Arcadocypriot Greek

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Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia (the central Peloponnese) and Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, indicates that they are closely related to it, and belong to the same dialect group, known as Achaean.<ref name="vanBeek2022">Template:Harvnb</ref>

In Cyprus the dialect was written solely using the Cypriot syllabary. The most extensive surviving text of the dialect is the Idalion Tablet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A significant literary source on the vocabulary comes from the lexicon of grammarian Hesychius (probably 5th century AD).

History

The prevailing dialect spoken in southern Greece (including Achaea, the Argolid, Laconia, Crete, and Rhodes) at the end of the Bronze Age, was Proto-Arcadocypriot.<ref name="Janko2018–116">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Mycenaean and Arcadocypriot dialects belong to the same group, known as Achaean. Certain common innovations of Arcadian and Cypriot, as attested in the first millennium BC, indicate that they represent vernaculars that had slightly diverged from the Mycenaean administrative language, sometime before a migration to Cyprus, possibly during the 13th or 12th century BC.<ref name="vanBeek2022" /> Pausanias reported:

The establishment happened before 1100 BC. With the arrival of Dorians in the Peloponnese, a part of the population moved to Cyprus, and the rest was limited to the Arcadian mountains.

According to John T. Hooker, the preferable explanation for the general historico-linguistic picture is that:<ref>John T. Hooker, Mycenaean Greece (Routledge Revivals). Template:Webarchive Routledge, 2014 Template:ISBN p. 164</ref>

...Template:Nbspin the Bronze Age, at the time of the great Mycenaean expansion, a dialect of a high degree of uniformity was spoken both in Cyprus and in the Peloponnese but that at some subsequent epoch the speakers of West Greek intruded upon the Peloponnese and occupied the coastal states, but made no significant inroads into Arcadia.

Later developments

After the collapse of the Mycenaean world, communication ended, and Cypriot was differentiated from Arcadian. It was written until the 3rd century BC using the Cypriot syllabary.<ref name=Karnava2014>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Kypros, Salamis, c. 600 BC [1] Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Kypros — Kourion ~320 BC [2] Template:Webarchive</ref>

Tsan was a letter in use only in Arcadia until around the 6th century BC. Arcadocypriot kept many characteristics of Mycenaean, lost early in the development of Attic and Ionic, such as the Template:IPA sound (digamma).

Glossary

Arcadian

Arcadian word	English transliteration	Meaning	Other Greek dialects
Template:Lang	amphidekatê	21st of the month Template:Lang	(ampheikas)(dekatê tenth)
Template:Lang	anôda	up-side	Attic Template:Lang anôthe
Template:Lang	armôla or Template:Lang armômala	food seasoning	Attic Template:Lang artymata; Template:Lang artyo
Template:Lang	asistos	nearest	Attic Template:Lang anchistos
Template:Lang	darin or dareir	span of all fingers; see Ancient Greek units of measurement	Attic Template:Lang spithame, inch)
Template:Lang	Hecatombaios	epithet for Apollo in Athens and for Zeus in Gortys (Arcadia) and Gortyna, Crete
Template:Lang	Wistiau		Attic Hestiou, eponym genitive of Hestios; Cf.Hestia and gistia)
Template:Lang	woinos	wine	Cypriot, Cretan, Delphic, Magna Graecian; Attic oinos
Template:Lang	zellô	"throw, put, let, cast"	Attic Template:Lang ballô
Template:Lang	zerethron	pit	(Homeric, Attic Template:Lang berethron; (Koine barathron)
Template:Lang	thyrda	outside	Attic Template:Lang exô, thyra door; (Paphian Template:Lang thorande
Template:Lang	in	in, inside	Attic en; Cypriot id.
Template:Lang	kathidos	water-jug	Attic Template:Lang hydria; (Tarentine huetos)
Template:Lang	kas	and	Attic Template:Lang kai; Cypriotic id.
Template:Lang	kidaris	Arcadian dance (Athenaeus 14.631d.)<ref>Mortals and Immortals [3] Template:Webarchive by Jean-Pierre Vernant</ref> and Demetra Kidaria in Arcadia.
Template:Lang	korwa	girl	Attic korê; Pamphylian name Template:Lang Korwalina
Template:Lang	Kortynioi	(Kortys or Gortys (Arcadia))
Template:Lang	kubêbê	boot, shoe	Attic hypodema
Template:Lang	Lênai	Bacchae (Lenaeus Dionysus, Lenaia festival
Template:Lang	môriai	horses, cattle
Template:Lang	ounê or ounei	come on! Go!	Attic Template:Lang deuro, drame
Template:Lang	pessetai	it is cooked, roasted	Attic Template:Lang optatai
Template:Lang	pos	towards, into	Attic Template:Lang pros; Cypriot id. ! Template:Lang<ref>Arkadia — Tegea — 4th century BC IG V,2 6 38 Template:Webarchive</ref> poskatublapse (Attic proskatablapsei)
Template:Lang<ref>Arkadia — Mantineia — stoichedon. — 5th century BC [4] Template:Webarchive</ref>	sis	who, anyone	Attic tis; Laconian tir; Thessalian kis; Cypr. sis (si se)

Cypriot

• Template:Lang abathôn teacher (Attic didaskalos)
• Template:Lang abaristan (Template:Lang) 'effeminate'
• Template:Lang abartai birds, volatile (Attic hai ptênai, ta ptêna Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang ablax 'brightly wonderful' (Attic Template:Lang lambrôs) (α + βλάξ (blax) "idiot", blapto "harm")
• Template:Lang abremês Template:Lang, 'unworthy of being seen, despicable'
• Template:Lang hagana and agana (Attic Template:Lang sagênê 'dragnet')
• Template:Lang (agan thes) (Attic Template:Lang siôpa, 'shut up' ( "too much" + "put" (tithemi imp.)
• Template:Lang ankura (Attic τριώβολον triôbolon, "three obols") (Attic ankura anchor)
• Template:Lang aglaon (Attic Template:Lang glaphyron, "smooth, sweet, simple, decorated" (Cretan also), (Attic: aglaos "bright")
• Template:Lang agor eagle (Attic Template:Lang aetos)
• Template:Lang anchoûros near the morning (from anchauros anchi + aurion tomorrow )
• Template:Lang adeios (Attic akathartos), "cleanless, impure" (cf. Attic: adeios, adeia = "fearless, safe", Byzantine and Modern: adeios, adeia = "empty")
• Template:Lang adryon (ploion dugout canoe) (α + δρῦς)
• Template:Lang athrizein (Attic Template:Lang rhigoun to shiver)
• Template:Lang aieis 'you listen' (Attic Template:Lang akoueis) (aïô only in poetic use)
• Template:Lang aipolos (Koine kapêlos wine-seller) (Attic aipolos 'goatherd') (Attic pôleô sell)
• Template:Lang akeuei (Attic Template:Lang terei he observes, maintains, keeps order)
• Template:Lang akmôn (Attic ἀλετρίβανος aletribanos plough or pestle) (Attic Template:Lang anvil, meteor) (Acmon mythology)
• Template:Lang akostê barley (Attic Template:Lang krithê ) Cypr. according to Hsch., but Thess. for grain of all kinds according to Sch.Il.6.506.)
• Template:Lang hals (Attic oinos wine) (Attic Template:Lang hals sea) (Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang alabê or alaba (Attic Template:Lang marile charcoal-ember) Template:Lang
• Template:Lang aleipterion (Attic Template:Lang grapheion writing utensil or place of writing and engraving) (Attic Template:Lang aleiphô smear, rub)
• Template:Lang aleuron grave (Attic Template:Lang taphos )(leuros smooth, level, even )(Attic Template:Lang wheat flour)
• Template:Lang aloua gardens (Attic Template:Lang kêpoi)
• Template:Lang halourga the red things of the sea Template:Lang Cypr. according to Hsch.
• Template:Lang anda she (Attic Template:Lang hautê)
• Template:Lang aoron lever μοχλός gateway Template:Lang door-keeper Template:Lang (Aeolic aoros unsleeped)
• Template:Lang aoumata chaffs, straws left-overs of barleys Template:Lang (Cf. loumata, lumata)
• Template:Lang apelyka (Attic Template:Lang aperrhoga I am broken, crashed)
• Template:Lang aplanê many, a lot (Attic Template:Lang) (Laconian ameremera) (Attic aplaneis unmoving, non wandering esp. for stars)
• Template:Lang apoairei (Attic Template:Lang apokathairei he cleans, removes) (Template:Lang lead off, set out to sea)
• Template:Lang apogeme imp. remove out, draw off liquor(Attic Template:Lang aphelke) (Attic Template:Lang gemô to be full of)
• Template:Lang apoloisthein to finish complete (Attic Template:Lang apotelein)(Template:Lang holos whole)
• Template:Lang apolugma denudation (Attic Template:Lang apogymnôsis)(cf. apolouma)
• Template:Lang aras epispeirai Cypriot cursing custom sowing barley with water Template:Lang
• Template:Lang arizos grave (Attic taphos) (α + Template:Lang rhiza root)
• Template:Lang armula shoes (Attic Template:Lang hypodemata)
• Template:Lang armôatos (Attic Template:Lang spasmos spasm)
• Template:Lang aroura 'heap of wheat with straws' Template:Lang (Homeric, Ionic Template:Lang aroura earth)
• Template:Lang arpix harpix or aprix acanthus "species of thorn", Template:Lang (Attic aprix fast, tight)
• Template:Lang augaros (Attic Template:Lang asôtos unsaved, wasteful, prodigal)
• Template:Lang auekizein (Attic Template:Lang sphakelizein produce gangrene)
• Template:Lang Achaiomanteis seers, priests in Cyprus (Hesychius)
• Template:Lang ballai (Attic Template:Lang bathmoi grades, steps, stages) (Aeolic arrows)
• Template:Lang blasta (Attic Template:Lang blastesis Vegetation)
• Template:Lang bomboia (Attic Template:Lang kolumbas elaia pickled olive, swimming in brine)(Attic kolumbaô dive, swim)
• Template:Lang borborizei Template:Lang it groans, pollutes
• Template:Lang boukanê anemone flower Template:Lang (bukanê trumpet)
• Template:Lang bounos (Attic Template:Lang stibas bed of straw, reeds, leaves) (Koine bounos hill, mountain)
• Template:Lang boôneta (Attic 'purchased things in the price of cows') Template:Lang (Cypriot unholy things)
• Template:Lang brenthix (Attic Template:Lang thridakine lettuce)
• Template:Lang brinka small (Attic Template:Lang mikron)
• Template:Lang brimazein orgasmize Template:Lang (Brimô mythology) (brimaomai freak, be enraged)
• Template:Lang brouka green locust Template:Lang (Ionic broukos)
• Template:Lang brouchetos frog (Attic Template:Lang bathrachos) (Hsch. brouchetos pit Template:Lang)
• Template:Lang byblioi gravekeepers
• Template:Lang ganos garden pl. ganea (Hebrew gan 'garden')
• Template:Lang gemois nu lit."you may be full, filled now" Hsch. Template:Lang take and sit
• Template:Lang genesis libation (Attic Template:Lang sponde)
• Template:Lang goanai (Attic Template:Lang klaiein to cry) (goaô moan)
• Template:Lang gra or grasthi "eat (imp)" (Attic Template:Lang phage) (Attic graô gnaw) (Sanskrit grasate eat) (PIE *gres- devour) (Salaminian Template:Langkagra kata + graô Koine kataphagas gluttonous)
• Template:Lang damatrizein Template:Lang "collect the fuits of Demeter"
• Template:Lang dein 'turn' (Attic στρέφειν strephein (cf. Attic: deo tie)
• Template:Lang diptuon (Attic hemimedimnos, a dry measure) (Aeolic kammarpsis)
• Template:Lang diphtheraloiphos elementary teacher Template:Lang grammatodidaskalos ( aleiphô "smear" + diphthera "goatskin, writing-material, parchment"
• Template:Lang drosos Template:Lang achreios "needless, useless" (Attic drosos dew)
• Template:Lang dusea (the things around the wall) Template:Lang
• Template:Lang ear (Attic Template:Lang haima blood) (Attic Ear Spring (season))
• Template:Lang Encheios Ἀφροδίτη
• Template:Lang elapsa (Attic Template:Lang diephtheira I harmed)
• Template:Lang elphos butter (Attic Template:Lang boutyron)
• Template:Lang enauon Template:Lang put in, ignite Template:Lang
• Template:Lang epixa (Attic Template:Lang ornea birds)
• Template:Lang erountes (Attic Template:Lang legontes the saying) (Attic erountes the ones who will say)
• Template:Lang eroua walk and rest Template:Lang (cf. Homeric erôeô)
• Template:Lang estê (Attic Template:Lang stolê, equipment, garment) (cf. esthês clothing)
• Template:Lang zaei (Attic Template:Lang it moves and blows) (zaei binei, inire, coïre, of illicit intercourse)
• Template:Lang thates or thutes manual labourers (Attic Template:Lang thêtes) (see Timocracy)
• Template:Lang theiοn (Attic Template:Lang igdion mortar) (Aristophanes Template:Lang thyeia igdion mortar)
• Template:Lang thibôn (Koine thibis ark, basket) (Hebrew tēbhāh ark, from Egyptian tebt 'box')
• Template:Lang throdax (Attic Template:Lang thridax lettuce)
• Template:Lang thua flavourings Template:Lang
• Template:Lang higa shut up (Attic Template:Lang siôpa) (Cretan iga)
• Template:Lang himonia strap (Attic Template:Lang himas)
• Template:Lang hin dat. and acc. of the old pers. Pron. hi (q.v.). in, Arc., Cypr., and Cret. for en (q.v.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:Lang kalindina intestines (Attic Template:Lang entera) (PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels) (Homeric cholades) (Macedonian gola)
• Template:Lang kachila flowers (Attic Template:Lang anthê)
• Template:Lang (Attic Template:Lang anadendrades climbing vineyards) (Attic kena kenea vain
• Template:Lang kibisis bag (Attic Template:Lang pêra) (Aetolian kibba)
• Template:Lang killos morning cicada ( Template:Lang tettix proinos) (Hesychius killos donkey)
• Template:Lang Kinyradai priests of Aphrodite Template:Lang
• Template:Lang kiris or kirris (cypriotic epithet for Adonis) (Laconian kirris Template:Lang lychnos light, lamp)
• Template:Lang kittaris Cypriot Diadem.Template:Lang Kittaroi, the ones who wear it
• Template:Lang kichêtos the vessel or the substance where the censer(Attic libanôtos) is being dyed Template:Lang
• Template:Lang kunupisma drink from pomace (stemphyla), i.e. left-overs of pressed grapes.
• Template:Lang lênea or Template:Lang leina (Attic Template:Lang eria wools)
• Template:Lang mopsos 'stain on the clothes' (Attic kêlis Template:Lang) (Mopsus mythology) (Mopsopia old name of Attica and Attic tales of Euphorion of Chalcis)
• Template:Lang mytha voice (Attic Template:Lang phonê mythos Template:Lang mytheomai speak narrate)
• Template:Lang mulasasthai cleanse with oil (Attic Template:Lang smêxasthai Template:Lang smêchô)
• Template:Lang olinoi sheaves of barley Template:Lang
• Template:Lang ortos (Attic Template:Lang bômos altar)
• Template:Lang ouarai we (Attic Template:Lang hemeis)
• Template:Lang ouaron olive oil (Attic Template:Lang elaion)
• Template:Lang ounon or ounos road (Attic odos) (Koine dromos)
• Template:Lang pesson (Attic Template:Lang mountain or Template:Lang village)
• Template:Lang pilnon (Attic Template:Lang phaion obscure brown, Template:Lang pelidnon livid (blue, green/ dark)
• Template:Lang prepon beast (Attic Template:Lang teras beast)(prepôn -ontos, a fish) (Attic prepon -ntos suitable)
• Template:Lang Pygmaion Template:Lang Adonis
• Template:Lang rhueina lamb, accusative (Attic Template:Lang arna)(nom. rhuein, arên from Wrêna)
• Template:Lang si bole? (Attic Template:Lang; ti boulei? what do you want?)
• Template:Lang sigunon (Attic Template:Lang akontion spear)<ref>Aristotle, Poetics, XXI [5] Template:Webarchive</ref>

Paphian

• Template:Lang epicoron (Attic Template:Lang epikopon) cutting, re-stamped coin (from keirô and koptô cut)
• Template:Lang es poth' herpes? (Attic Template:Lang pothen hekeis? where do you come from?) (Attic Template:Lang herpein to creep, to crawl, move slowly like a serpent
• Template:Lang eutrossesthai (Attic Template:Lang epistrephesthai return)
• Template:Lang thorande (Attic Template:Lang exo outside) Template:Lang thyra door
• Template:Lang hingia one (Cypr. ingia) (Template:Lang heis) (Cretan itton hen one)
• Template:Lang imitraion (Hsch.Template:Lang hypozoston under-girdle, rope of ship
• Template:Lang impataon (Attic Template:Lang emblepson look inside -imperative) (Hsch. inkapathaon enkatablepson)
• Template:Lang kabeios young (Attic Template:Lang neos)
• Template:Lang kablê (Koine Template:Lang mandalos latch)
• Template:Lang kakkersai (Attic Template:Lang katakopsai to cut, slay) (kata + keirô cut)
• Template:Lang kalecheo (Attic Template:Lang katakeiso lay down -imperative) (Homeric Template:Lang lechos bed)
• Template:Lang kapataxeis (Attic Template:Lang katakopseis you will cut, slay)
• Template:Lang karrhaxon (Attic Template:Lang kataraxon strike -imperative) (kata + arassô
• Template:Lang katereai (AtticTemplate:Lang kathisa sit)
• Template:Lang kibos (Attic kibôtos ark or Template:Lang eneos speechless)
• Template:Lang kidnon here (Attic Template:Lang enthade)
• Template:Lang korza or korzia heart ( Attic Template:Lang kardia ) ( Ionic kardiê )( Homeric kradiê ) ( Aeolic karza )
• Template:Lang kubos saucer bowl dish (Attic Template:Lang trublion) (Attic kubos cube)
• Template:Lang limên ἀγορά and (Template:Lang endiatribê delay, abide, stay) (Attic Template:Lang limên port, harbour)
• Template:Lang mochoi inside (Attic Template:Lang entos)(cf.muchos innermost part, nook, corner)
• Template:Lang sapithos sacrifice (Attic Template:Lang thysia)
• Template:Lang sasai to sit (Attic Template:Lang kathisai) (cf. Poetic thassô sit, thôkos backless throne)
• Template:Lang ses (Attic Template:Lang elathes you were hidden, escaped notice see Template:Lang lanthano)
• Template:Lang sihai to spit (Attic Template:Lang ptusai to spit, cast out)
• Template:Lang soana (Attic Template:Lang axinê axe)
• Template:Lang stropa (Attic Template:Lang astrapê) (Homeric sterope, lightning flash)
• Template:Lang huesi (Koine Template:Lang stolê "garment", (Attic Template:Lang amphiesis clothing, Hsch. Template:Lang huestaka)
• Template:Lang Phapê Template:Lang Paphia (Paphian Aphrodite)

See also

• Hesychius of Alexandria
• Cypriot Greek for the modern variety of Greek spoken on Cyprus

Bibliography

• A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity- Arcado-Cypriot by A.Panayotou
• C. M. Bowra Homeric Words in Arcadian Inscriptions
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Yves Duhoux. Introduction aux dialectes grecs anciens. Lounain-la-Neuve: Cabay, 1983 Template:ISBN
• Rüdiger Schmitt. Einführung in die griechischen Dialekte. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1977 Template:ISBN
• Markus Egetmeyer. Le dialecte grec ancien de Chypre. 2 vols., vol. 1: Grammaire; vol. 2: Répertoire des inscriptions en syllabaire chypro-grec. Berlin–NY: De Gruyter, 2010.

Further reading

• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.