University of British Columbia

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use Canadian English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox university

The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses near Vancouver and Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada. With an annual research budget of $893Template:Nbspmillion, UBC funds 9,992 projects annually in various fields of study within the industrial sector, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Vancouver campus is situated on Point Grey campus lands, an unincorporated area next to the City of Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands.<ref name="MEVA">Municipalities Enabling and Validating Act (No. 3), S.B.C. 2001, c. 44.</ref> The university is located Template:Cvt west of Downtown Vancouver.<ref name="facts12">Template:Cite web</ref> UBC is also home to TRIUMF, Canada's national particle and nuclear physics laboratory, which boasts the world's largest cyclotron. In addition to the Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, UBC and the Max Planck Society collectively established the first Max Planck Institute in North America, specializing in quantum mechanics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Green College is UBC's transdisciplinary semi-independent post-graduate live-in college and is situated on the north-eastern tip of campus adjacent to Burrard Inlet. One of Canada's largest research libraries, the UBC Library system has over 8.3Template:Nbspmillion items (including print and electronic) among its 21 branches. It is visited annually by 3.1 million people or 9.7 million virtually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Okanagan campus, acquired in 2005, is located in Kelowna, British Columbia.

Those affiliated with UBC include eight Nobel laureates, 75 Rhodes scholars, 231 Olympians with 65 medals won collectively, 306 fellows to the Royal Society of Canada, and 22 3M National Teaching Fellows.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Among UBC's alums are Canadian Prime Ministers John Turner, Kim Campbell, Justin Trudeau, and the former prime minister of Bulgaria, Kiril Petkov.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Foundation and early years

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In 1877, six years after British Columbia joined Canada, the Superintendent of Education, John Jessop, submitted a proposal to form a provincial university. The provincial legislature passed An Act Respecting the University of British Columbia in 1890, but disagreements arose over whether to build the university on Vancouver Island or the mainland.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

The British Columbia University Act of 1908 formally called a provincial university into being, although its location was not specified.<ref name="autogenerated1">Template:Cite web</ref> The governance was modelled on the Provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906, which created a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty) responsible for academic policy and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The Act constituted a 21-member senate with Francis Carter-Cotton of Vancouver as chancellor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Henry Marshall Tory set up the college in 1906

Before the University Act, there were several attempts at creating a degree-granting university with help from the universities of Toronto and McGill. Columbia College in New Westminster, through its affiliation with Victoria College of the University of Toronto, began to offer university-level credit at the turn of the century, but McGill came to dominate higher education in the early 1900s.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Original 1914 plan of the UBC campus, by architects Sharp and Thompson

Building on a successful affiliation between Vancouver and Victoria high schools with McGill University, Henry Marshall Tory<ref name="Tory2">"Henry Marshall Tory, A Biography", originally published 1954, current edition January 1992, E.A. Corbett, Toronto: Ryerson Press, Template:ISBN</ref> helped establish the McGill University College of British Columbia. From 1906 to 1915, McGill BC (as it was called) operated as a private institution, providing the first few years toward a degree at McGill University or elsewhere. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal was established in 1941.<ref>Henry Marshall Tory Medal</ref>

In the meantime, appeals were made to the government to revive the earlier legislation for a provincial institution, leading to the University Endowment Act in 1907<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the University Act in 1908. In 1910, the Point Grey site was chosen, and the government appointed Dr. Frank Fairchild Wesbrook as President in 1913 and Leonard Klinck as Dean of Agriculture in 1914. A declining economy and the outbreak of war in August 1914 compelled the university to postpone plans for building at Point Grey, and instead the former McGill University College site at Fairview became home to the university until 1925.<ref name=":2" /> On the first day of lectures, September 30, 1915, the new independent university absorbed McGill University College. The University of British Columbia awarded its first degrees in 1916, and Klinck became the second president in 1919, serving until 1944.

View of the UBC Fairview campus from the roof of King Edward High School (c. 1917) (Vancouver, British Columbia) (photo by Canadian Photo Co.)

In 1917, Evlyn Fenwick Farris became the first woman in Canada to be appointed to the board of governors of a university— a founding governor of UBC.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She was also the first woman to be appointed to the UBC Senate.<ref name="aboutus2">Template:Cite web</ref> Active in its formation, the University Women's Club of Vancouver considered UBC its "godchild".<ref name="aboutus2"/>

Move to Point Grey

World War I dominated campus life and the student body was "decimated" by enlistments for active service, with three hundred male UBC students in Company "D" alone. By the war's end, 697 male members of the university had enlisted. 109 students graduated in the three war-time congregations, all but one in the Faculty of Arts and Science.<ref name=":2" />

By 1920, the university had only three faculties: Arts, Applied Science, and Agriculture (with the Departments of Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Horticulture, and Poultry). It only awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) and Bachelor of Science in agriculture (BSA).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were 576 male students and 386 female students in the 1920–21 winter session, but only 64 academic staff, including 6 women.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law, and medicine. Although UBC did not offer degrees in these fields, it began to offer degrees in new professional areas such as engineering, agriculture, nursing, and school teaching. It also introduced graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis, with students completing M.A. degrees in natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

By 1922, the student body numbered over 1200 and embarked on a "Build the University" campaign. Students marched through the streets of Vancouver to draw attention to their plight, enlist popular support, and embarrass the government in what is now known as "The Great Trek".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fifty-six thousand signatures were presented at the legislature in support of the campaign, which was ultimately successful. On September 22, 1925, lectures began at the new Point Grey campus. Except for the library, science, and Power House buildings, all the campus buildings were temporary buildings. Students built two playing fields, but the university had no dormitories and no social centre. However, the university continued to grow.

Soon, however, the effects of the depression began to be felt. The provincial government, upon which the university depended heavily, cut the annual grant severely. In 1932–33, salaries were cut by up to 23%. Posts remained vacant, and a few faculty lost their jobs. Most graduate courses were dropped. In 1935, the university established the Department of Extension. Just as things began to improve, World War II began, and Canada declared war on September 10, 1939. Soon afterwards, University President Klinck wrote:

' From the day of the declaration of war, the University has been prepared to put at the disposal of the Government all possible assistance by way of laboratories, equipment and trained personnel, insofar as such action is consistent with the maintenance of reasonably efficient instructional standards. To do less would be unthinkable. '<ref name=":3" />

Heavy rains and melting snowfall eroded a deep ravine across the north end of the campus, in the Grand Campus Washout of 1935. The campus did not have storm drains and surface runoff went down a ravine to the beach. When the university carved a ditch to drain flooding on University Avenue, the rush of water steepened the ravine and eroded it back as fast as Template:Convert per hour. The resulting gully eventually consumed Template:Convert, two bridges and buildings near Graham House. The university was closed for four and a half days. Afterwards, the gully was filled with debris from a nearby landslide, and only traces are visible today.<ref name="Williams 1966">Template:Cite journal Includes several contemporary photos of the Washout.</ref>

Military training on the campus became popular and was later made mandatory. WWII marked the first provision of money from the federal government to the university for research purposes. This laid a foundation for future research grants from the federal government of Canada.

Post-war years

By the end of World War II, Point Grey's facilities could not meet the influx of veterans returning to their studies. The university needed new staff, courses, faculties and buildings for teaching and accommodation. The student population rose from 2,974 in 1944–45 to 9,374 in 1947–48. Surplus Army and Air Force camps were used for both classrooms and accommodations. The university took over fifteen complete camps during the 1945–46 session, with a sixteenth camp on Little Mountain, in Vancouver, converted into suites for married students. Most of the camps were dismantled and carried by barge or truck to the university, where the huts were scattered across the campus.

Student numbers hit 9,374 in 1948; more than 53% of the students were war veterans in 1947–67. Between 1947 and 1951, the university built twenty new permanent buildings. Those included the War Memorial Gym, which was built with money raised primarily by the students and dedicated on October 26, 1951.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 1961–62 academic year, the university had an enrolment of 12,602 students, including 798 graduate students.<ref name="autogenerated22">Template:Cite book</ref> The next year, the single-University policy in the West was changed as existing colleges of the provincial Universities gained autonomy as Universities – the University of Victoria was established in 1963.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Recent history

File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg
Bill Reid's Raven and the First Men at the UBC Museum of Anthropology

Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced the creation of the Museum of Anthropology at UBC on July 1, 1971. At a construction cost of $2.5Template:Nbspmillion the museum building, designed by Arthur Erickson, opened in 1976.<ref name="autogenerated22"/> That same year, the university launched a normal school program under the direction of Sally Rogow to train educators on methods to teach students with multiple disabilities or who were visually impaired.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

UBC was the host for the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974.<ref>ICM Vancouver – 1974 via MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</ref> The Proceedings of the Congress were edited by Ralph Duncan James in four volumes.

In 1993, UBC concluded its "World of Opportunity" capital campaign that started in 1988. In total the university raised $262 million for the campaign. An additional $72 million in "non-campaign fundraising" was also raised.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During the administration of President Strangway, UBC abandoned its previous design and planning process and private donors started to have more influence on building design.<ref name="The Urban Community (1980-2003)">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2015, UBC concluded its "Start an Evolution" capital campaign. The campaign's quiet phase started in April 2008 and it launched publicly in September 2011. The initial goal was to raise $1.5 billion. The campaign surpassed that goal and raised $1.624 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

UBC's 15th president was Professor Santa J. Ono. He assumed the presidency on August 15, 2016. He served previously as the 28th president of the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Martha Piper – who served as the 11th president of the university – served as interim president from September 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016, following the resignation of Dr. Arvind Gupta.

In early May 2020, UBC announced it would be holding a virtual graduation for the class of 2020 amid concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The university received $419,248 from the Government of Canada to promote uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among public health leaders, community figures, Indigenous peoples and leadership in municipal government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Campuses

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Aerial view of the Vancouver Campus
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The Irving K. Barber Library and Ladner Clock Tower

Vancouver

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The main campus is located at Point Grey, approximately Template:Convert from downtown Vancouver. It lies on forcefully taken territory of the Musqueam people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is near several beaches and has views of the North Shore Mountains. The Template:Convert Pacific Spirit Regional Park serves as a green-belt between the campus and the city. Buildings on the Vancouver campus occupy Template:Convert gross on Template:Convert of maintained land. The campus street plan is mostly in a grid of malls (some of which are pedestrian-only). Lower Mall and West Mall are in the southwestern part of the peninsula, with Main, East and Wesbrook Malls northeast of them.

The campus is not within Vancouver's city limits and therefore UBC is policed by the RCMP rather than the Vancouver Police Department. However, the Vancouver Fire Department provides service to UBC under a contract. In addition to UBC RCMP, there is also the UBC Campus Security that patrols the campus. Postage sent to any building on campus includes Vancouver in the address.

UBC Vancouver also has two satellite campuses within the City of Vancouver: at Vancouver General Hospital, for the medical sciences and at Robson Square in downtown Vancouver, for part-time credit and non-credit programs. UBC is also a partner in the consortium backing Great Northern Way Campus Ltd and is affiliated with a group of adjacent theological colleges, which include the Vancouver School of Theology, Regent College, Carey Theological College and Corpus Christi College.

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The Iona Building, built in 1927, is currently home to the UBC Vancouver School of Economics. It previously housed the Vancouver School of Theology.

The campus is home to numerous gardens. The UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, the first UBC department, holds a collection of over 8000 different kinds of plants used for research, conservation and education. The UBC botanical garden's original site was at the "Old Arboretum". All that remains of it today are trees planted in 1916 by John Davidson. The old arboretum is now home to many buildings including the First Nations House of Learning. The Nitobe Memorial Garden, built to honour Japanese scholar Inazo Nitobe, features a fully functional Japanese tea house called Ichibō-an, surrounded by an outer roji tea garden with a waiting bench, and an inner garden. The garden is behind the university's Asian Centre, which was built using steel girders from Japan's exhibit at Osaka Expo.<ref name="Library History">Template:Cite web</ref>

The campus also features the Chan Centre for the Performing Arts: a performing arts centre containing the Chan Shun Concert Hall, Telus Studio Theatre and the Royal Bank Cinema. It is often the site of convocation ceremonies and the filming location for the 4400 Center on the television show The 4400,<ref>The 4440, locations Template:Webarchive, IMDb.</ref> as well as the Madacorp entrance set on Kyle XY.<ref>Kyle XY filming locations — Movie Maps Template:Webarchive. Moviemaps.org. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> It has also been featured as the Cloud 9 Ballroom in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica (Season 1, Episode 11: Colonial Day).<ref>Colonial Day, locations Template:Webarchive, IMDb.</ref>

Since the mid-1980s UBC has worked with property developers to build several large residential developments throughout UBC's campus. Such developments include: Chancellor Place, Hampton Place, Hawthorn Place and Wesbrook Village.<ref name="UBC properties">Template:Cite news</ref>

Okanagan

File:Engineering Management and Education (UBC Okanagan).jpg
The Engineering, Management and Education (EME) Complex at UBC Okanagan

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The Okanagan Campus was established in 2005 on what was previously the North Kelowna Campus of Okanagan University College, next to Kelowna International Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was founded in partnership with the Syilx Okanagan Nation and it lies on their ancestral and forcefully taken territory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The campus had a 2019 enrolment of 10,708<ref>Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref> undergraduate and graduate students and has its own academic Senate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UBC Okanagan offers 62 undergraduate and 19 graduate programs in a diversity of disciplines including Arts, Science, Fine Arts, Engineering, Nursing, Human Kinetics, Education, Management, Social Work and Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies. UBC's Faculty of Medicine delivers medical doctor training through the Southern Medical Program<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with facilities at UBC Okanagan and a clinical academic campus at Kelowna General Hospital.

From 2005 through 2012, the Okanagan campus completed a $450Template:Nbspmillion expansion with construction of several residential, teaching and research buildings. The expansion included the Charles E. Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, University Centre, the Engineering Management and Education building, the Arts and Sciences Centre, Reichwald Health Sciences Centre and several new student residence buildings. The Commons building was opened in 2019 as an expansion to the Library building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two additional student housing facilities, Skeena and Nechako, opened in 2020 and 2021 respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2010, UBC Okanagan campus grew from 105 ha. to 208.6 ha.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Like the Point Grey campus, the Okanagan campus attracts Canadian and international students.

UBC Okanagan is currently expanding its campus to downtown Kelowna. Construction on the 43 storey downtown campus building was approved in August 2023<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and is expected to be completed by 2027.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eight storeys will be used as academic space for health programs, as the campus will be in close proximity to Interior Health offices and Kelowna General Hospital. The building will also include public engagement spaces, an art gallery, cafes, retailers and 473 rental housing units.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Libraries, archives and galleries

Template:Main The UBC Library, which has 7.8Template:Nbspmillion volumes, 2.1Template:Nbspmillion e-books, more than 370,000 e-journals and more than 700,000 items in locally produced digital collections, is Canada's second-largest academic library.<ref name="about the library">Template:Cite web</ref> From 2014 to 2015, there were more than 3.8Template:Nbspmillion on-campus visits and over 9.5Template:Nbspmillion visits to its website.<ref name="librarian report 2009">Template:Cite web</ref>

The library has fifteen branches and divisions across the UBC Vancouver and UBC Okanagan campuses.<ref name="about the library" />

The former Main Library underwent construction and was renamed the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre. Opened in April 2008, the Learning Centre incorporates the centre heritage block of the old Main Library with two new expansion wings and features an automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS), the first of its kind in Canada.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

UBC has a number of different collections that have been donated and acquired. Major General Victor Odlum CB, CMG, DSO, VD donated his library of 10,000 books, which has been housed in "the Rockwoods Centre Library" of the UBC Library since 1963. After Videomatica's 2011 closure, UBC and SFU acquired their $1.7-million collection. UBC received about 28,000 movie DVDs, 4,000 VHS titles and 900 Blu-ray discs which are housed at UBC Library's Koerner branch on the Vancouver campus.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> In 2014, renowned art collector and antiques specialist, Uno Langmann, donated the Uno Langmann Family Collection of B.C. Photographs,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which consists of more than 18,000 rare and unique early photographs from the 1850s to the 1970s. It is considered the premiere private collection of early provincial photos and an important illustrated history of early photographic methods. In 2016, the library acquired one of the world's most rare and extraordinary books, the Kelmscott Chaucer from 1896. The book was printed in a limited edition of only 438 copies, but there are only 48 copies in the world with its particular type of binding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery at UBC is mandated to research, exhibit, collect, publish, educate and develop programs in the field of contemporary art and in contemporary approaches to the practice of art history and criticism. The Belkin maintains and manages the university's art collection of over 5,000 objects, including the Outdoor Art Collection and an archive of over 30,000 items. Works from the permanent collection and archives, with an emphasis on recent acquisitions, are exhibited on an annual basis and are also used by other institutions for research and loans. The Belkin has an active publication program and participates in programming that includes lectures, tours, concerts and symposia related to art history, criticism and curating.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sustainability

CIRS building

The University of British Columbia CIRS building is designed to be net positive in four environmental aspects.<ref name="HoldenM">Template:Cite web</ref> It uses energy obtained from the Earth and Ocean Sciences (EOSC) Building to heat itself, which wastes around 900 megawatts due to ten air changes every hour.<ref name="CIRS">Template:Cite web</ref> The building's wood holds nearly 600 tons of carbon, offsetting more carbon than its construction and maintenance created.<ref name=SuzukiD>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Sustainable features include a water supply sourced entirely from rainwater, an on-site sewage treatment facility converting waste into reusable water and compost, and the use of wood from pine beetle-killed trees, minimizing the need for logging.<ref name="HoldenM" />

The building relies primarily on solar energy for electricity, and all areas use natural lighting during the day.<ref name="HoldenM" /> These green technologies and sustainable operating practices reduce the building's ecological footprint and enhance the well-being of its occupants.

Water conservation initiatives

For over 20 years, UBC has implemented water consumption policies through two initiatives, ECOTrek and UBC Renew. ECOTrek is Canada's largest sustainability project, which involved a massive water and energy-saving initiative, rebuilding almost 300 academic buildings at UBC. This project achieved a World Clean Energy nomination.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The water management aspect included updates to toilets, urinals, basins, and water-cooled equipment, along with the installation of steam and water meters to monitor and quantify water consumption across campus.

The UBC Renew project focuses on renovating aging institutional buildings instead of demolishing and constructing new ones. Demolition can have significant environmental impacts, such as soil pollution, increased air pollutants, and higher water consumption. Renovating old buildings helps save large volumes of water and reduces energy costs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university retrofitted its facilities with composting toilets; however, these did not function correctly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2019, UBC consumed about four billion litres of water a year, which could fill 1,600 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Community efforts

Beyond the UBC sustainability team, a student-driven initiative is taking place in making a bottled-water free campus in hopes of reducing bottled water on campus and to encourage students to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors. Production of bottled water puts strain on the environment and increases landfill space. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature 2001 report, about 1.5Template:Nbspmillion tons of plastic is used for bottling 89Template:Nbspbillion litres of water each year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Governance and academics

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The Walter C. Koerner Library and president's office, designed by UBC alumnus Arthur Erickson

UBC's administration, as mandated by the University Act, is composed of a chancellor, convocation, board, senate and faculties of the university.<ref name="University Act 2009-08-05">Template:Cite web</ref> The board of governors, which is primarily appointed by the provincial government, manages property and financial affairs, while the senate manages the university's academic matters. Both include faculty and students who are elected. Degrees and diplomas are conferred by the convocation, which is composed of alumni, administrators and faculty, with a quorum of twenty members. The president of the university is the university's chief executive officer and a member of the senate, board of governors, convocation and also serves as vice chancellor.

Presidents

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Faculties and schools

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Buchanan Tower, home to the offices of various departments in the Faculty of Arts, such as English, History, French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, and the Institute for Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Social Justice.
File:UBC Law at Allard Hall.JPG
Aerial view of the Peter A. Allard School of Law at UBC

UBC's academic activity is organized into "faculties" and "schools".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UBC has twelve faculties at its Vancouver campus and seven at its Okanagan campus.<ref name="facts1">Template:Cite web</ref> At the Vancouver campus, the Faculty of Arts, which dates back to the 1915 Fairview Campus, is the largest faculty with twenty departments and schools. With the split of the Faculty of Arts and Science in 1964, the Faculty of Science is the second largest faculty with nine departments. The Sauder School of Business is UBC's Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration. The School of Architecture offers a program accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board at the bachelor level (B.Arch.) and the master's level (M.Arch.).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, a new school was created: UBC Vancouver School of Economics in conjunction with the Sauder School of Business.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Last Words: November 14, 2011 edition |The Ubyssey |The Ubyssey, UBC's official student newspaper Template:Webarchive. Ubyssey.ca (November 15, 2011). Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The university's first inter-faculty school, the School of Biomedical Engineering, was established in 2017 as a partnership between the Faculties of Applied Science and Medicine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2014, UBC created a new "International Programs" designation separate from the traditional definition of a faculty. To accompany this designation, the university created Vantage College to allow international students who do not meet the English language requirements for general admission to enter the university's transition program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dual undergraduate degree with Sciences Po

The dual degree program is a highly selective program in which undergraduate students earn two Bachelor of Arts degrees from both Sciences Po in France and UBC in four years. Previously, students could earn one Bachelor of Arts and one Bachelor of Commerce (Sauder School of Business); however, this program was discontinued with the last student intake occurring in September 2017. Currently, students in the dual degree program can only earn a Bachelor of Arts degree from UBC, along with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Sciences Po, which can both be in different majors pertaining to the social sciences. Students spend two years at one of three Sciences Po regional campuses in France (Le Havre, Menton, or Reims), each of which is devoted to a particular region of the world. After two years, students matriculate at UBC. Graduates are guaranteed admission to a Sciences Po graduate program within one-year of graduation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Reputation

Template:Canadian university rankings The University of British Columbia has ranked in a number of post-secondary rankings. In the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 44th in the world and second in Canada.<ref name="USUnivRankings_ARWU_W" /> The 2026 QS World University Rankings ranked the University 40th in the world and third in Canada.<ref name="QS" /> The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University 41st in the world and second in Canada.<ref name="USUnivRankings_THES_W" /> In the 2022–23 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the university ranked 35th in the world and second in Canada.<ref name="USNWR Best Global Universities" /> The Canadian-based Maclean's magazine ranked the University of British Columbia third in their 2023 Canadian Medical Doctoral University category and in their 2023 reputation survey.<ref name="Macdoc" /><ref name="Macrep"/> The university was ranked in spite of having opted out – along with several other universities in Canada – of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In NewsweekTemplate:'s 2011 global university rankings, the university was ranked eighth among institutions outside the United States and second in Canada (after the University of Toronto).<ref name="thedailybeast.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In the Times Higher Education's 2022 global employability ranking, the university ranked 36th in the world and third in Canada.<ref name="UnivRankings_THES_GEUR" />

International partnerships

UBC students can study abroad for a semester or a year at over 200 partner institutions.<ref>List of 208 partner universities Template:Webarchive Website of The University of British Columbia. Retrieved February 22, 2021.</ref>

Enrolment

The mean admission average during the 2023–24 school year for domestic first-year students was 89–91 per cent.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The acceptance rate for domestic applications in 2025 was 50.4 per cent, of which 57.1 per cent enrolled.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014/15, UBC employed 3,270 full-time Faculty members, 10,942 non-faculty members and 8,031 students. It reported 871 unpaid employees.

Vancouver enrolment

University of British Columbia has a total of 72,585 students across both campuses. International students, amounting to 20,237, make up 28% of the university's student population. There are 2,303 indigenous students, making up 3.2% of the student population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Program Type
Undergraduate Graduate Other
Diploma & Certificate Baccalaureate Degree Post-Baccalaureate Degree Non-Degree Master's Degree Doctoral Degree Residents
Student Enrolment 2,314 50,631 3,070 2,207 8,507 4,305 1,551

Research

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The Chan Centre for the Performing Arts, designed by Bing Thom, B.Arch. '66

The University of British Columbia is a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led institutions and the only Canadian member of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, a consortium of 42 leading research universities in the Pacific Rim.<ref name="universitas 21">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="apru">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, the University of British Columbia had the second-largest sponsored research income (external sources of funding) out of any Canadian university, totalling C$577 million.<ref name=RI>Template:Cite web</ref> In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $249,900, the eighth highest in the country, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $55,200.<ref name=RI/>

The university has been ranked on several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked UBC 27th in the world and second in Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 27th in the world and second in Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university operates and manages several research centres:

  • In 1972, a consortium of the University of British Columbia and four other universities from Alberta and British Columbia established the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre. Located on Vancouver Island, the centre provides year-round research facilities and technical assistance for biologists, ecologists and oceanographers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies is an interdisciplinary research institute for fundamental research in the Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities.
  • The UBC Farm is a Template:Convert learning and research farm in UBC's South Campus area. It features Saturday Farm Markets from early June until early October, selling organic produce and eggs to the community.
  • TRIUMF, a laboratory specializing in particle and nuclear physics, is also situated at the university. The name was formerly an acronym for Tri-University Meson Facility, but TRIUMF is now owned and operated by a consortium of eleven Canadian universities. The consortium runs TRIUMF through a contribution of funds from the National Research Council of Canada and makes TRIUMF's facilities available to Canadian scientists and to scientists from around the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • BC Centre on Substance Use (BCCSU) and UBC have established Professorships in Cannabis Science in 2018 following Canada's legalization of cannabis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Template:AnchorThe Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions is a research institute for the teaching and study of innovation in democratic practice and institutions. Established in 2002, the centre conducts research and teaching in cooperation with scholars, public officials, NGOs and students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The centre is formally housed in the UBC School of Public Policy and Global Affairs (SPPGA) and operates in association with faculty in the UBC Department of Political Science.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was initially funded from the Merilees Chair through a donation by Gail and Stephen Jarislowsky.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, one of three Canadian research institutes focused on quantum materials and technology research, was established in 2015 with the support of the Canada First Excellence Research Fund and a donation from Stewart Blusson.

In 2017, UBC inked a $3 million research agreement with Huawei for big data and fuel cell technology. The university refused to release the agreement without an access to information request.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Indigenous

UBC's Longhouse is the university's centre for Indigenous activities. The university has an associate dean of Indigenous Education and has developed a governing board and senate policies as well as Aboriginal governed councils within the university structure.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UBC offers degrees in First Nations and Indigenous Studies through a program in the Arts Faculty,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a Chinook Diploma Program in the Sauder School of Business;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it also runs the Chinook Summer Biz Camp, to foster entrepreneurship among First Nations and Métis high school students. It hosts a Bridge Through Sport Program, Summer Science Program, Native Youth Program and Cedar Day Camp and After school Program. Its First Nations Forestry Initiatives were developed in partnership with specific Aboriginal communities to meet their needs in their more remote areas.Template:Citation needed

Finances

In 2024–25, UBC's budget exceeded $3.8Template:Nbspbillion and the university posted balanced financial results.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Government grants account for approximately 40 per cent of total revenues, and student tuition approximately 41 per cent.

Tuition

Tuition fees vary significantly between Canadian citizens (and permanent residents) and international students. In addition, for both undergraduate and graduate programs, tuition rates vary among the university's faculties. Students must also pay for various living expenses such as housing, food and health care. Template:As of, these expenses were estimated at around $13,000 CAD per academic year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Undergraduate tuition

UBC tuition for 2024 was $6,079.20 before adding other mandatory administrative fees for a Canadian student in a basic 30-unit program, though there is some variation in this figure. Tuition for international students is significantly higher (8–9 times higher than domestic students). In 2024, tuition for international students ranged from $49,548.40 CAD to $64,651.30 CAD.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2001–02, UBC had one of the lowest undergraduate tuition rates in Canada, at an average of $2,181 CAD per year for a full-time program due to a government-instituted tuition freeze.

In 2001, the BC Liberal party defeated the NDP in British Columbia and lifted the tuition freeze. In 2002–03 undergraduate and graduate tuition rose by an average of 30% and up to 40% in some faculties. This has led to better facilities, but also to student unrest and contributed to a teaching assistant union strike.

UBC again increased tuition by 30% in the 2003–04 year, again by approximately 15% in the 2004–05 season and 2% in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 years. Increases were lower than expected because, in the 2005 Speech from the Throne, the government announced tuition increases would be capped to inflation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006–07, the Canadian average undergraduate tuition fee was $4,347 and the BC average was $4,960.<ref>Template:Cite web </ref> In 2014, the board of governors passed a one-time 10% tuition increase for all new incoming international students.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2015, UBC's board of governors passed a motion increasing international tuition by more than 46.8% for the academic years 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–2019. This announcement was met with indignation by many of the university's students as this was the second major increase in international tuition in less than a year, taking total international student tuition fee increases to above 60% within 4 years (minimum international tuition will be bench marked at $35,071 CAD in the year 2018–19).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Graduate tuition

In the academic year 2019/2020, graduate programs assess tuition fees that vary significantly, depending on the program and the student's citizenship.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> All PhD students, though, are guaranteed a minimum funding package of $24,000 a year for four years, though policies differ again by program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Student life

Student representation

The Alma Mater Society of the University of British Columbia, or AMS, represents UBC undergraduate students within the Vancouver campus. The society's mandate is to improve the quality of educational, social and personal lives of UBC students. The AMS lobbies the UBC administration on behalf of the student body, provides services such as the AMS/GSS Health and Dental Plan, supports and administers student clubs and maintains the Student Union Building, known as the Nest, and the services it houses. A constituency (undergraduate society) exists within each school and faculty of the university and acts as the subsidiary of the AMS within those schools and faculties.

The Graduate Student Society (GSS), which operates as an independent entity, represents graduate students. A council representing each graduate program and an executive elected by graduate students as a whole governs the GSS.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university also has elected student representatives sitting on, as voting members, the board of governors (three student representatives) and the academic senate (18 student representatives),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as laid out in the British Columbia University Act.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although the university is the official body that elects the students, the university delegates these representative elections to the AMS.

On the Okanagan Campus, the Students' Union Okanagan, or UBCSUO, is the elected representation of the student body. Composed of a board of directors and executive team, the UBCSUO lobbies the administration and provincial government on behalf of the student body, manages the student health and dental plan, as well as hosts social programming throughout the year. The Student Union Offices are located within the University Centre Building. In the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the SUO initiated the Emergency Bursary Program which supported UBC students with nearly $1,000,000 in emergency funding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Student demographics

In the 2020–21 academic year, females made up 57 per cent of UBC Vancouver's student body and 53 per cent of UBC Okanagan's student body.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Student facilities

File:New Student Union Building of the University of British Columbia.jpg
The new Student Union Building, which opened in 2015
File:Interior of the UBC Student Union Building 13.jpg
The interior of the new Student Union Building contains a "bird's nest" where students may relax and study.

Template:AnchorThe heart of student activity at UBC Vancouver is the centrally located Student Union Building, generally called the AMS Student Nest, or simply "the Nest".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Opened on June 1, 2015, The Nest, built for $107 million, is much larger than its predecessor, and has numerous amenities including a performance centre, an art exhibition space ("Hatch Art Gallery"), a large ballroom, a three-storey climbing wall, radio broadcast facilities, a daycare, shops and food outlets, a pub ("The Gallery"), a nightclub (“The Pit”), and a 10,740 square foot rooftop garden and public space with a water feature and outdoor seating.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Connected to the Nest via underground tunnel in the adjacent Student Life Building, the 425-seat Norman Bouchard Memorial Theatre ("The Norm Theatre") is also run by the student union.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:UBC Bookstore 2015.jpg
Exterior of the main UBC Bookstore.

Other student facilities on campus include the Ladha Science Student Centre (funded through a donation from Abdul Ladha, a levy on Science undergraduate students, the VP Students and the dean of Science) and the Arts Student Center. The UBC Bookstore's two locations on the Vancouver campus: the main store at 6200 University Boulevard and a store at Sauder School of Business join the stores at the Okanagan and Robson Square Campuses in offering a variety of products and services. The bookstores return a dividend to UBC each year, which is re-invested in the campus or in student and community organizations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Greek organizations

UBC's 19 Greek organizations make up Canada's largest and most active Greek system. The Alma Mater Society recognizes an Inter Fraternal Council (IFC) as a club and weekly meetings of the fraternities under IFC take place at their respective fraternity houses. There are eleven fraternities on campus, the first of which was Zeta Psi, in January 1926.

UBC was ranked eighth among Canada's top party schools by the website Ask Men.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Residences

File:Gage residence.jpg
Gage Towers
File:Dene Totem Park.JPG
Totem Park, Dene House
File:Marine Drive Residence.JPG
Marine Drive

The UBC Point Grey campus has a resident population of about 10,041 students<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> who live in an unincorporated area, outside the City of Vancouver known as Electoral Area A within and partly administered by Metro Vancouver.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Neighbouring the University Endowment Lands, on-campus residential services are provided by the Province of BC and by UBC. Emergency Planning is administered by Metro Vancouver. Because UBC is not in a municipality, there is no mayor, council, or other democratic municipal representation for on-campus residents, although residents can vote for the director of Electoral Area A.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> British Columbia's Residential Tenancy Act does not protect UBC residents because university accommodations for students and employees are exempt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, there are three dormitory style residences on campus, primarily for first and second-year students: Totem Park, Place Vanier and Orchard Commons.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref>

Students also have suite-style residence options on the Point Grey campus. The Gage Towers consist of three 17-floor towers.<ref>[2] Template:Webarchive</ref>

File:Orchard Commons at the University of British Columbia 2016.jpg
Orchard Commons, Braeburn House

Brock Commons Tallwood House opened in 2017, becoming the tallest mass timber building in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brock Commons South building finished completion and became open for students in June 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Athletics

File:Olympic Hockey at UBC.jpg
UBC's Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre during the 2010 Winter Olympics

The University of British Columbia's sports teams are called the Thunderbirds. The Thunderbirds participate in the U Sports Canada West Universities Athletic Association for most varsity sports. However, several varsity teams at UBC compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Template:As of, UBC considered joining the NCAA Division II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With a long history of competing in sports, the Thunderbirds have garnered a number of championships. In particular, the women swimmers who had represented UBC had brought back 22 conference championships and 16 national championships.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Indoor climbing at the UBC Student Union Building.jpg
Indoor climbing at the Student Union Building.

The University of British Columbia has a number of athletic facilities open to both their varsity teams as well as to their students. The stadium with the largest seating capacity at UBC is the Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre. The Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre is home to the varsity ice hockey teams and was also used as a venue for the 2010 Winter Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other facilities at UBC include Thunderbird Stadium, home to the university's football and soccer varsity teams, UBC Aquatic Centre, home to the university's swimming teams, the War Memorial Gymnasium, home to the university's basketball and volleyball varsity teams and Thunderbird Park, home to the university's many other outdoor varsity teams.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university has also had a long history of sending a number of students to represent their countries at the Olympics. Since having its first athlete sent to the Olympics in 1928, a total of 231 individuals from UBC have represented their respective countries at the Olympics. The total number of individual medals athletes from UBC had won was 61, with 19 gold, 21 silver and 24 bronze. The majority of these medals won had come from the sport of rowing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Marching band

UBC's marching band, the Thunderbird Marching Band, was founded in September 2012 and is entirely student-run. The band performs at various Thunderbirds football, basketball, rugby and hockey games, as well as other campus events. It is the only university-level marching band in Western Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fight songs

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation and athletic games are: "Hail, U.B.C" with words and music by Harold King, "High on Olympus" with words by D. C. Morton and music by J. C. F. Haeffner.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and "Hail, UBC!" (2009) with words and music by Steve Chatman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Campus events and traditions

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File:Rosegarden ubc.jpg
UBC Rose Garden

A small number of large-scale, campus-wide events occur annually at UBC which are organized by university institutions, the AMS and student constituencies of various faculties and departments.

File:University of British Columbia Engineering Cairn.jpg
The UBC Engineering Cairn, a chamfered tetrahedral concrete block with a large red "E" on each of its three sides, shown here in its unvandalized state. Painting the cairn is a favourite hobby of student clubs and rival faculties.

Several traditional athletic events take place at UBC every year. Storm the Wall is an intramural relay race put on by UBC Recreation in April, with a course consisting of swimming, biking, and running legs culminating in the climbing of a Template:Convert wall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Day of the Longboat is an intramural event put on at the end of September/early October by UBC Recreation. It is a major voyageur canoe race with teams competing in a 2km paddle around the waters of Jericho Sailing Centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Faculty constituencies, such as the Arts Undergraduate Society (AUS) and Science Undergraduate Society (SUS), hold events annually. Many of the major constituencies, such as for Arts, Science and Engineering, hold their own faculty weeks to celebrate their faculties. The events may include keynote speeches, merchandise sales and dances. Arts County Fair was an annual concert and party on the last day of classes in April, put on by the AUS and occurring at Thunderbird Stadium. Past headliners have included Sam Roberts, The New Pornographers and Metric.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Due to increasing financial difficulties (mostly resulting from mounting security and related costs) the AUS announced they would not continue the event in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In its place, the Alma Mater Society of UBC hosted the AMS Block Party to celebrate the end of classes, featuring headliners such as Steve Aoki.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Spring exam season, the Ski & Board Club organizes the Undie Run, a charity event that encourages people to donate their clothes to the Big Brothers & Sisters organization in Vancouver.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Students meet at the Student Union Building, remove the clothes they are going to donate and then run around campus in their underwear. Students run through places like the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre and Place Vanier Residence before ending at the Martha Piper Plaza fountain.

To celebrate the beginning of classes, UBC Orientations organizes several events for first-year students, such as Imagine UBC, GALA and UBC Jump Start. Imagine UBC is an orientation day and pep rally for first-year undergraduate students that replaces the first day of class after Labour Day at UBC Vancouver.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The UBC Engineering Cairn is one of three cairns on campus, and is commonly repainted by students with various messages ranging from the humorous to the commemorative.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Model United Nations

In March 2012, UBC was the partner Host University of the Harvard World Model United Nations Conference (WorldMUN 2012 Vancouver). As the world's largest student-organized Model UN conference, this was also the largest student conference to have ever been organized by UBC and the largest student conference on Canadian soil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were 2,200 student delegates and nearly 200 faculty advisors from 270 universities from over 60 countries. The organizing committee amassed over 500 student volunteers from across the UBC campus and the local student community to execute the week-long event.

Engineering student pranks

UBC engineering students have a history of performing pranks which attract national and international attention.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UBC does not condone student pranks, nor publicize them (unlike the California Institute of Technology or Massachusetts Institute of Technology; see hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Notable incidents include the hanging of the shell of a VW Bug from the underside of the Lions Gate Bridge. Those responsible for the Lions Gate prank have never been caught, nor has it been discovered how the prank was performed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" />

Notable people

Template:Main Template:See also

Throughout UBC's history, faculty, alumni and former students have played prominent roles in many different fields. Many UBC alumni and faculty have gone on to win awards including eight Nobel Prizes and 74 Rhodes Scholarships.<ref name=facts1 /><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Former alumni have won Nobel Prizes: Robert Mundell (Economic Sciences) who graduated from the UBC Department of Economics and Bertram Brockhouse (Physics).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Five former faculty members of the UBC have also received a Nobel Prize: Michael Smith (Chemistry), Har Gobind Khorana (Physiology or Medicine), Daniel Kahneman (Economics), Hans G. Dehmelt (Physics) and Carl Wieman (Physics).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Many former students have gained prominence in government and business. Four Canadian prime ministers have attended UBC: Joe Clark, John Turner, Kim Campbell and Justin Trudeau.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Trudeau completed his BEd. at UBC in 1998,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and Clark briefly attended UBC law.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> George Stanley, the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick and creator of the Canadian flag had also served as faculty.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alumni Mike Harcourt, Glen Clark and Ujjal Dosanjh have been premiers of British Columbia:,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jacky Chou graduated with a degree in electrical engineering before starting several internet companies. People of UBC Law have also served on the Supreme Court of Canada: former faculty member Beverley McLachlin and alumnus Frank Iacobucci.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other examples include:

UBC alumni have also held important positions in the academia. Notable examples are:

Arms

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See also

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Notes

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References

<references> <ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> </references>

Further reading

  • William A. Bruneau, A Matter of Identities: A History of the UBC Faculty Association, 1920–1990. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Faculty Association, 1990.
  • Template:Cite journal
  • Eric Damer and Herbert Rosengarten. UBC: The First 100 Years. Vancouver: Friesens, 2009.
  • Michiel Horn."Under the Gaze of George Vancouver: The University of British Columbia and the Provincial Government, 1913–1939." BC Studies 83 (Autumn 1989).
  • William C. Gibson Wesbrook & His University (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press)
  • Sheldon Goldfarb The Hundred-Year Trek: A History of Student Life at UBC. Victoria: Heritage House, 2017.
  • H. T. Logan, Tuum Est: A History of the University of British Columbia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1958.
  • Wayne Skene. "UBC: a Portrait." Vancouver: Tribute Books, 2003.
  • Lee Stewart. "It's Up to You": Women at UBC in the Early Years. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1990.
  • George Woodcock & Tim Fitzharris. The University of British Columbia – A Souvenir. (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1986).

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