Dnieper

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The Dnieper or Dnepr (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),Template:Efn also called the Dnipro. is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Approximately Template:Convert long,<ref name=statistics>Template:Cite web</ref> with a drainage basin of Template:Convert, it is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In antiquity, the river was part of the Amber Road trade routes. During the Ruin in the later 17th century, the area was contested between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire, dividing what is now Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the Soviet period, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat River, a tributary of the Dnieper, just upstream from its confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, certain segments of the river were made part of the defensive lines between territory controlled by the Russians and the Ukrainians.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Names

Dnieper

File:Pontic Olbia Borysthenes.jpg
Human representation of the Dnieper river (known as Borysthenes) on an Ancient Greek coin of Pontic Olbia, 4th–3rd century BC
File:Mahiloŭ, Dniaproŭski most-Traječča. Магілёў, Дняпроўскі мост-Траечча (1901-17).jpg
Pre-1918 photo with the old spelling of Dnieper (Template:Lang)

The river is also sometimes called by the Russian name Dnepr<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:Lang,Template:Sfn<ref name=":2" /> pre-revolutionary spelling Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent when pronounced in English, although it may be sounded: Template:IPAc-en<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> or Template:IPAc-en.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite dictionary</ref>

Dnipro derives from Template:Langx.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> The English pronunciation is Template:IPAc-en.<ref>Dnipro www.dictionary.com</ref> The Ukrainian name has a rare form Template:Langx and rare dialectal Template:Langx.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The Middle Ukrainian form attested in the 16th to 18th centuries was Template:Langx.<ref name=":1" /> The city of Dnipro is named for the river.

In Belarusian, the river is called Template:Langx, or Template:Langx.<ref>Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя, 1994. — С. 144. — 415 с. — 10 000 экз.</ref>

These names are all cognate, deriving from Old East Slavic Template:Lang (Dŭněprŭ). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either Sarmatian *Template:Lang ("Farther River") in parallel with the Dniester ("Nearer River") or from Scythian *Template:Lang ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of fords,<ref name="Mallory, J.P 2000. p. 106">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (tr "Ossetian language and folklore"). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. p. 236</ref> from which was also derived the Late Antique name of the river, Template:Lang Template:Lang, as found in the Ravenna Cosmography.<ref name="smithdictborys">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>Template:Sfn

Borysthenes

The earlier Graeco-Roman name of the river, as attested by Herodotus, was "Borysthenes" (Template:Langx;Template:Sfn Template:Langx, Template:Langx<ref name=":1" />) and later Template:Lang Danapris.Template:Sfn The name Borysthenes was derived from a Scythian name whose form was:

Ovid used Template:Lang, an adjective derived from Template:Lang, as the river's poetic Latin name.<ref name="l&sborysthenes2">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Var

The Huns' name for the river, Template:Transliteration, was derived from Scythian Template:Transliteration, meaning "Broad." This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the Volga river, Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), which was also derived from Scythian Template:Transliteration.Template:Sfn

Other names

In Ukrainian it is also known poetically as Template:Langx or Template:Langx,<ref name=":1" /> from an old name used in Kievan Rus'. This is due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers,<ref name="Yatzik2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed and to the Slavutych station of the Kyiv Metro.

In Crimean Tatar, the river is known as Template:Langx. In Turkish it is Template:Langx or Template:Langx, which was derived from Ochakiv.<ref>Template:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi</ref>

Geography

Template:See also The total length of the river is variously given as Template:Convert<ref name=statistics /> or Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Mishyna, Liliana. Hydrographic research of Dnieper river Template:Webarchive. Derzhhidrohrafiya.</ref> of which Template:Convert are within Russia, Template:Convert are within Belarus,<ref name=statistics /> and Template:Convert are within Ukraine. Its basin covers Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert are within Ukraine,<ref name="EoU">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Template:Convert are within Belarus.<ref name=statistics />

The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of Template:Convert.<ref name="EoU"/> For Template:Convert of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.Template:Citation needed<ref>Sigismund von Herberstein places 'Oczakow' (today's "Ochakiv") on the coast of the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini) in his 1549 map.www.baarnhielm.net Template:Webarchive</ref>

The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of Kamaryn in Brahin Raion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Tributaries

Template:Main The Dnieper has as many as 32,000 tributaries, with 89 being rivers greater than Template:Convert in length.<ref name="splendid">Splendid Dnieper. There is no straighter river. Ukrinform. 4 July 2015</ref> The main tributaries are, from its source to its mouth, with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated:Template:Cn

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Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant Lybid (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.Template:Cn The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.<ref name="splendid"/>

Rapids

File:Дніпрові пороги 1915.jpg
Rapids at Dnieper in 1915
File:Tractus Borysthenis vulgo Dniepr et Niepr Dicti, à Kiovia ufque ad Bouzin, Willem Blaeu (Amsterdam, 1662).jpg
Tractus Borysthenis or Dnieper (from Bovzin city to Chortyca island) in 1662

The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, first mentioned in the Kyiv Chronicle.Template:Clarify The route was probably established in the late 8th and early 9th centuries and gained importance from the 10th until the early part of the 11th century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.

Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a smaller number), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.

After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.

Canals

There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:

Fauna

The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range.<ref name="Benson">Template:Cite web</ref> The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.<ref name="Benson"/>

Delta

File:Dnipro estuary.jpg
Thematic map (upper) and false-colour IR from satellite images of the Dnieper delta, captured 8 August 2015

The city of Kherson lies on the northern bank, upstream of the Dnieper delta, before the Dnieper meets the Southern Bug river in the Dnieper–Bug estuary.

Ecology

Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from anthropogenic influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Dnieper is close to the Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps (near Kamianske) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) which is located next to the mouth of the Pripyat River.

Almost Template:Convert of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh).<ref name="splendid"/> 90% of river transport in Ukraine occurs on the Dnieper,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> however, its overall contribution to total transport is less than 0.5%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to Template:Convert access as far as the port of Kyiv, and thus are an important transportation corridor.Template:Citation needed The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.Template:Citation needed

Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Bug River. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without any ship lock near the town of Brest, Belarus, has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

Reservoirs and hydroelectric power

Template:Main Template:Location map+ From the mouth of the Pripyat to the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station, there are six sets of dams and hydroelectric stations, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity.<ref name="splendid"/> The Kakhovka dam was destroyed on 6 June 2023 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,<ref name="ISW_6June2023">Template:Cite Q</ref> with the subsequent drying up of the Kakhovka Reservoir revealing the original course of the river in the area and disconnecting four canal networks known as the Great Meadow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.Template:Citation needed

Location Dam Reservoir area Hydroelectric station Date of construction
Kyiv Kyiv Reservoir Template:Convert Kyiv Hydroelectric Station 1960–1964
Kaniv Kaniv Reservoir Template:Convert Kaniv Hydroelectric Station 1963–1975
Kremenchuk Kremenchuk Reservoir Template:Convert Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station 1954–1960
Kamianske Kamianske Reservoir Template:Convert Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant 1956–1964
Zaporizhzhia Dnieper Reservoir Template:Convert Dnieper Hydroelectric Station 1927–1932; 1948
Kakhovka Kakhovka Reservoir Template:Convert Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station† 1950–1956

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Regions and cities

File:Dnieper Nasa 2004-05-06.jpg
Satellite image of the Dnieper and its tributaries

Regions

Cities

Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):

Arheimar, a capital of the Goths, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.<ref name=KERSHAW>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the arts

Literature

The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol A Terrible Vengeance (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko.

In the adventure novel The Long Ships (also translated Red Orm), set during the Viking Age, a Scanian chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

Films

The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving Saint Petersburg but get attacked by wolves.

In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko, Lyudmila Zykina, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk, Mykola Hnatyuk. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter – Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator – Alexander Platonov.<ref>Template:YouTube</ref>

The 2018 film Volcano was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.

Music

In 1941, the Soviet composer Mark Fradkin wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.<ref>Template:YouTube</ref>

Visual arts

The Dnieper has been a subject for many artists over the centuries.

The Dnieper is one of the national symbols of Ukraine.<ref>Work on the subject Ukrainian national symbols. Library of Ukrainian literature.</ref> It is mentioned in the country's national anthem. Several historical geographical names relating to Ukraine include the name of the river, such as Dnieper Ukraine (Template:Transliteration), Right-bank Ukraine, and Left-bank Ukraine. The Ukrainian cities of Dnipro, Dniprorudne, Kamianka-Dniprovska are named after the river.

The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location, "beyond the rapids".<ref>"...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", Henryk Sienkiewicz, With Fire and Sword, chap. 7.</ref>

The folk metal band Turisas have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album The Varangian Way.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

Notes

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References

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Sources

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Further reading

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