Dorado, Puerto Rico
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Dorado (Template:IPA) is a town and municipality on the northern coast of Puerto Rico, Template:Convert west of San Juan and is located in the northern region of the island, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, north of Toa Alta, east of Vega Alta, and west of Toa Baja. Dorado is subdivided into five barrios and Dorado Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. During the early 18th century, there were already mentions of a "Sitio de Dorado" (meaning a golden place) in some San Juan registers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since the beginning of the Spanish colonial period and until 1831, Dorado existed as a barrio (or ward) of the town of Toa Baja. Over several years, the ward grew and established its own town center called the "new pueblo" to differentiate itself from Toa Baja, which became known as the "old pueblo." Over several years, the barrios that currently make up Dorado grew and the people of the "new pueblo" wanted to separate themselves from Toa Baja.
On November 22, 1842, Jacinto López Martínez, the Sergeant at Arms for the ward of Dorado, petitioned the Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico, Santiago Méndez Vigo, to establish the municipality of Dorado. The governor authorized the founding of the town pending the construction of public works, including an administrative building and a church near the town square. In 1848, the construction of the public works were completed and López Martínez became the first mayor of Dorado. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1902, four years after the Spanish–American War, Dorado was again appended to Toa Baja. But in 1905 it regained its status as a separate town. Nowadays, Dorado has upscale neighborhoods and a small downtown area with a plaza (main town square), as other Puerto Rican municipalities. The town's patron saint is Anthony of Padua, and patron saint celebrations are held at the plaza every year on June 13.
History
Pre-Columbian period and colonization
The region adjacent Toa river (modern day La Plata river) was inhabited by several indigenous groups that left behind physical proof of their presence in the region.<ref name="Canino22" /> The area surrounding the Toa river was scouted by Juan Ponce de León during his initial reconnaissance of the geography of the main island.<ref name="Canino21">Template:Harvnb</ref> Near it, the Conquistadores built some huts in which to rest.<ref name="Canino21" /> However, citing "difficulties" with the region, the Spaniards opted to move to the region that would eventually become Caparra, the colonial Spanish capital of San Juan Bautista (the original Spanish name for Puerto Rico).<ref name="Canino22">Template:Harvnb</ref> During the beginning of the Spanish colonization, the area known as Toa was ruled by Taíno cacique (a title akin to Chief) Aramaná, who controlled the regions comprising Punta Salinas to Cibuco river (modern day Toa Baja through Vega Baja).<ref name="Canino22" /> After Agüeybana I (a title akin to High Chief or king) entered in association with the Spanish conquistadors through the guaytiao he became known as Francisco de Aramaná, also being recognized as a Don.<ref name="Canino22" /> Now technically as politically influential as Agüeybana due to the ceremony, the Spanish were able to include the lower ranking caciques, including Aramaná, in the encomiendas system and placed several in charge of royal farms and mining operations near Toa river.<ref name="Canino22" /> The region proved production both in agriculture and mining and an assimilation process began between both cultures.<ref name="Canino24">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ponce de León himself created Hacienda del Rey and requested the creation of a new conuco near Toa river, which was later sold to Pedro Ortiz.<ref name="Canino24" /> The conquistador also built other properties that he later sold to other Spaniards.<ref name="Canino25">Template:Harvnb</ref> Around 500 Taínos worked under the caciques in the area.<ref name="Canino23">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Oral tradition claims that a Spaniard named Juan González somehow survived long enough after being severely injured in the initial Taíno offensive of the Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén to reach the region of Toa and warn the conquistadores.<ref name="Canino26">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ten years after the beginning if the colonization, more than 17 estates were built in the region, with harvests being transported through the Toa river to Palo Seco and to the Capital from there.<ref name="Canino26" /> After Ponce de León transferred Hacienda del Rey to other Spaniards, the estate steadily declined and by 1524 denounces were made about its state.<ref name="Canino25" /> As more Spanish families settled, problems between neighbors arose, prompting Francisco de Negrete to request that a mayor was assigned to the region in 1611.<ref name="Canino28">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, it is not until 1731 that ra mayor, Juan Dávila, appears in the records.<ref name="Canino28" /> During the following decades, more than 24 mayors would serve office, with military officers taking prominence beginning in the 1740s.<ref name="Canino29">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Existence as part of Toa Baja
On September 11, 1627, San Juan's council ordered the creation of a ship route between Bayamón and Toa, giving control of the rent to the council of the first city.<ref name="Canino17">Template:Harvnb</ref> From here, the rest of the route was traversed on horseback.<ref name="Canino17"/> On the way from the Capital to the central north coast, two passages were encountered, the Palo Seco and the Boca Hababa river.<ref name="Canino17"/> After crossing the second, a rest area was built in modern-day Barrio Mameyal.<ref name="Canino18">Template:Harvnb</ref> With an increase in traffic, the inhabitants of the town of Toa saw business opportunities and began joining the local fishermen, steadily creating a small settlement.<ref name="Canino18"/> By the first half of the 18th century, the locale was already known as "Dorado", "Boca del Dorado" or "Alto del Dorado" and referred to as such in official documentation.<ref name="Canino18"/> The municipality of Toa Baja was founded either in 1745.<ref name="Canino29"/> Other sources place the foundation taking place in 1747. With this development, the region became part of it.<ref name="Canino19">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Santa Hermandad mayor would then become municipal mayor.<ref name="Canino29"/> By 1748, the Settler Captain was George García Páes.<ref name="Canino30">Template:Harvnb</ref> In February 1761, there was a conflict between the overseer of the Boca Havana passage, Cayetano Quiñones, and the local fishermen in which the location became relevant.<ref name="Canino18"/> The control and lent of these passages remained in contention during the following century, with the San Juan council refereeing similar issues.<ref name="Canino19"/>
Towards the 18th century's end and entering the 19th century, the municipality had become a hub for sugar plantations led by Spanish hacendados and slavers, who exploited an international need for sugar caused by the Haitian revolution to export it and derivatives like rum while also meeting local demands.<ref name="Canino31">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other crops were also grown, but no priority was given to them.<ref name="Canino31"/> The end of the Napoleonic wars and the elimination of some taxes allowed a new generation of hacendados from the capital of San Juan to benefit from the booming industry, among the mayors Jacinto López Martínez and José Canales.<ref name="Canino33">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, the roads that lead to Western Puerto Rico crossed through el Dorado and this, combined with flooding concerns, did not allow the municipality to develop a proper urban center, with Palo Seco being its main commerce epicenter.<ref name="Canino33"/> By 1820, Dorado itself was as big as the municipal town and the crisis lead to a proposal of relocating the municipal town there being presented to colonial governor Miguel de la Torre by hacendados with ties to him during a visit.<ref name="Canino34">Template:Harvnb</ref> On October 20, 1824, the move was authorized, but it stalled due to opposition from the settlers.<ref name="Canino35">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, this same year a hurricane named Santa Ana ravaged and flooded the municipal town, causing the death of people and cattle, accelerating the process.<ref name="Canino36">Template:Harvnb</ref> The following years, the construction of a royal house and a church had begun at Dorado.<ref name="Canino35"/> During this time, Toa Baja's mayor José Marí Ramírez de Arellano requested moving the boat access point near the entry of Dorado to a more accessible location, avoiding dangerous body of waters in the process, which was later conceded by the council of San Juan.<ref name="Canino37">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, the free transit to Dorado for the neighbors of the municipal town of Toa Baja was attended afterwards, despite being part of the initial request.<ref name="Canino39">Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1829, the local militias and the justice offices were relocated as well.<ref name="Canino36"/> However, entering the following decades the dissidents of the move led by mayor José Manuel de Córdova extra officially forced the return of the municipal institutions and returned them to Toa Baja, claiming lack of proper maintenance.<ref name="Canino39"/> Despite this, Dorado continued growing as the traffic of people traversing through the royal road rose.<ref name="Canino40">Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1832, a teacher named José Viada was teaching the local children.<ref name="Canino135">Template:Harvnb</ref> The settlement eventually earned the nickname of "Pueblo Nuevo" to differentiate it from Toa Baja ("Pueblo Viejo").<ref name="Canino331">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Secession disputes with Toa Baja
With the plantations led by administrators, the flourish in the sugar industry continued until 1840, when the market entered in a crisis and the price if products crashed, leaving the region with a declining industry.<ref name="Canino33"/> In 1839, Palo Seco opted to become a separate municipality.<ref name="Canino34"/> On March 10, 1841, colonial governor Santiago de Méndez Vigo authorized moving all the administrative offices from Dorado to Toa Baja, faced by pressure from the settlers.<ref name="Canino39"/> Consequently, former mayor and hacendado Jacinto López Martínez, who had employed his friendship with De la Torre to acquire local terrains between 1813 and 1835, proposed creating a separate municipality by the name of El Dorado to secure his wealth by acquiring the title of Settlement Captain.<ref name="Canino40"/> In a reunion with friends and family, he formalized this request.<ref name="Canino43">Template:Harvnb</ref> The justification was based in the population growth in Dorado and adjacent barrios and possessing enough resources to sustain itself separately.<ref name="Canino44">Template:Harvnb</ref> In arrangements that took place on July 27, 1841, in San Juan, López was joined by José de Folgueras as prospective beneficiaries if the move and his proposal was supported by Manuel Canales, Celedonio Nevárez, Juan P. Nevárez, Domingo López, Andrés Martínez, Florencio Sánchez, José M. López, Ignacio Arrazaín and Ignacio Cordero, who offered to build the buildings necessary to sustain the town.<ref name="Canino43"/> The official request took place shortly afterwards, with the governor requesting feedback from the municipality of Toa Baja after being counseled to do so.<ref name="Canino44"/> After more than a month, the reply contained strong opposition to the separation, heavily criticizing the capacities of those involved in the request citing personal ambitions as a motive and claiming that the lands were unproductive, that the area was plagued with environmental factors that "resulted in the early death" of its residents and that the water was unclean.<ref name="Canino44"/> The rebuttal also claimed that the barrios pushing for separation were unable too poor to sustain the public workings of a town, despite being the ones that contributed most to the fisco up to this point, the purported lack of personnel and a workforce or that the proximity of the settlements would be unlawful.<ref name="Canino47">Template:Harvnb</ref> After being given copies of Toa Baja's opposition, López and Folgueras requested that the complaints were dismissed and questioned the accuracy of any of the counterarguments, also opting to criticize that some of the proponents were being targeted for being poor, which should not prevent them from entering association.<ref name="Canino49">Template:Harvnb</ref> The group also labelled Toa Baja as a failed municipality by using its iwn criteria, responding that the criticism for lack of a workforce was unfair since despite its age the town faced similar problems.<ref name="Canino50">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Public hearings were then proposed and accepted by the colonial governor.<ref name="Canino50"/> The process was assigned to Commander Miguel Delgado, who left to Toa Baja accompanied by witnesses Plácido de Cabrera and Juan M. Feijoó.<ref name="Canino50"/> The following day, March 10, 1842, the preliminary preparations began.<ref name="Canino50"/> Only 14 of the 120 available testified in the hearings, which were interviewed about their residence in Dorado and expressed favor for the creation of a municipality.<ref name="Canino51">Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn Delgado also supervised the status of progression in the construction of a Catholic church.<ref name="Canino51"/> On March 13, 1842, a process to interview the opponents at Toa Baja, who had since stepped our from authority, began and extended for three days.<ref name="Canino52">Template:Harvnb</ref> Afterwards, Delgado returned to San Juan with a report for the governor favoring the establishment of a new municipality due to favorable conditions and military potential and discarding proximity as a factor, since Camuy and Hatillo were already proximate.<ref name="Canino52"/> Méndez Vigo delegated the issue to an aid, Anacleto Buelta, who suggested interviewing the current Toa Baja administration and argued inconsistencies in witness selection.<ref name="Canino52"/> Delgado died suddenly shortly afterwards.<ref name="Canino53">Template:Harvnb</ref> Buelta then recommended beginning a new process again in Toa Baja, which the colonial governor conceded and assigned the task to councilor Domingo García.<ref name="Canino53"/> On May 28, 1842, he left the capital accompanied by witnesses Plácido de Cabrera and Eusebio de Cabrera.<ref name="Canino53"/> The second set of hearings began on June 1, 1842, in the town hall of Toa Baja, which assigned a commission to oversee the process, with several of the previous deponents ratifying their previous statements and 23 inhabitants of Dorado supporting the request for separation, with the remainder being forced to attend subsequent hearings by the local court.<ref name="Canino55">Template:Harvnb</ref> All ratified their previous support except five, who felt that they would be forced to work in the church, a job that they had left at Toa Baja.<ref name="Canino57">Template:Harvnb</ref> The only exceptions, according to the rural mayors of Dorado and Maguayo, were either sick or absent.<ref name="Canino">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Toa Baja Commission, represented by mayor Juan Landrón an overseer and the municipal secretary, proposed that only proprietors, those that paid subsidies, should be consulted, considering the declarations of those that didn't useless and potentially damaging to those that did.<ref name="Canino58">Template:Harvnb</ref> The municipal government also opposed the declarations of no -resident proponents, those that weren't family heads or that had any connection with the main proponents, accompanied by a list of people that they considered ineligible.<ref name="Canino60">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Founding of Dorado
On June 4, 1842, Landrón submitted a list of people that were considered eligible by his administration, including residents from barrios that were not initially interested in the action.<ref name="Canino61">Template:Harvnb</ref> This same day, opposition hearings were held where the administration if Toa Baja presented its case, with López and Folgueras serving as witnesses.<ref name="Canino62">Template:Harvnb</ref> A total of 91 neighbors from these barrios attended, with the opinions regarding the foundation of Dorado being in favor of the opposition 125–8, without counting a number of indifferent attendees.<ref name="Canino62"/> Hearing concluded on June 9, 1842, with a relevant report being completed the same day.<ref name="Canino64">Template:Harvnb</ref> Like the first, it was delegated to an aide.<ref name="Canino64"/> Two days later, López addressed the colonial governor requesting a copy of the aide's conclusion, citing the suspicion that the municipality of Toa Baja had used ineligible witnesses to dilate the process.<ref name="Canino64"/> Shortly afterwards, López impugned the declarations of opposing witnesses, noting that most did not live near the proposed municipality and that others simply wanted to avoid paying more to the government, requesting statistics of paying inhabitants of Dorado with which to argue that they were capable of sustaining a new town.<ref name="Canino65">Template:Harvnb</ref> On August 12, 1842, the proponents sent a recount of the process and requested that the colonial governor authorized the founding of Dorado, printing the aid to request the opinion of the Toa Baja administration.<ref name="Canino65"/> On September 8, 1842, the municipal government once again opposed the separation.<ref name="Canino66">Template:Harvnb</ref> After receiving it, aide Melitón Belanzathegui recommended proceeding with the foundation of a new municipality, with Méndez Vigo authorizing the creation of San Antonio del Dorado on November 22, 1842.<ref name="Canino66"/> The government made demands guaranteeing the construction of several building, towards which López placed his own properties as collateral.<ref name="Canino67">Template:Harvnb</ref> The founders also requested to begin the process to assign or elect relevant authority figures, all of which were granted.<ref name="Canino68">Template:Harvnb</ref> The colonial governor also named López Settler Captain and ordered that all buildings were completed within a year and a half.<ref name="Canino68"/> The demarcation process was initially overseen by Pedro García with the help of Julio O'Neill of the Bayamón Department with Carlos Vuagneaux taking charge following a suspención due to weather, and began on January 10, 1843, extending for six days.<ref name="Canino68"/> The cost of establishing the new municipality ascended 4,196 pesos with 20 cents.<ref name="Canino69">Template:Harvnb</ref> Despite the founding of a number of schools, the education in the new municipality was troubled by the instability in the permanency of teachers appointed by the Catholic Church.<ref name="Canino135"/>
During this time, there were around 17 high class residences in the municipality, while the working class lived in wood huts.<ref name="Canino185">Template:Harvnb</ref> Depending on an agricultural economy, there were several hundred African slaves working in the Spanish haciendas of Dorado.<ref name="Canino88">Template:Harvnb</ref> On March 6, 1843, there was a slave uprising in the hacienda of Francisco Cantero, who after being received by gunfire in the Catholic Church in Toa Baja, fled to the sugar plantations of Dorado, where the government captured them and sentenced several to death.<ref name="Canino87">Template:Harvnb</ref> Despite royal decrees prohibiting the traffic of African slaves, the Spaniards continued illegally importing them, with Dorado mayor José Carreras actively participating in the trade.<ref name="Canino88"/> However, the salve population was severely hit by a cholera epidemic, and two years later the colonial government confiscated a ship property of Carreras was confiscated due to its suspected links with the activity.<ref name="Canino91">Template:Harvnb</ref> Consternation in the colonial authorities lead to the slaves being permitted to file complaints before the Municipal Sindico Receiver.<ref name="Canino98"/> A predominantly Catholic culture also brought another phenomenon, in which repentant slave owners set them free as part if their last will.<ref name="Canino100">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other work sources, like corral fishing, required permission first from the council of San Juan and later from the municipal administration.<ref name="Canino133">Template:Harvnb</ref>
By 1848, the municipality of Dorado was running all of its functions under López, now mayor and War Lieutenant and in charge of filling several reports related to the population, wealth and agricultural production.<ref name="Canino71">Template:Harvnb</ref> Afterwards, the mayor would be elected by the governor from a pool of three candidates selected by the municipality's elite and only served a maximum of two years.<ref name="Canino76"/> During this time, the economy was dependent on 9 sugar haciendas and 54 cattle estates.<ref name="Canino103"/> The industry in question was dominated by López himself, Manuel Skerrett, Francisco Cantero, José Marrero, Carlos Vassallo, Miguel Torrens, Juan P. Nevárez, Florencio Salgado, and the inheritors of María E. Martínez.<ref name="Canino104">Template:Harvnb</ref> Being located in the Camino Real (Royal Highway) grocery and other types of stores were run by people like Antonio Solé, Benito Carreras, and Juana Sánchez and brothers.<ref name="Canino121">Template:Harvnb</ref> These types of businesses continued flourishing for the following decades.<ref name="Canino125"/> By 1859, there were 179 farms in Dorado.<ref name="Canino106"/> López, Salgado and others also created brick and lime powder factories.<ref name="Canino128"/> At the First Public Exposition of Industry, Agriculture and Arts, Lechet demonstrated his advances in processing white sugar, which earned him a silver commendation from the Secretary of the Royal Commerce Board, Andrés Viña.<ref name="Canino129">Template:Harvnb</ref> In the third edition of this event, a Dorado factory won the gold award for a variety if products.<ref name="Canino129"/>
Abolition of slavery and Spanish–American War
On March 19, 1850, the municipality was reclassified as a Second Class Mayorship.<ref name="Canino71" /> On August 4, 1860, Toa Baja mayor Manuel Aguayo proposed the merger of Dorado into Toa Baja, which was opposed by Dirado mayor Pablo A. Dueño and his administration.<ref name="Canino75" /> A month later the proposal was dropped by the colonial governor.<ref name="Canino75" /> Upon his death in 1862, López himself left money for his slaves.<ref name="Canino101">Template:Harvnb</ref> His inheritors failed to preserve the terrains that were received from him.<ref name="Canino106">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1870, a group of four slaves -named Manuel Díaz, Juan Pedro, Juan D. Epifanio and Benito- killed the butler of hacienda La Monserrate, Manuel M. Sampayo Saldaña, who had developed a reputation for the eating the violently.<ref name="Canino95">Template:Harvnb</ref> For this act, the colonial government executed them on September 26, 1870.<ref name="Canino95" /> The event would become part of Dorado's oral tradition.<ref name="Canino95" /> Despite drop in the local price of slaves, some residents of Cuba would buy slaves and export them to that island where the price was rising.<ref name="Canino96">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1872, an incident involving a Frenchman named José Beaupied lead to the slaver being intervened and losing the four children of a slave that he had bought, but she was transferred to Dorado and with the help of a fellow Frenchman and later committed suicide.<ref name="Canino98">Template:Harvnb</ref> The event was controversial and lead to the local British ambassador, H. August Cowper, protesting the moving if slaves between the islands before the Spanish crown.<ref name="Canino98" /> Telegraph lines were placed in 1870, connecting Dirado to several municipalities and remaining in service for more than a century.<ref name="Canino190" />
As abolition became impending, several entities including Sucesión de Torrens, Sobrinos de Arrazaín and Skerret y Hermanos joined individuals such as Ambrosio Martorell and released their slaves pro bono.<ref name="Canino101" /> For thus action, they were commended by the Spanish Crown on April 26, 1873.<ref name="Canino101" /> In total, the abolition granted freedom to 402 slaves in Dorado.<ref name="Canino102">Template:Harvnb</ref> Oral tradition claims that the freed celebrated until midnight, when a thunderstorm suddenly appeared and during which the tomb of Sampayo was struck by lightning.<ref name="Canino102" /> A series of earthquakes in late 1867 damaged buildings in Dorado, particularly the Catholic Church.<ref name="Canino187">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1872, local instruction was placed in charge of José Iglesias and six years later the situation began improving.<ref name="Canino135" /> In 1884, José D. Félix and Pedro M. Agüeeo founded private schools, which attended an interest of the higher classes to educate their children.<ref name="Canino137">Template:Harvnb</ref> Entering the next decade, there were six public schools and several hundred children being educated.<ref name="Canino137" /> However, the elementary system was troubled, with only two schools classified as Second Class by the government.<ref name="Canino138">Template:Harvnb</ref> By this time there were more than 200 houses in the urban area of Dorado and over 270 families.<ref name="Canino185" />
Dorado remained a poor municipality throughout the 19th century and the 1873 agricultural crisis exacerbated its issues to the point that towards 1897 was unable to pay debts that had been accumulating for nearly 30 years.<ref name="Canino72">Template:Harvnb</ref> During this crisis, several of the hacendados were forced to mortgage their haciendas, incurring in large debts that lead to some losing them.<ref name="Canino74">Template:Harvnb</ref> On July 20, 1870, the annexation to Toa Baja was proposed by conservatives, but failed to proceed.<ref name="Canino75" /> Early during this decade, there were seven businesses that paid subsidies, while during the second half there were some 14 businesses.<ref name="Canino126">Template:Harvnb</ref> On June 10, 1873, the municipality of Dorado requested permission to widen and deepen the La Plata river mouth to allow larger ships to enter in an attempt to reinvigorate the sugar industry.<ref name="Canino130">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, a prolonged draught seriously affected the crops and combined with the payment that was now given to former slaves, the situation quickly declined.<ref name="Canino130" />
Jacinto López II became mayor in 1875, holding the office until the year of his death nine years later, but despite this influence debt made him lose the terrains that once belonged to his father to the colonial government.<ref name="Canino107">Template:Harvnb</ref> The budgets were not satisfactory, but Dorado received the control of the passage of La Plata, which it rented.<ref name="Canino73">Template:Harvnb</ref> However, the passage soon became a point of contention between those that wanted to oversee it and the municipality, including a failed 1878 litigation presented to the colonial governor himself during a visit.<ref name="Canino73" /> By this year, there were only seven steam powered sugar mills working in the municipality.<ref name="Canino104" />
On March 8, 1891, the train track connecting Dorado to Manatí and Martín Peña were inaugurated.<ref name="Canino191">Template:Harvnb</ref> The passenger train would operate until the 1940s.<ref name="Canino191" /> A sales tax was imposed to try and counter the crisis in 1895, but within a year the abolition of Dorado as a municipality was considered.<ref name="Canino75">Template:Harvnb</ref> The final decade of the century borough forth a sugar renaissance, growing to 11 haciendas which were complemented by a coffee estate.<ref name="Canino104" /> By 1893, there were 229 farms, with seven totaling more than half of the terrains with Pablo Ubarri being the dominant owner.<ref name="Canino107" /> As consequence of the Spanish–American War, Dorado was placed in charge of the colonial American government on October 11, 1898.<ref name="Canino123">Template:Harvnb</ref>
American military administration
Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Dorado was 3,804.<ref name="OfficeSanger1900">Template:Cite book</ref>
This change in sovereignty resulted in several of the local haciendas being systematically redistributed between Americans such as R.S. Brown, William W. Miner and corporations like Y.P.R. Fruit Land Co. and Finlay Waymouth and Lee, Inc. during the following decade.<ref name="Canino123"/> Ubarri's terrains were fragmented and part of it ended being owned by Afred Livingston and his daughter Clara.<ref name="Canino123"/> The Parraoquial House was seized by the colonial government and in 1922 the municipality turned it into an emergency building.<ref name="Canino187"/>
Elections for municipal offices began being held on January 16, 1900.<ref name="Canino81">Template:Harvnb</ref> The results were certified by representative of the colonial government, Lt. Woodson Hocker.<ref name="Canino82">Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1902, there were six schools in Dorado.<ref name="Canino138"/> These institutions would later be staffed by Doradeños that graduated from the University of Puerto Rico, completed by other locals.<ref name="Canino139">Template:Harvnb</ref> With time, some families would dedicate to instruction.<ref name="Canino141">Template:Harvnb</ref> By the second decade of the century, Escuela Jacinto López Martínez and Segunda Unidad de Maguayo were built to accommodate the increasing school age population, with the first being created at the behest of mayor Heraclio López Canino.<ref name="Canino142">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Alfredo López would take the office of mayor from his father and begin a series of urban development projects.<ref name="Canino306">Template:Harvnb</ref> The following two decades, Pedro López Canino and two rural schools were built.<ref name="Canino142"/> Near it, the Escuela Ricardo Arroyo Laracuente served as middle school.<ref name="Canino143">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1952, Manuel Morales García was elected as mayor.<ref name="Canino307">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1964, a local high school was built so that local children did not have to travel to Toa Baja, the following decade it was renamed after local attorney José S. Alegría.<ref name="Canino142"/>
Pedro López Canino served as mayor taking over the municipal administration when Dorado's budget was merely $3,000, with this sum ascending to $18,000 by the 1920s.<ref name="Canino270">Template:Harvnb</ref> The first telephone lines were placed in 1910 and operators were employed until the 1960s.<ref name="Canino190"/> That same year, the Puerto Rico Power and Light Co. installed electrical lines.<ref name="Canino192"/>
New stores were founded early in this century, including El Siglo XX and Salgado y Pérez, both of which ceased to exist during the first half of the century.<ref name="Canino126"/> The first gas station in Dorado was founded by Ramón Pérez, who also created the Dorada Bus Line.<ref name="Canino127">Template:Harvnb</ref> Milk and ice were also distributed.<ref name="Canino128">Template:Harvnb</ref> Maritime and fresh water fishers were responsible for providing fresh fish and several would later become part of Dorado's oral tradition.<ref name="Canino133"/> During the 1950s, the Dorado Fishing Club introduced sport fishing to the municipality.<ref name="Canino134">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Ultimately, Dorado was annexed to Toa Alta in 1902, when the Puerto Rico legislature ordered the move due to its economic woes.<ref name="Canino76">Template:Harvnb</ref> In March 1905, the same entity reversed the move.<ref name="Canino76"/> By 1920, 177 farms remained, with a sharp decline in mid-sized and small properties.<ref name="Canino125">Template:Harvnb</ref> Three years after the death of Alfred Livingston in 1923, the government reclaimed Mata Redonda farm since it had been acquired illegally, but after being repelled with armed resistance during the impending, the case was seen by the colonial Federal Court, which failed in favor of Clara Livingston.<ref name="Canino124">Template:Harvnb</ref> With the foreign interests, cultivation of sugar rose and reached 400 square meters (a unit known in Spanish as "cuerda") of land, but coffee stopped being produced.<ref name="Canino125"/> Other fruits began increasing production during the 1940s.<ref name="Canino125"/> Most of the population was dependent on the opportunities offered by the agricultural entities, which lead to a pronounced unemployment rate.<ref name="Canino134"/> To counter this, the worker's union donated the building where the Dorado Hand Craft factory was established, operating for two decades.<ref name="Canino134"/> New aqueducts and a sewer system replaced a well based system during 1948–50.<ref name="Canino192">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1936, a new bridge crossing La Plata river was inaugurated.<ref name="Canino362">Template:Harvnb</ref>
During the 1940s, there was widespread construction of public and private housing to accommodate a series of government reforms.<ref name="Canino193">Template:Harvnb</ref> Among these was El Pueblo del Niño, a refuge for children.<ref name="Canino193"/> In 1947, the municipal assembly adopted the official map of Dorado that was proposed with the barrios of Higuillar, Maguayo, Espinosa, Mameyal and Río Lajas.<ref name="Canino362"/>
Commonwealth
In 1953, a widespread fire destroyed 11 houses, with its residents being relocated to new homes provided by charity.<ref name="Canino193"/> This precipitated the creation of a local fire station in 1956.<ref name="Canino194">Template:Harvnb</ref> The end of the Korean War lead to another urbanization wave.<ref name="Canino195">Template:Harvnb</ref> The construction of private project Urbanización Martorell resulted in several Doradeños returning to settle the houses.<ref name="Canino195"/> This tendency continued during the following three decades, with middle and high class projects being built.<ref name="Canino195"/> In 1957, a road was built between Dorado and Palo Seco.<ref name="Canino362"/>
By the mid-20th century, Dorado continued producing sugar, fruits and cattle, but there was a continued decline in the presence of small and mid-sized properties.<ref name="Canino104"/> However, by this time Finlay Waymouth and Lee, Inc. disappeared.<ref name="Canino124"/> Wealthy families, both local and American, continued acquiring the terrains of Dorado.<ref name="Canino124"/> During the 1950s, an economic shift lead to the virtual disappearance of the sugar industry and the terrains were repurposed for cattle.<ref name="Canino125"/> Clara Livingston sold her terrains to the Rockefeller family, who turned them into two hotels, Dorado Beach and Cerromar.<ref name="Canino123"/> Late in the decade, Dorado created a Municipal Library, located in the old emergency building.<ref name="Canino188">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Stores such as La Vencedora and La Favorita were founded during this time, operating during the following decades.<ref name="Canino127"/> In 1972, Alfonso López Chaar was elected mayor with a platform based on sports and culture.<ref name="Canino308">Template:Harvnb</ref> Dorado became the first municipality to adopt the landfill system.<ref name="Canino320">Template:Harvnb</ref> The 2nd G7 summit was held at the Dorado Beach Resort between June 27 and 28, 1976.<ref>Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): Summit Meetings in the Past; Template:Webarchive Shabecoff, Philip. "Go-Slow Policies Urged by Leaders in Economic Talks," Template:Webarchive New York Times. June 29, 1976; excerpt, "SAN JUAN, P.R., June 28 President Ford and six other leaders of industrial democracies announced here today that they had agreed to pursue the objective of sustained economic growth.... The leaders met at the palm fringed Dorado Beach Resort near here."</ref>
Casa del Rey, which after being acquired from the government by López had served as the house of several people and a political center, was restored by the municipality and the ICP during the second half of the 20th Century.<ref name="Canino190">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1985, the municipal administration began a restoration and redevelopment project named Dorado 2000 prior to the celebration of Dorado's 150th Anniversary.<ref name="Canino196">Template:Harvnb</ref> When Alfonso López Chaar left the office of mayor to become Secretary of State in 1987, his successor Carlos López became the youngest mayor in Puerto Rico at that point at the age of 29.<ref name="Canino198">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1988 the Committee on the Quality of Life of a Puerto Rico recognized the municipality as first in their life quality rankings.<ref name="Canino313">Template:Harvnb</ref> The municipality revalidated and was included into the entity's hall of fame.<ref name="Canino313"/> In 1989, Hurricane Hugo made landfall in Puerto Rico and caused heavy damages to the municipality.<ref name="Canino363">Template:Harvnb</ref> By the 1990s, Dorado del Mar had closed, with Cerromar and Dorado Beach continuing their function.<ref name="Canino332">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1991, a reforestation initiative named Dorado Siembra was implanted.<ref name="Canino363"/> That same year the ICP named the town's cultural program a "cultural model".<ref name="Canino363"/>
On January 6, 1992, floods destroyed the La Plata bridge.<ref name="Canino363"/> That same year, the administration of Dorado held concurrent Fifth Centenary and municipal anniversary events.<ref name="Canino363"/> The Dorado Airport was operated from 1942 to 1996. The airport began as a military landing strip, then became a civilian airport in the 1960s with Caribair and Dorado Wings flights operating until 1980 and 1982 respectively. The airport operated as a private landing strip throughout the 1980s and then fell into disrepair. In 1996, the airport was rezoned as residential land and redeveloped.
On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico. In Dorado, 1,175 homes were left without a roof and 625 homes were destroyed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In mid 2018, the United States Army Corps of Engineers announced it would be undertaking a major flood control project of a river that often causes flooding in Dorado, Río de la Plata.<ref name="2018_USACE">Template:Cite web</ref>
Act 60
In 2012, the Luis Fortuño administration passes broad tax incentives for foreigners through Acts 20 and 22 (later consolidated into Act 60–2019), which included 0% on capital gains and a 4% corporate rate. Some areas became favored by the individuals that arrived to Puerto Rico to benefit, including Dorado Beach where mansions and villas sold in the 20–30 million range.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The price of property in Dorado rose 66% between 2016 and 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With the turn of the decade more foreigners have moved to Dorado Beach, including Kevin Thobias and Logan Paul.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
Dorado is located in Puerto Rico's Northern Karst region. Much of its geology consists of alluvial and coastal/estuarine sediments of Quaternary age and limestones of Tertiary age.<ref name="PR_Ency">Template:Cite web</ref> The limestones are mostly in the south part of the municipality, in Espinosa, Maguayo and Rio Lajas barrios. These limestones exhibit mature karst topography of great beauty. It has been subjected to extensive quarrying, which have left unsightly scars in the landscape. Some local communities have gathered efforts to minimize quarrying and improve land management to protect the remaining karst topography and the fauna and flora that lives in it. Around 95% of Dorado's terrain are flood plains while the rest is part of a limestone region.<ref name="Canino103">Template:Harvnb</ref> The terrains are naturally fertilized when the Dorado, Plata and Lajas rivers go out of their limits.<ref name="Canino103"/> The rock formation known as Ojo de Buey is tourist attraction, also being associated with legends of ghosts and the claim that the pirate captain Roberto Cofresí's treasure is buried near it.<ref name="Canino334">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Hydrography
Some of the rivers of Dorado are:
- Rivers: Río Cocal, Río Lajas, Río de la Plata, and Río Nuevo.
- Mata Redonda Lagoon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Punta Fraile marsh<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Barrios
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Dorado is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as Template:Lang.<ref name="Pico_1969">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Law2015">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Some of the municipality's barrios are named after the name of its inhabitants or taíno names, even the region itself may have been taken from the last name of an early Spanish settler.<ref name="Canino210">Template:Harvnb</ref> Examples of this are Espinosa and Maguayo<ref name="Canino211">Template:Harvnb</ref> Others such as Higuilar, Mameyal, Marismillas and Río Lajas are named after flora or geographical features.<ref name="Canino212">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Sectors
Template:Further Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions)<ref name="Barrio-Pueblo">Template:Cite web</ref> are further subdivided into smaller areas called Template:Lang (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.<ref name="sectors">Template:Cite web</ref>
Special Communities
Template:See also Template:Lang (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Dorado: El Caño, Kuilan Barrio Espinosa, La Hormiga, Sector Calondrias, Sector El Cotto, Villa 2000, Villa Iriarte, and Villa Plata.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Climate
Dorado has a tropical climate that is very hot in the summer months and warm in the winter. Temperatures range around Template:Convert in the winter and Template:Convert in the summer.
Culture
Tourism
To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Dorado page lists Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and Template:Lang, as places of interest.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Dorado's cultural activities feature all of the traditional Puerto Rican elements, but focus on African and Spanish elements.<ref name="Canino145">Template:Harvnb</ref> Taíno elements are more conspicuous and mostly influence the food.<ref name="Canino145"/> Popular culture is promoted, which is represented by a number of interpreters such as Juan Boria, Joe Valle and Horacio Olivo.<ref name="Canino146">Template:Harvnb</ref> Local painters include José Bernandino and Marcos J. Alegría.<ref name="Canino146"/> In the early 20th century the Rockefeller family purchased plots of land in the northwest region of the municipality of Dorado where they built a huge private vacation compound. Laurance Rockefeller would later use this land to create Dorado Beach Hotel and Golf Club, which later became the Dorado Beach Hyatt Hotel which closed in 2007. Dorado Beach Hotel became a Ritz-Carlton hotel in 2012, which got the top spot in the 2019 Conde Naste Readers' Choice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Dorado Beach Ritz-Carlton is located on 1,400 acres and 3 miles of coastline.<ref> Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Dorado has long been known as a golf haven. Its tourist industry includes the Dorado Beach Resort (Ritz-Carlton Reserve & Plantation), the Hyatt Hacienda del Mar, and Embassy Suites in the Dorado Del Mar neighborhood. As of 2014 there are three operating golf courses in the municipality, the Dorado Beach East Course, the Plantation Sugarcane Course and the Plantation Pineapple Course. The Dorado del Mar course closed in 2014.
Landmarks and places of interest
According to a news article by Primera Hora, Dorado has 24 beaches, including Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Some of the places to visit in Dorado are located downtown. For example, the Museum Casa del Rey is the house built in most towns controlled by Spain during their colonization, which was intended for the King and Queen to stay if they visited. The museum includes several artifacts from the era. There's also the Distinguished Doradeños Square, and the Juan Boria Theater. The last one was recently reopened after a long period of restoration.
Some of the most visited beaches in Dorado are Sardinera, Kikita and El Unico are other beaches frequented by surfers. The Ojo del Buey Park is a park located at the base level of the La Plata River. The name comes from a rock formation that has the shape of an ox. The Dorado Pterocarpus Forest is also located in the municipality.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Dorado also has a church called the Sanctuary of Christ of the Reconciliation, that has the third largest statue of Jesus Christ in the Caribbean, inside its temple. Christmas celebrations extend throughout the season and into epiphany, prior to them the Strenna Mass is held and on Christmas Eve, the Misa de Gallo takes place.<ref name="Canino169">Template:Harvnb</ref> Folk traditions tied to these events include the sprinkling of sugar in houses to receive the new year, a practice where a man dresses as a representation of the old year with which residents have fun or release their frustrations for the fading year and trulla parties in which people dressed as the Three Wise Men and a vigil where music is played to celebrate the epiphany.<ref name="Canino173">Template:Harvnb</ref> As in the rest of Puerto Rico, this is followed by another period of celebration due to the octavas and octavitas.
Festivals and events
According to oral tradition, the Fiestas a la Santa Cruz have been celebrated since the municipality's foundation.<ref name="Canino155"/> Dorado also celebrates fiestas patronales to honor Antonio de Padua, which retain their religious origins but have included cultural activities such as trova contests, the coronation of a queen and La Alborada.<ref name="Canino155"/> During these, the municipality also celebrates a Day of the Absent Doradeños, in which those abroad visit and join a celebration in their name.<ref name="Canino162">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other days are dedicated to exemplary mothers and adopted citizens (the official title of "Adoptive Son" is given during these).<ref name="Canino162"/> General recreation activities include horse races, carny attractions, sack races, climbing competitions and eating contests among others.<ref name="Canino168">Template:Harvnb</ref> A variety of traditional food and sweets are also served.<ref name="Canino168"/> Prior to Lent, a carnival is hosted, although the religious significance of the date has since been phased out beyond the interaction of the Vejigantes, La Muerte en Cueros and the Negritos (a Christian allegory with pagan elements depicting tormenting demons and death as the great equalizer in relation to sinners represented by the Negritos, taking away the enjoyment of the demons) and now host other cultural elements.<ref name="Canino175">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Catholic practices attributed to Lent are widely practiced, along local ones such as preserving palm branches from Palm Sunday as a practice to ward off ill wishes and bad luck.<ref name="Canino179">Template:Harvnb</ref> Processions are celebrated during Easter week.<ref name="Canino181">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Dorado celebrates its patron saint festival in June. The Template:Lang is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.<ref name="PR_Ency" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The festival has featured live performances by well-known artists such as Raphy Leavitt, Ismael Miranda, and Pedro Capó.<ref name="Fiestas">Template:Cite web</ref>
Other festivals and events celebrated in Dorado include:
- Three Kings’ Day Festival – January
- Del Plata Carnival – February
- Minin Kuilan Gold Cup – April
- Cocolía Crab Festival– August
- Town and Country Festival – September
- Discovery of Puerto Rico / Puerto Rican Culture Festival – November
- Christmas Festival – December
Academics and arts
As a historically industrial town, the academic culture is mostly centered around writer José S. Alegría and poet Ferdinand R. Cestero is honored for employing the municipality as part of his pseudonym.<ref name="Canino145"/> A Cultural Center supported by the ICP was founded in 1967, with the municipal Office of Cultural Affairs promoting these aspects begging during the 1980s.<ref name="Canino182">Template:Harvnb</ref> The first local poet was Société D'Emulation award winner Camille Schwingrouber.<ref name="Canino146"/> Former president of the Ateneo Puertorriqueño Ferdinand R. Cestero wrote Dorado, pueblito áureo y ensiñador... to honor the municipality.<ref name="Canino147">Template:Harvnb</ref> Son of former mayor Cruz Alegría, José S. Alegría was born in Dorado on July 17, 1886, and went on to direct Puerto Rico Illustrado magazine and write several books.<ref name="Canino147"/> He was also a painter, being instructed by Francisco Oller.<ref name="Canino148"/> His son, Ricardo Alegría, later became one of the most influential cultural figures in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Canino148">Template:Harvnb</ref> Beginning in the 1970s, Pablo Maysonet began publishing several books.<ref name="Canino149">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Dorado Writers and Friends of Literature Circle was founded to promote literature, but ceased functioning by 1989.<ref name="Canino149"/> A local newspaper was first published in 1903, when El Hijo del Combate circulated.<ref name="Canino184">Template:Harvnb</ref> The Dorado Society of Archeological Investigations was founded in 1983 and is tasked with the archeological material at Museo Casa del Rey.<ref name="Canino183">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Until the 1930s, weekly bomba dances were held in Calle Norte and Calle Sur.<ref name="Canino156">Template:Harvnb</ref> These were later preserved by the plena groups of Dorado.<ref name="Canino157">Template:Harvnb</ref> Other folkloric arts groups included Los Batá, Ballet Folklórico Arawak, Ballet Folklórico Amaná and other municipal and community groups.<ref name="Canino158">Template:Harvnb</ref> During the 1950s the municipal band and a Luteran band were created.<ref name="Canino151">Template:Harvnb</ref> A school band combined the high school and middle school students during the 1970s.<ref name="Canino151"/> The Meléndez brothers, Manuel and Eleuterio, were Dorado's first professional musicians.<ref name="Canino149"/> Carmen Meléndez, daughter of the second later taught piano in the municipality.<ref name="Canino149"/> Pedro, Andrés and Manuel, Jr., sons of Manuel, Sr. went on to play several instruments.<ref name="Canino150">Template:Harvnb</ref> Pianist Lidia Morales, an alumnus of Arístiles Chavier, was also born in Dorado.<ref name="Canino150"/> During the 1960s, Germán Jímenez composed a number of vals and danzas.<ref name="Canino150"/> Marcos J. Alegría was the municipality's first career painter.<ref name="Canino152">Template:Harvnb</ref> During the 1970s, the José S. Alegría school began teaching dramatic arts at the behest of Laura Iglesias.<ref name="Canino154"/> During the 1980s, a theatre named Teatro Juan Boria and an arts school named Academia de Arte Dramático Aramaná were created, along a municipal theatre group.<ref name="Canino154"/> Other plastic artists that followed in his footsteps were Jaime Rivera, Marco A. Alegría, Jesús Cardona, Luis R. Nieves, Salvador Rivera and Basilio Cardona.<ref name="Canino153">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1919, Cine Juana de Arco was founded.<ref name="Canino155">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Sports
Despite producing some athletes, sports were not widely promoted until the foundation of the intermunicipal Olimpiadas del Plata during the 1970s.<ref name="Canino334"/> The formal events include a marathon held in November.<ref name="Canino335">Template:Harvnb</ref> Paso Fino, an indigenous sport, has been among the most practiced, with the Kuilan family gaining prominence due to it.<ref name="Canino301">Template:Harvnb</ref> Francisco Kuilan is a second generation rider and won competitions held locally and internationally in places like Paris, where he won a non-Paso Fino competition with a horse named Dulce Sueño in a tour sponsored by Félix Benítez Rexach.<ref name="Canino302">Template:Harvnb</ref> He served as namesake for the Minín Kuilan Cup, held by the municipality of Dorado since 1988.<ref name="Canino303">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Local athletes include Manolín Maldonado and Angel Maysonet, baseball players Toño Cardona, Nolín Valderrama, Arturito de Jesús, Germán Lanzó, Pedro Díaz, Pito Álvarez, Peoe Carbia, Tomás Palmeras, Mampostial Sánchez, Fabián Cardona and Talí Maldonado and chess player Cucü Alegría, runners Juan Cruz and Millo Lorenzana, and boxers Tony Villa, Carmelo Vázquez and Rafael Santana.<ref name="Canino335"/> Dorado has its own Double A baseball team called Los Guardianes (The Guardians) and it's still one of the main places in the island to play golf or tennis. Within sports entertainment, professional wrestlers Ray González and Damian Priest were raised in the municipality.
Economy
Agriculture
In 2007, there were ten farms in Dorado, producing plantains, coffee, vegetables or melons, bananas, root crops or tubers, grains, grasses and other crops, poultry and eggs, cattle and calves, milk products, hogs and pigs, aquaculture, other livestock, and other livestock products. The top livestock produced in Dorado are cattle and calves, horses, hogs and pigs. The top crop items were lawn grass (sod), coffee, pigeon peas, cassava, and other vegetables.<ref name="2007 Census of Agriculture">Template:Cite web</ref>
Business
Commerce Tourism and pharmaceuticals.
Industry
Dorado is the site of several industries dedicated to the manufacturing of clothing and medical equipment, among others. Companies like Boston Scientific, Pfizer and Heraeus are among some of the ones located in the city.
Housing developments
In recent years, Dorado has been known for its development of upscale neighborhoods. Several known politicians and artists (e.g. Ricky Martin, Carlos Romero Barceló) live or own properties in the city.
Demographics
Dorado's population has steadily increased during the past century. According to the 2000 census, the population consist of 34,017 with a population density of Template:Convert more than doubling the town's population of 17,388 in 1970. The 2020 census indicated the first decline (6%) since the U.S. census has been carried out on the island. According to the 2020 census the town has a population of 35,879.
As a whole, Puerto Rico is populated mainly by people from a Criollo (born on the island of Spanish descent) or European descent, with small groups of African and Asian descent. Statistics taken from the 2000 census shows that 74.1% of Doradeños identify with Spanish or White origin, 12.2% identify as black, and 0.5% as Amerindian.
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 16.89% of the population.<ref>MLA Data Center Results for Dorado, Puerto Rico Modern Language Association. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</ref>
| Race – Dorado, Puerto Rico – 2000 Census<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
|---|---|---|
| Race | Population | % of Total |
| White including Hispanic | 25,219 | 74.1% |
| African American | 4,147 | 12.2% |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 157 | 0.5% |
| Asian | 60 | 0.2% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 7 | 0.0% |
| Some other race | 3,214 | 9.4% |
| Two or more races | 1,213 | 3.6% |
Religious affiliation
Due to the influence of Spanish culture, a majority of Dorado's population still practices Catholicism. There are two religious patrons, the Virgen del Rosario and Antonio Abad.<ref name="Canino333">Template:Harvnb</ref> Esteban Mariani was placed in charge of the Dorado Parish on June 29, 1848.<ref name="Canino323">Template:Harvnb</ref> Since then, several priests served the function until Salvador Carratala was charged in 1925.<ref name="Canino323"/> Afterwards, the Dominican Fathers took over in 1927 and held the office until Salvador Pujolas' one-year stint in 1930.<ref name="Canino324">Template:Harvnb</ref> The following year, the Augustinian Fathers took over until handling it to the Congregation of the Mission in 1937.<ref name="Canino324"/> The following year, José Delgado was tasked with the parish until the Holy Spirit Fathers took over in 1943.<ref name="Canino324"/>
The Getsemaní Lutheran Church was founded on July 25, 1911.<ref name="Canino327">Template:Harvnb</ref> Initially ran by foreign ministers, until Demetrio Texidor consecrated a temple in August 1924.<ref name="Canino327"/> On December 30, 1945, Carlos Torres became the first officially installed reverend serving the office for 5 years, after years of the office being distributed between locals and foreigners.<ref name="Canino328">Template:Harvnb</ref> During the following years, the entity continued its expansion plans under Miguel Sevilla.<ref name="Canino328"/> In 1954, Victor Astacio took over and under him the Church hosted its first synod of the Caribbean event.<ref name="Canino328"/> In 1961, Gilberto Falcón took over and began a project to construct a new temple with the old one hosting its last service on July 19, 1964.<ref name="Canino329">Template:Harvnb</ref> Rafael Malpica Padilla, a Doradeño, also served as reverend.<ref name="Canino329"/> During the 1950s, the Lutheran Church created a club for performing arts, where they enacted plays that were mostly centered around nativity.<ref name="Canino154"/>
During the 1920s, Leonor Martínez of Centro Espiritista Caridad bajo Gloria organized several dramatic works to gather funds for the spiritist organization.<ref name="Canino154">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Government
Template:Main All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor, elected every four years. The current mayor of Dorado is Aníbal José Torres, of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) after the passing of Carlos López on October 17, 2025. López was first elected at the 1988 general elections.
The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district III, which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, José "Joito" Pérez and Angel Martínez were elected as District Senators.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Symbols
The Template:Lang has an official flag and coat of arms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Flag
The official flag of the Municipality of Dorado is made up of three stripes of equal width and the symbols from the coat of arms are within the brown stripe, in a sideways position. A first stripe of gold is followed by a stripe of brown which is followed by a final stripe of gold. The gold or golden stripes symbolize the town's name, Dorado; and the brown stripe represents the patron Saint of Dorado, Saint Anthony of Padua. A brown, equal-sided triangle is placed with its base at the hoist and leads to the second stripe, inside of which are the disks in the shape of a T and with the lily flowers represented with the Fleur-de-lis.<ref name="LexJuris of Puerto Rico 2007" />
Coat of arms
The Dorado coat of arms was officially adopted on March 27, 1978. Its colors are gold, silver and brown. The three towers at the top are enameled in gold with brown background for windows. The triple tower represents that Dorado is a town, and a municipality.
Below the mural crown, are five disks which form a letter "T", called Tau. This represents Saint Anthony of Padua, who is associated with the lily flower. Saint Anthony of Padua is depicted with a lily, heraldically with the Fleur-de-lis. They have a brown background and the lily flowers are silver because they represent the majestic Río La Plata ("plata" is Spanish for silver), which borders the town of Dorado to the east.
The golden background with the brown disks are like speaking souls (Template:Langx). The shield directly represents the name of the town "Dorado" which means "gold" in Spanish and the brown relates to the Patron Saint Anthony of Padua, whose habit is brown.<ref name="LexJuris of Puerto Rico 2007">Template:Cite web</ref>
Education
Dorado has several public and private schools distributed through several regions. Including TASIS, Dorado Academy, New Testament Christian Academy of Dorado, and Public education is handled by the Puerto Rico Department of Education.
José S. Alegría is the public High School, located in the town center. Ricardo Arroyo Laracuente is the Middle School 7th through 9th Grade. In the town next to the town square is the elementary School named Jacinto López Martínez.
Schools and academies
- Dorado Academy
- TASIS Dorado
- José S. Alegría High School
- Pedro López Canino Elementary and Middle School
- Luis Muñoz Marín Elementary School
- Ricardo Arroyo Middle School
- Marcelino Canino Canino – Middle School
- Jacinto López Martínez – Elementary school and first school building to be founded in Dorado. It is over a hundred years old and still in use and one of the biggest schools.
- Luisa Valderrama Martínez – Elementary school
- The Jane Stern Dorado Community Library, founded in 1974, is Puerto Rico's first public bilingual library. Recipient of a 2008 National Medal for Museum and Library Service.
- Cristóbal Santana Melecio Elementary School
Health care
Dorado's main health facility is a Center for Diagnostic and Treatment located at Road 698. The facility is able to handle emergency cases, but severe cases are transferred to bigger hospitals in nearby towns such as Bayamón or Manatí.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transportation
Puerto Rico Highway 22 provides access to Dorado from the far away city of Mayagüez, or from San Juan. Road 165 also provides access from Cataño and Bayamón bordering the shore to the Atlantic Ocean. It takes approximately 30 minutes to reach the town from San Juan.
Like most other towns in the island, it has a public transportation system consisting of public cars. Taxis are also available around the town. There's also a public trolley system around town and a shuttle service for handicapped people.
There are 19 bridges in Dorado.<ref name="bridge">Template:Cite web</ref>
Dorado Airport was a commercial airport that served the city with flights to San Juan and to the United States, but it has since been closed.
Notable residents
- José S. Alegría, poet, writer, lawyer and politician.
- Juan Boria, poet
- Onix Concepción, Major League Baseball shortstop
- Damian Priest, professional wrestler and former WWE World Champion
See also
Notes
Template:Notelist Template:Reflist
References
Bibliography
External links
Template:Adjacent communities Template:Porta Atlántico Template:US state navigation box Template:Subject bar Template:Authority control