Beverley McLachlin

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Early life and family

McLachlin was born Beverley Gietz in Pincher Creek, Alberta, the eldest child of Eleanora Marian (née Kruschell) and Ernest Gietz. Her parents, who were of German descent, were "fundamentalist Christians"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> of the Pentecostal Church.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She received a B.A. and an M.A. in philosophy as well as an LL.B. degree (winning the gold medal as top student, and serving as notes editor of the Alberta Law Review) from the University of Alberta.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

McLachlin has one son, Angus (born 1976), from her first marriage to Roderick McLachlin, who took care of much of Angus's upbringing.<ref name="np23">Template:Cite news</ref> Roderick McLachlin died of cancer in 1988, a few days after she was appointed chief justice of the B.C. Supreme Court.<ref name=np23/> In 1992, McLachlin married Frank McArdle, a lawyer and the executive director of the Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association.<ref name=np23/>

Career

Lawyer and professor (1969–1981)

McLachlin was called to the bar of Alberta in 1969 where she worked with the Edmonton firm of Wood, Moir, Hyde & Ross. In 1971 she moved to British Columbia and was called to the British Columbia bar, working for the firm Bull Housser Tupper from 1972 until 1975.<ref name="ce1">Template:Cite news</ref>

From 1974 to 1981, she was a professor at the University of British Columbia.

Lower court judge (1981–1989)

In April 1981, McLachlin was appointed to the County Court of Vancouver. Five months later, in September 1981, she was appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia.<ref name="sccbio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 1985, McLachlin was appointed to the British Columbia Court of Appeal.<ref name="sccbio"/>

In September 1988, McLachlin was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia.<ref name="sccbio"/>

Supreme Court judge (1989–2017)

File:Beverley McLachlin 2008 (cropped).jpg

McLachlin on 1 May 2008 during the State Visit by the New Zealand governor-general to Canada

Template:See also Template:See also McLachlin was nominated by Brian Mulroney to be made a puisne justice to the Supreme Court of Canada on March 30, 1989,<ref name=np23/> and an ex-officio member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. Among early contributions to the judicial institution, she wrote the majority judgment in:

• R v Hebert [1990] 2 S.C.R. 151, the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on an accused's right to silence under section seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms;
• R v Zundel [1992] 2 S.C.R. 731 is a Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court struck down the provision in the Criminal Code that prohibited publication of false news on the basis that it violated the freedom of expression provision under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

On the advice of Jean Chrétien, McLachlin was appointed the chief justice of Canada on January 7, 2000.<ref name="sccbio"/>

Upon being sworn into the Supreme Court of Canada, she also became a deputy of the governor general of Canada together with the other justices of the Supreme Court. When Governor General Adrienne Clarkson was hospitalized for a cardiac pacemaker operation on July 8, 2005, McLachlin performed the duties of the governor general as the administrator of Canada.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In her role as administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act which legalized same-sex marriage nationally in Canada.<ref name=":0" /> She relinquished that task when the governor general returned to good health in late July.

While she was Chief Justice, McLachlin chaired the Canadian Judicial Council. She is also on the board of governors of the National Judicial Institute and on the advisory council of the Order of Canada.

In July 2013, during the consultation period prior to appointment for Marc Nadon, Chief Justice McLachlin contacted justice minister Peter MacKay and the Prime Minister's Office regarding the eligibility of Marc Nadon for a Quebec seat on the Supreme Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that he had refused a phone call from McLachlin on the attorney general's advice. Harper's comments were criticized by the legal community and a complaint was forwarded to the International Commission of Jurists in Switzerland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The International Commission of Jurists concluded that Beverly McLachlin deserved an apology from Harper, but none had been given as of July 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In May 2015, McLachlin was invited to speak at the Global Centre for Pluralism, and said that Canada attempted to commit "cultural genocide" against aboriginal peoples in what she called the worst stain on Canada's human-rights record.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> University of Regina academic Ken Coates supported McLachlin, and said that she was "only stating what is clearly in the minds of judges, lawyers and aboriginal people across the country".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Others were less sympathetic. Columnist Lysiane Gagnon called the comments "unacceptable" and "highly inflammatory" and suggested that McLachlin had opened herself up to accusations of prejudice.<ref name="LG">Template:Cite news</ref> Gordon Gibson, another columnist, said the use of the word "genocide" was incendiary and disproportionate and that the Chief Justice's comments made her sound like a legislator.<ref name="GG">Template:Cite news</ref>

McLachlin retired from the Supreme Court on December 15, 2017, nine months before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her successor as Chief Justice of Canada is Richard Wagner, who was nominated by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Her successor as a justice of the court is Sheilah Martin, who was nominated by Trudeau through a new process for judicial appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada that permitted, "any Canadian lawyer or judge who fits a specified criteria" to apply.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

On the Charter

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Since retirement

From 2016 to 2020, she was a college visitor at Massey College.<ref name=mcca1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, she was elected Visitor of Queens' College, Cambridge.

International jurist

McLachlin was nominated in March 2018 to become a non-permanent member of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong. The court appoints foreign judges from common-law jurisdictions outside of Hong Kong, of which McLachlin is the first Canadian, to sit as non-permanent members of the court.<ref name="HK">Template:Cite news</ref> Her three-year appointment was approved by the Hong Kong Legislative Council,<ref name="legco approval">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the chief executive gazetted the appointment effective July 30, 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> McLachlin's appointment was accompanied by those of Brenda Hale, also as non-permanent judge, and Andrew Cheung, as permanent judge, at the court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was reappointed to the court in 2021 for a second three-year term.<ref name="blackwell2021">Template:Cite news</ref>

Her service on the court has been criticized amidst the Hong Kong pro-democracy protests and imposition of the National Security Law, which is seen by Western observers as threatening civil liberties in the city. As a Court of Final Appeal judge, McLachlin would be required to uphold the law in appellate judgements.<ref name=blackwell2021/> A motion at the Law Society of Ontario to condemn her appointment was defeated 28–17 in February 2021.<ref name=blackwell2021/> In June 2022, she announced her decision to remain on the court which she believes to still be independent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> McLachlin retired from the court when her term expired in July 2024.<ref name=cbc3>Template:Cite news</ref>

McLachlin also serves as an international judge on the Singapore International Commercial Court.<ref name=jsg1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Novelist and memoirist

In 2018, McLachlin published a legal thriller novel titled Full Disclosure.<ref name=ts1>Template:Cite news</ref> Her second novel, Denial, was published in 2021 by Simon & Schuster.<ref name=cbc1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She followed up with Proof in 2024.<ref name="cbc2">Template:Cite news</ref>

McLachlin's memoir Truth Be Told: My Journey Through Life and the Law, was published in 2019. It won the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Judicial philosophy

McLachlin has defined the judicial function as one that requires conscious objectivity, which she has described as follows:<ref name="np23" />

What you have to try to do as a judge, whether you're on charter issues or any other issue, is by an act of the imagination put yourself in the shoes of the different parties, and think about how it looks from their perspective, and really think about it, not just give it lip service.{{#if:|

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McLachlin has argued that courts may be justified in changing the law where such a change would accord with changes in society's values.<ref name="canadianencyclopedia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She regards Edwards v Canada (Attorney General), in which the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council found that women were entitled to sit in the Senate of Canada, as a paradigm case in Canadian law.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She has stated "courts are the ultimate guardians of the rights of society, in our system of government."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She has also stated, "I think the court belongs to the Canadian people and it should reflect the Canadian people."<ref name="np23" />

McLachlin has defended the view that "legal certainty"—the notion that there is one correct answer to a legal question, which judges can discover with diligence—is a "myth".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite speech</ref>

Mahmud Jamal, now a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, has argued that McLachlin's jurisprudence on the law of federalism is consistent with her "self-described judicial philosophy", namely that judges are to be "scrupulously non-partisan and impartial".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Honours and awards

McLachlin was made a commander of the Legion of Honour by the government of France in 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On December 15, 2006, she was appointed a commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="canadianencyclopedia"/>

She was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2018,<ref name=ce1/> having demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity. Up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 180 living Companions at any given time.

She has been awarded with over 31 honorary degrees from various universities, which include:

Honorary degrees

Location	Date	School	Degree
Template:Flagu	27 September 1990	University of British Columbia	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	1991	University of Alberta	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	June 1995	University of Toronto	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	Spring 1999	York University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2000	Law Society of Upper Canada	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2000	Simon Fraser University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2000	University of Calgary	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	8 June 2000	Brock University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	November 2000	University of Victoria	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	Spring 2001	University of Lethbridge	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2002	Mount Saint Vincent University	Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2002	University of Prince Edward Island	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2003	Université de Montréal	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2004	Dalhousie University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Northern Ireland	2004	Queen's University Belfast	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	27 May 2004	University of Manitoba	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	14 November 2004	Carleton University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	7 May 2005	University of Maine at Fort Kent	Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2006	Ateneo de Manila University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	18 June 2010	University of Windsor	Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2010	Ryerson University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2010	Cape Breton University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2011	Queen's University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	June 2011	Concordia University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	26 October 2012	University of Western Ontario	Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2012	Lakehead University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2014	University of Edinburgh	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2015	Bishop's University	Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	31 May 2016	Laurentian University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	1 June 2016	McGill University	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	28 April 2017	Lethbridge College	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	19 October 2017	Memorial University of Newfoundland	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu	2019	University of Ontario Institute of Technology	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Memberships and fellowships

McLachlin is the honorary patron of the Institute of Parliamentary and Political Law.

Country	Date	Organisation	Position
Template:Flagu	March 2011	Royal Heraldry Society of Canada	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagu		American College of Trial Lawyers	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other publications

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Further reading

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• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Template:CanadaSupremeCourtbio