Chaos A.D.

Template:For Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox album Chaos A.D. is the fifth studio album by Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura, released in 1993 by Roadrunner Records. After the success of Arise (1991), the band decided to expand the experimentation of that album and depart further from their earlier thrash metal sound. The album incorporates multiple genres such as groove metal and hardcore punk,<ref name= haagsma1993/> and features the band's first fully acoustic song.

Chaos A.D. is also Sepultura's only album on Epic Records, which handled its release for North American distribution. It is also the first album to feature Paulo Jr. on bass after having played with the band in a live capacity since 1984.Template:Efn

The album peaked at 32 on the Billboard 200, becoming Sepultura's highest charting record at the time and Roadrunner's first album in the top 40. The album received widespread acclaim upon release and has come to be regarded as one of Sepultura's best albums, and a landmark in heavy metal.

Production

The band considered numerous producers, including avant-garde jazz composer John Zorn and Al Jourgensen of industrial metal pioneers Ministry. They ultimately chose Andy Wallace, who had previously mixed Arise. Sepultura wanted isolation, and for that Andy Wallace suggested Rockfield Studios, located in South Wales.<ref name=Lemos42>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The recording sessions marked the first time Sepultura had recorded as a quartet as opposed to a trio, which saw Andreas Kisser handling both bass and guitar duties on their previous three albums; as such, Chaos A.D. was the first album to include Paulo Jr., who had been playing live with the band since joining in 1984.Template:Efn

"Kaiowas" was recorded live among the ruins of the medieval castle of Chepstow. It was an entirely acoustic track, with Kisser and Max Cavalera on the guitars and drummer Igor Cavalera and Paulo Jr. on percussion. When they recorded "Kaiowas", the quartet never even considered playing the track live, because they thought it would be too difficult to recreate the drumming on stage. They changed their minds after seeing a video of the American band Neurosis: "We saw in that live video that the Neurosis guys put down their guitars and everybody started to play the drums on stage", lead guitarist Andreas remembers. "We decided to try the same thing. We rehearsed it once and it was wonderful. We haven't stopped playing the song live since."<ref name= barcinski128>Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 128.</ref>

During recording sessions, Sepultura recorded several covers: "The Hunt", from New Model Army, "Polícia", from Titãs, "Inhuman Nature", from the American hardcore punk band Final Conflict, and "Crucificados pelo Sistema", from Brazilian Ratos de Porão. Igor, a New Model Army fan, convinced the other band members to include "The Hunt" on the record. Paulo joked that the money of the LP would go straight to new dentures for Justin Sullivan, the toothless singer of New Model Army.<ref name="BG99-131">Template:Cite book</ref> The latter 3 covers would be included as B-sides and also on the compilation Blood-Rooted. "Polícia" is also included as a bonus track on the Brazilian edition of the album. Up until the time the album was due, the title was originally Propaganda after track 6, but Max Cavalera changed it to Chaos A.D. after the Misfits' Earth A.D.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Musical style

Out of the boredom of playing the Arise songs for two years straight and concerned about the threat of musically stagnating, Sepultura pushed the envelope on Chaos A.D.<ref name="BG99-123">Template:Cite book</ref> The new material came out slower, with more emphasis on groove than speed.<ref name="Dazed">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web (August 13, 2005). Retrieved on September 15, 2015</ref><ref name=McIver73>Template:Cite book</ref> The first track, "Refuse/Resist", revealed the band's new direction.<ref name=Lemos43>Template:Cite journal</ref> The song starts with the heartbeat of Max's then-unborn first son, Zyon,<ref name=chaos2>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> followed by some Afro-Brazilian drumming reminiscent of Salvador, Bahia samba-reggae group Olodum.<ref name="BG99-131"/> About the track's introductory guitar riff, Max said it "could have been created by a death metal band."<ref name=haagsma1993>Template:Cite web Archived at Sepultura.be</ref>

According to Max Cavalera, "diversity was the key to Chaos A.D.", also saying "Biotech Is Godzilla" was "pure hardcore".<ref name= haagsma1993/> "Nomad", with its characteristically slow riffs, was described by lead guitarist Andreas Kisser as their answer to Metallica's "Sad but True".<ref name=barcinski128/> The album also featured Sepultura's first all-acoustic incursion, "Kaiowas". "It's like a mixture of Led Zeppelin, Sonic Youth and Olodum", said Max of that particular song.<ref name=Lemos43/>

Chaos A.D. was their first record to use some lower guitar tunings. Half of the songs in the album are tuned down to D standard, except for "Kaiowas", which is in drop CTemplate:Music tuning.<ref>Sepultura Chaos A.D., 1994.</ref> Max Cavalera said he "had to fight Andreas over" retuning the guitars to D, partly because all of Sepultura's songs, until then, were written in standard tuning. He argued that Black Sabbath also played in D, and they could do the same.<ref>Template:Cite web Retrieved on July 20, 2024</ref>

Themes

After traveling extensively abroad for their Arise tour, the band came to see their home-country in a new light. Brazil's political issues and music then came to the fore. Sepultura targeted and denounced racism, discrimination, xenophobia and neocolonialism, and how they fueled destructive policies and power-hungry politicians. Writing for VICE, author J.J. Anselmi declared that the "social messages of Chaos A.D. are timeless and universal, making it one of the most important metal albums ever recorded."<ref name="Vice">Template:Cite web</ref>

The lyrics of "Refuse/Resist" mention "tanks on the streets, confronting police, bleeding the plebs."<ref name=chaos2/> Its chorus ("Refuse! Resist!") resembles a protest march slogan,<ref name="BG99-126">Template:Cite book</ref> and when released as a single featured a photograph of a South Korean student rushing at Seoul's riot police contingent while holding a Molotov cocktail.<ref name= refuseresist>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> Speaking to Kerrang!, Max Cavalera remembered: "This certainly got in touch with the dark side of Sepultura. "Refuse/Resist" is an anti-police song – a real piece of anarchy. You could call the album riot music. It was full of heavy shit and some of it was risky, but it was just where we were coming from at the time."<ref>Cavalera, Max / Beebee, Steve. Kerrang! Magazine. #1213, June 7, 2008. Treasure Chest. An Intimate Portrait Of A Life in Rock. P. 52</ref> The next song, "Territory", dealt with the conflict between the Palestinian and Israeli peoples.<ref name="BG99-126"/> "Slave New World" — with its lyrics co-written by Biohazard bassist Evan Seinfeld<ref name= barcinski128/> — was a protest against censorship.<ref name=thirdworlschaos>Template:Cite web</ref>

Massacres were a major part of Chaos A.D.Template:'s overall theme. "Amen" tackled the massacre of David Koresh's followers in Waco, Texas. "Manifest" had a faux-radio report of the Carandiru massacre,<ref name= barcinski128/> and "Kaiowas" was made in honor of a Brazilian Indian tribe that committed collective suicide in protest against the government that wanted to drive them off the land of their ancestors.<ref>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> "Nomad", written by Andreas, talked about people expelled from their homelands.<ref name= barcinski128/>

On Chaos A.D., Sepultura honored one of their biggest idols, Jello Biafra. Max had called Biafra asking him to contribute to the album with a song about the growing neo-Nazi movement. "I asked for something like 'Nazi Punks Fuck Off - Part 2'", remembers Max, referring to the anti-Nazi song "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" by the Dead Kennedys. But Biafra wasn't interested in recycling old ideas, and suggested a song called "Biotech Is Godzilla", that he had written during his visit to Eco '92, a world conference about ecology organized in Rio de Janeiro. "Jello spent ten minutes explaining me his crazy theories", said Max to Anamaria G. of Bizz magazine, "he said that George Bush had sent a group of scientists to Brazil to test germs and bacteria on human beings and use them as guinea pigs. The lyrics claim that biotechnology created AIDS. But they don't say that technology is bad, just that it's in the wrong hands."<ref name="BG99-130">Template:Cite book</ref>

Touring and promotion

By the time Chaos A.D. arrived, Sepultura were the biggest act of Roadrunner's roster. Aware of the band's increasing popularity, the label spent nearly $1 million on a "marketing blitz" which quickly guaranteed them silver and gold records in Belgium, France and the UK.<ref name="BG99-132">Template:Cite book</ref> The group also signed an exclusive distribution deal with a major label, Epic Records, home of Pearl Jam and Rage Against the Machine.<ref name= mudrian189>Template:Cite book</ref> This deal eventually went sour: Epic paid little attention to Sepultura,<ref name="BG99-143">Template:Cite book</ref> preferring to invest in Fight and Prong.<ref name=mudrian189/>

The Chaos A.D. tour launched on October 23, 1993, with gothic metal band Paradise Lost as the opening act. The tour went well, except for an incident where Berlin's police received a false tip claiming that Sepultura's tour bus was loaded with a major cocaine shipment.<ref name="BG99-132"/> Enraged by the unjust search and seizure procedure, Max re-wrote "Antichrist", from their 1985 Bestial Devastation EP, as "Anti-Cop",<ref name="BG99-133">Template:Cite book</ref> and then the band proceeded in playing the song live throughout the tour (a recorded version is available on the combined re-release of Bestial Devastation/Morbid Visions and The Roots of Sepultura albums).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While touring Europe, rumors floated around that Sepultura would be part of the latest edition of Brazil's Hollywood Rock music festival, taking place in January 1994.<ref name="BG99-133"/> The event would happen simultaneously on São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro. Chaos A.D. has sold more than 2 million copies worldwide. The North American leg, which was co-headlined by Pantera, coincided with the 1994 FIFA World Cup, with the concert in Irvine, California, taking place on July 17, a few hours after the tournament final, in nearby Pasadena. Sepultura, whose members attended the match, took to the stage decorated in the Brazilian colors in celebration of the national team's triumph in the tournament.<ref name="Placar">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In October 1994, the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black was released. It was the brainchild of producer Bob Chiappardi, a project two years in the making. Nativity in Black featured mostly "up-and-coming" bands such as White Zombie, Biohazard, Type O Negative and Therapy?. Sepultura's contribution was their "Symptom of the Universe" cover, a song they played live since the Beneath the Remains (1989) tour. According to the band, the invitation came due to their good relations with Concrete, Chiappardi's production company.<ref name="tributo">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="sepultura25">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In November, Sepultura did a brief Brazilian tour with The Ramones. Fellow countrymen Viper and Raimundos were the opening acts. The tour spanned five dates, with shows in Curitiba, Florianópolis, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Santo André. The joint tour came about as happenstance: both bands wanted to tour in Brazil in the same time period.<ref name="BG99-143"/><ref name="sepultura25">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="ConcertArchives">Template:Cite web</ref>

Third World Chaos

Sepultura's second home video, Third World Chaos, was released in VHS format in June 27, 1995. It features interviews, music videos, behind-the-scenes footage, and portions of concerts and jam sessions from the Chaos AD tour. The video starts with a live (and sped-up) rendition of their Motörhead cover "Orgasmatron" from their 1994 Monsters of Rock show, at Donington Park, UK. It segues to a series of press clippings with Roy Mayorga's "Chaos BC" remix serving as background music. The "Slave New World" promotional video comes next, with a brief making of scene and Max explaining to a Japanese interviewer the song's theme. This leads to Iron Maiden singer Bruce Dickinson interviewing both Max and Andreas, and they clarify the concept behind "Kaiowas" title and how it was recorded. The band plays the song live on MTV Europe and on their Monsters of Rock gig. More backstage antics are shown, now with tourmates Biohazard together in a percussive jam. The promos for "Refuse/Resist" and "Territory" are next.<ref name=thirdworlschaos /><ref name="AllChaos">Template:Cite web</ref>

There's also older archival footage on Third World Chaos. One example is the "Arise" video, whose location shooting was California's Death Valley, where the infamous Manson Family resided for a time in the late 1960s. There's also their first ever promo —"Inner Self"—a track taken from their Beneath the Remains album.<ref name=thirdworlschaos />

Critical reception

Template:Music ratings Chaos A.D. received positive reviews from music critics, with many commending the album's experimentation and sense of the band coming into their own. AllMusic declared it one of the best heavy metal albums of all time, calling it "a remarkable achievement not only in its concentrated power and originality, but also in the degree to which Sepultura eclipsed their idols in offering a vision of heavy metal's future."<ref name="allmusic"/> Entertainment Weekly proclaimed that "Sepultura will separate casual headbangers from rabid addicts fast... even non-metalheads will be impressed by the variety in [Chaos A.D.]: they're not averse to slowing things down."<ref name=cduniverse/>

Legacy and influence

Chaos A.D. was a watershed moment for the band, with Ultimate Guitar calling it the album "that elevated Sepultura to even greater heights" as well as "one of the most important and influential metal albums of the 90's".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The quartet faced many challenges with the record. For one, they made a risqué transition from their earlier death/thrash sound. Sepultura also traversed the radical shift in the rock music scene of the 1990s, with the sudden popularity of alternative rock. "We made a record that was very metal", said Max Cavalera; there "was an explosion of grunge and nobody wanted anything to do with metal." Despite everything, Chaos A.D. was ultimately a triumph. "It was a magical and very inspiring time" remembers the elder Cavalera.<ref name="Grunge">Template:Cite web</ref>

Sound of the Beast author Ian Christe credits Chaos A.D., along with Pantera, for developing the groove metal style, which would later influence other artists in the 1990s.<ref name=Christie264>Template:Cite book</ref> It is one of Joe Duplantier's top ten albums, guitarist-songwriter for Gojira. In his opinion, Chaos A.D. "gave birth to the whole nu-metal scene."<ref name="RollGojira">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Korn were inspired by the album when they started out.<ref name="Korn">Template:Cite web</ref> At least two members from Slipknot attested how Chaos A.D. was important to them.<ref name="SlipRollBR">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="TMDQA">Template:Cite web</ref>

Chaos A.D. was ranked 29th on Rolling Stone's and 63th on NME's 100 greatest metal albums lists.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Refuse/Resist", the album's first single, charted at number 26 in VH1's "40 Greatest Metal Songs" list.<ref>"VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs", 1–4 May 2006, VH1 Channel, reported by VH1.com; last accessed September 10, 2006.</ref> In Rolling Stone Brasil's list of the 100 greatest MPB records, Chaos A.D. held the 46th position. According to the magazine, the album was a "point of inflection" for the band and the heavy metal scene. It paved the way to "another essential record"—Roots<ref name= "RSBR1">Espírito Santo 2007, page 119.</ref>—ranked No. 57 in the same list.<ref name= "RSBR2">Pereira 2007, page 122.</ref>

Impact

Sepultura's newfound interest in the music and socials ills of Brazil inspired—or ran parallel to—their fellow countrymen's own MPB/metal experiments. One particular case was Overdose, Sepultura's former Cogumelo labelmates. Overdose's 5th album, Progress of Decadence (1993), opened with "Rio, Samba e Porrada na Morro", an industrial-meets-samba intro five years in the making. The rest of the album segues into their own brand of groove metal.<ref name="overdose62">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Furthermore, Overdose inserted political themes in their lyrics, although they had been doing such before Sepultura.<ref name="overdose63">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Saravá metal group Gangrena Gasosa's debut Welcome to Terreiro (1993) opens with "Troops of Olodum", a spoof on Sepultura's "Troops of Doom" complete with the song's intro riff and Olodum-styled percussion.<ref name="GG">Template:Cite web</ref>

On Brazilian band Angra's concept album, Holy Land,<ref name="monteiro14">Template:Cite magazine</ref> lead guitar player Kiko Loureiro said that, when composing for their second album, the MPB influence "came naturally".<ref name="monteiro12">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Despite this statement there was, indeed, a concerted effort by the group to explore their Brazilian musical identity. It was partly a response to the criticism directed towards Angels Cry (1994), which drew many comparisons to Helloween, Iron Maiden and others.<ref name="monteiro14"/> Holy Land and Sepultura's Roots were released a month apart from each other, and they both highlighted a major moment for Brazil's metal scene.<ref name="Holy Roots">Template:Cite web</ref>

Although it became a popular trend in the 1990s, the mixing of metal and percussion remains a controversial topic in the Brazilian scene. One example is the "tribal" thrash metal of Krucipha, which takes inspiration from Pernambuco's maracatu through the states' manguebeat movement. The band's music still divides opinions, enraging metal purists.<ref name="Krucipha">Template:Cite web</ref>

Track listing

Notes

• The original release contained a hidden track (laughter outtakes from "We Who Are Not as Others") after "Clenched Fist".
• "Territory" and "Amen/Inner Self" were recorded live in Minneapolis in March 1994.

Personnel

• Max Cavalera – vocals, rhythm guitar, 4-string guitar, nylon string guitar
• Igor Cavalera – drums, percussion
• Paulo Jr. – bass, floor tom
• Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, 12-strings viola, steel-string acoustic guitar
• Silvio Bibika – studio roadie
• Simon Dawson – assistant engineer
• Alex Newport – guitar sound, feedback advisorTemplate:Citation needed
• Dave Somers – assistant engineer
• Andy Wallace – producer, mixing
• George Marino – mastering
• Steve Remote - recording engineer
• Michael Whelan – cover artwork ("Cacophony")
• Gary Monroe – photography
• Recorded at Rockfield Studios, South Wales (though the liner notes incorrectly state "South Wales, England")
• "Kaiowas" recorded at Chepstow Castle, Wales
• Mixed at The Wool Hall Recording Studios, Bath, England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Charts

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chart

Chart (1993-1994)	Peak position
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)<ref name=FINI>Template:Cite book</ref>	4

Template:Album chart

Chart (1996)	Peak position

References

Works cited

• Pereira, Leonardo Dias (2007, October). Os 100 maiores discos da música brasileira. Rolling Stone Brasil, 13, 109-114; 116-120; 122-126. Template:ISSN
• Santo, José Julio do Espírito (2007, October). Os 100 maiores discos da música brasileira. Rolling Stone Brasil, 13, 109-114; 116-120; 122-126. Template:ISSN
• Sepultura (1993). Chaos A.D. [CD]. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records.
• Sepultura Chaos A.D. (1994). Port Chester, NY: Cherry Lane Music.