Within the Buller Gorge and downstream from the Deepdale River joining, the Buller crosses from Tasman District into Buller District. The Paparoa Range separates the Buller River from the Grey River. A number of flora and fauna are found in the Buller catchment, many of these extending onto the slopes of the Paparoa Range.
The Buller River upstream from Murchison along with the Mangles River are popular for whitewater kayaking and recreational fishing,<ref>Marion Hobbs. 2001</ref> though the whole river can be kayaked; it is the only major river in the country with no hydro lakes,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> though a seismic survey for hydro power was done in 1973.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For experienced canoeists the Ariki Falls section, between Murchison and Newton Flat, is also popular and novices can use it by carrying kayaks around the rapids, except when the river is very low and the rapids become unnavigable.<ref name=":1" /> The river is suitable for contact recreation approximately 95% of the time, though Tasman Council recognises it needs to be better because of the popularity of whitewater kayaking below Gowan Bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
This river has an annual mean flow of Template:Convert, is estimated to have reached Template:Convert in the 1926 flood<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and has the highest flood flow in the country of over Template:Convert.<ref name=":112"/> 93% of the water comes from the western mountains, which make up only 38% of the catchment, and it is highest in summer, partly due to melting snow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Excavations at the mouth of the river, across from Westport, uncovered 77 stone adzes, 2,693 stone flakes (argillite, chert, obsidian and silcrete from manufacture of stone tools), minnow lures, moa bone, sites of huts, ovens, middens and urupā, with one shell carbon dated to between 1219 and 1316. Early trading is indicated by argillite from Ohana, at the south end of D'Urville Island, chert from upper North island and obsidian from Mayor Island / Tūhua. In 2004 the site was described as one of the largest and best preserved large Archaic sites in the country. More investigation may reveal whether it was occupied for more than a few years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Subsequent pre-colonial history is obscure. The Waitangi Tribunal concluded that, "very little is known about the history of Ngāti Apa's occupation of the region . . . invasion by northern tribes in the early nineteenth century made it difficult to pass on any substantial record of the traditional history of this area" and it was "probably an area of migratory resource use rather than permanent occupation".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One migratory resource was Ngāi Tahu's pounamu trade, which had a greenstone trail through the valley,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> probably in summer, when the river would usually be lower.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By virtue of a taua of 1829–1832, Ngāti Toa Rangatira was recognised in 2012 as having an interest in the upper part of the river.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
European settlement
Europeans first discovered Lake Rotoiti in 1842.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref> The first written record of the river mouth was in 1845, when a sealing captain, Joseph Thoms, was reported as finding, "a large river, a mile wide. It has a bar at the entrance, on which he took soundings, and found sixteen feet at high water. The river appeared to be navigable for a considerable distance. Mr. Thoms anchored his vessel in five fathoms, and pulled up four or five miles in his boat. He describes the valley through which the river runs to be twenty miles wide, finely wooded, with some open land."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1846 Brunner was the first European to follow the full length of the Buller, together with his guide, E Kehu, of Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, who already knew the area well<ref name=":12" /> (Ekehu had been taken prisoner by Ngāi Tahu while living near the Grey River).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That expedition lasted almost 560 days.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> The journey was so difficult that they left Lake Rotoiti on 31 December 1846, but only reached the mouth of the river on 4 June 1847.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They returned up the Buller, leaving Inangahua on 23 March 1848 and reached Lake Rotoiti again on 12 June 1848.<ref name=":15" />
Surveyor John Rochfort discovered gold and coal in the Buller valley in 1859.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite this indication of the land's value, the 1860 Arahura Deed sold most of the West Coast to the government for £300 (about 1d per 100 acres), covering a total of Template:Convert, which included virtually all of the Buller valley south from the Gowan River.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A West Coast gold rush, coal mines and timber sawmills resulted in a rapid population increase in the 1860s. By 1867 there were 6,087 miners in Nelson Province and 10,466 people (and 1,612 tents, indicating the temporary nature of their stay) in Westland North, which also included the Grey valley. About 1,500 were in Westport in 1867, which was then the 3rd largest port for exporting gold, after Hokitika and Dunedin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The original Māori name for the Buller may have been Kawatiri, although Patrick O'Regan thought that was a misunderstanding of Ka Awatiri.<ref name=":22"/> He translated Awatiri as a rapid river. The first 1846 expedition named the Buller valley around Murchison as the Aglionby valley, after the English MP, Henry Aglionby Aglionby.<ref name=":142"/> In 1911 O'Regan suggested it had dropped out of use because it was hard to pronounce.<ref name=":22" />
Until roads were built, goods were carried from Westport to Lyell in fleets of canoes,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or, later, horse-drawn boats, carrying up to 7 tons,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or 12 tons up to Inangahua.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They could take 11 weeks to make the journey,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but the Template:Convert from Lyell could also be covered in 7 hours downstream.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Roads in the valley evolved. In good weather a footpath was passable along the length of the valley by 1864.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Horses could usually travel from Nelson to Lyell by 1867<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and wheeled traffic by 1876.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A dray road opening from Inangahua to Lyell in 1878 facilitated animal-drawn transport vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Job Lines began a link between Westport and Reefton in 1876, using horses from Westport and a coach from the Landing to Reefton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By July 1877 the road through the Lower Gorge had improved sufficiently for the coach to run through to Westport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The road near Tiroroa included two short tunnels,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> until Fern Arch was demolished in 1937.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lake Rotoiti was created by a glacier and glacial moraines occupy a large area between the Buller and Gowan rivers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From the lake the Buller flows west through a gorge cut in granitic rocks of the Median Batholith. It then turns southwest to follow the axis of the Longford Syncline to Murchison. Tributary valleys around Murchison commonly follow north-south trending faults and fold axes.<ref name=":172"/>
The Buller's deep gorges have been cut through the mountains as they have been raised by Quaternary faulting and folding. Some 350,000 years ago the river had wide floodplains,<ref name=":18">Template:Cite web</ref> which remain as flat terraces above the narrow gorge, as at Manuka Flat, now roughly Template:Convert above the river.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Murchison Basin was filled between the Late Eocene and Early Miocene by sediments in increasingly shallow waters, indicating that the uplift of the area to the north began in the Early Miocene.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> It was particularly rapid during the late Miocene-Pliocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Above the Lower Gorge, podzol soils lie on sandstones of the Brunner Coal Measures. They are very infertile, acidic and tend to be very poorly drained. At high altitudes, the soils become skeletal and, in many places, unweathered rocks lie on the surface. Brunner Coal Measures are Eocene and were deposited in an estuary.<ref name=":9" /> There were coal mines near the Lower Gorge<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> at Rahui (opened 1942)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Cascade (originally opened to improve mine drainage in 1897).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Uranium was found in the Lower Gorge in 1955 and searches were made for viable deposits until the 1970s,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but all were less than 0.1% U3O8.<ref name=":18" /> In 1972 the mountains on either side of the Gorge were officially named Mounts Cassin<ref>Template:LINZ</ref> and Jacobsen, after the men who discovered the uranium.<ref>Template:LINZ</ref>
In July 2001 the Buller Water Conservation Order came into force, listing the waters of the Buller River and tributaries that are to be retained in their natural state or protected because of the outstanding characteristics, features and values of the waters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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