Anderson River Inuvialuit at Inuvialuit Living History</ref> The first two names are derived from the Inuvialuktun name of the river Kuuk (river) and means "people of the river".<ref name="ilh"/>
In 1857, Roderick MacFarlane, known to the Inuit as "Mitchi Paloum",<ref>Roderick MacFarlane at Inuvialuit Living History</ref> of the Hudson's Bay Company travelled the area looking to establish trade with the Inuit who, due to conflicts with the Gwich'in and the travel required, did not want to visit the post at Fort McPherson. On this trip he was met by a group of Inuit who proved to be hostile and he returned to Fort Good Hope. He returned again in 1858 and 1859, experiencing no difficulties and was able to begin trading with the Inuit. In 1860 he was again sent to the area, this time to establish a post for permanent trading. Construction of the post was begun in the spring of 1861 and finished before the onset of winter. The post, called Fort Anderson (named after James Anderson, chief factor of the Mackenzie River District from 1856 to 1857), was located on the east bank of the river about Template:Convert south of Liverpool Bay and Template:Convert north of the Anderson River Forks. While there MacFarlane was visited by Robert Kennicott and at Kennicott's urging began collecting for the Smithsonian Institution. He collected over 5,000 objects which are housed in the MacFarlane Collection. The post was successful until 1864–65. In 1864 a number of the dogs used to pull the sled were killed by distemper and then in 1865 a combination of scarlet fever and measles killed the majority of the Inuit and First Nations hunters in the area. MacFarlane remained at the fort until 15 July 1866, at which time the post was closed since it was unprofitable, and he was sent to Fort Simpson.<ref name="curlew">Two Nest Searches for the Eskimo Curlew -- A Century Apart Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Fort Anderson at Inuvialuit Living History</ref><ref>The Inuvialuit Smithsonian Project: Winter 2009-Spring 2011 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=keystone>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Hudson's Bay Company also had a trading post at the river's mouth, later renamed as Stanton after Father Stanton (Template:Coord), which is now abandoned.<ref name="gazetteer"/><ref name="encyclopedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sometime after 1925, possibly as late as 1950, a reindeer substation, called Anderson River (Template:Coord), was opened around Template:Convert south of Stanton.<ref name="gazetteer"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>