Empress Masako

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Expand Japanese Template:Infobox royalty Template:Japanese Imperial Family Template:Nihongo is the Empress of Japan as the wife of Emperor Naruhito.

Born in Minato, Tokyo, Masako was educated at Belmont High School in Massachusetts, United States, before attending Harvard College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree with the distinction of magna cum laude in economics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She also studied law at the University of Tokyo and international relations at Balliol College, Oxford. After completing her studies, she worked for Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat.

Masako met Crown Prince Naruhito in 1986. They married in 1993 and their only child, Aiko, Princess Toshi, was born in 2001. The birth of Princess Aiko fueled the ongoing Japanese imperial succession debate, which had led some politicians to favor rescinding the agnatic primogeniture imposed by the Allies of World War II on the Constitution of Japan. However, with the birth of a son to Naruhito's brother, Fumihito, in 2006, no amendments were made and Princess Aiko remains ineligible to inherit the throne.

The pressure to produce a male heir affected Masako's health. She was diagnosed with adjustment disorder in 2004, which forced her to withdraw from public life periodically. As crown princess and later empress, Masako has accompanied her husband on official visits abroad and at ceremonies in the imperial court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life and education

Template:Nihongo was born on 9 December 1963 at Toranomon Hospital in Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo.<ref name="Hills, p. 40">Hills, p. 40.</ref> She is the eldest daughter of Yumiko Egashira (b. 1938) and Hisashi Owada (b. 1932), a senior diplomat and former president of the International Court of Justice. She has two younger sisters, twins named Setsuko and Reiko (b. 1966).<ref name="MasakoWeddingPeopleMagazine">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Masako went to live in Moscow with her parents when she was two years old, where she attended Detskiy Sad (kindergarten in Russian) No. 1127 daycare.<ref>Hills, pp. 42–44.</ref> At the age of five, Masako's family moved to New York City, where she attended kindergarten at Public School 81 in Riverdale.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Hills, p. 45.</ref>

In 1971, the Owadas returned to Japan, moving in with Masako's maternal grandparents in Meguro while Hisashi returned to the Foreign Ministry office.<ref>Hills, p. 46.</ref> She entered Futaba Gakuen, a private Roman Catholic girls' school in Den-en-chōfu, Tokyo.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.48">Hills, p. 48.</ref> Established by the Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus in 1872, Masako's mother and maternal grandmother had graduated from this school as well.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.48"/> It was here that Masako learned to play piano and tennis, joined a handicrafts club, and became interested in animals, tending several after school and deciding to become a veterinarian.<ref>Hills, p. 49.</ref> Masako also studied her fourth and fifth languages, French and German.<ref>Hills, p. 50.</ref> With a school friend, Masako revived Futaba's softball team, serving as third base and after three years bringing her team to the district championships.<ref>Hills, p. 52.</ref>

In 1979, her second year of senior high school, Masako and her family moved to the United States and settled in the Boston suburb of Belmont, Massachusetts, where her father became a guest professor of international law at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.92">Hills, p. 92.</ref> In 1981, she graduated from Belmont High School, where she was president of the National Honor Society<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and participated in the school's math team and French club.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.92"/> Masako joined the school's softball team and won a Goethe Society award for her German poetry.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.92"/> Masako participated in a production of M*A*S*H.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.92"/>

Masako's father was posted to Moscow after her high school graduation, but Masako remained in Boston to continue her education;<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.95">Hills, p. 95.</ref> In 1981 she enrolled at Harvard College,<ref name="life-china"/> where she chaired the school's Japan Society, "became quite close friends with the then Japanese consul in Boston, and volunteered as a kind of self-appointed diplomat and cultural ambassador"<ref>Hills, p. 101.</ref> in the wake of mounting Japan–United States trade tension. Masako liked to ski and traveled overseas during vacations, staying with a host family in France and studying at the Goethe-Institut.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.95"/> Masako is fluent in English and in French, which she learned in 1983 at the University Center for French Studies at Université Grenoble Alpes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Masako worked with Jeffrey Sachs to obtain a B.A. magna cum laude in economics in March 1985.<ref>Hills, pp. 106–107.</ref>

Professional career

Balliol College, Oxford, where Masako studied international relations

After graduation Masako moved back to Japan, where for six months (April to October 1986) she studied law at the University of Tokyo to prepare for the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs's entrance examination.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Hills, Ben pp.115">Hills, p. 115.</ref> Out of 800 applicants only 28 passed;<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.115"/> Masako was one of them, along with two other women.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.115"/><ref name="biography.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

"She was assigned, first, to the oddly named Second International Organizations Division which deals with Japan's relations with international agencies, such as the OECD, a club of 30 rich countries committed to free trade and development. Her assignments included dealing with the OECD's environmental affairs committee ... by all accounts she acquitted herself well—her command of spoken languages, so rare in Japan, was a huge advantage—and was popular with most of her workmates."<ref>Hills, p. 116.</ref> During her free time, Masako attended cooking classes to, according to interviews with her instructor, "be able to cook proper Japanese dishes when she was entertaining [foreigners]."<ref>Hills, p. 119.</ref>

Two years later, in 1988, Masako was chosen by the Ministry to be sponsored for two years' postgraduate study overseas with full pay, just as her father Hisashi had been years earlier.<ref>Hills, pp. 137, 155.</ref> Masako "desperately wanted to go back to Harvard to do her master's". According to her former Harvard adviser Oliver Oldman, she "tried to re-enroll to work towards ... a Juris Doctor. However, Harvard's bureaucrats would not give her credit for her study-time at the University of Tokyo."<ref>Hills, pp. 152–153.</ref> Therefore, Masako enrolled in her second choice, studying international relations under Sir Adam Roberts<ref>Hills, p. 139.</ref> at Balliol College, Oxford.<ref>Hills, p. 155.</ref> However, for unclear reasons Masako did not finish her thesis<ref>Hills, pp. 140–141.</ref> and instead returned to Japan in 1990.

Courtship and marriage

Template:Multiple image Masako first met Prince Naruhito at a tea for Infanta Elena of Spain, in November 1986,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Hills, p .120.</ref> during her studies at the University of Tokyo. The prince was immediately captivated by her<ref name="biography.com"/><ref>Hills, pp. 120–121.</ref> and arranged for them to meet several times over the next few weeks.<ref>Hills, p. 123.</ref> Because of this they were pursued relentlessly by the press throughout 1987.<ref name="MasakoWeddingPeopleMagazine"/><ref>Hills, p. 136.</ref> However, Masako's name disappeared from the list of possible royal brides due to controversy about her maternal grandfather, Yutaka Egashira, who while working for the Industrial Bank of Japan was assigned to take over management of one of its debtors the Chisso Corporation to prevent it from financial collapse.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.133">Hills, p. 133.</ref> Chisso, built in the 1930s, dumped the methylmercury used to make acetaldehyde (a chemical in plastic) into the water surrounding Minamata and other towns, causing the infamous Minamata disease and the resulting scandal.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.133"/>

Despite this controversy and Masako's travelling to Oxford University's Balliol College for the next two years, Naruhito remained interested in her. Masako refused to marry the prince because it would force her to give up her promising career in diplomacy and severely restrict her independence and freedoms.<ref name="biography.com"/> Masako finally accepted his third proposal on 9 December 1992.<ref name="biography.com"/> It was reported that he argued that serving as Crown Princess of Japan would only be "another form of diplomacy" before she finally accepted this third proposal.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Imperial Household Council formally announced the engagement on 19 January 1993; the engagement ceremony was held on 12 April 1993. Although many were surprised at the news, as it was believed that the prince and Masako had separated, the engagement was met with a surge of renewed media attention directed toward the Imperial family and their new princess.

Masako married Crown Prince Naruhito in a traditional wedding ceremony on 9 June 1993.<ref>Hills, p. 2.</ref> By virtue of the marriage, Masako Owada assumed the formal style Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess of Japan. As tradition dictates, upon her entry into the imperial family and like other members, she received the blossom of the endemic curly-leaved Japanese Ramanas rose (Template:Nihongo): Rosa rugosa (Template:Nihongo)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> for an imperial personal emblem, which is mauve-lilac to crimson or white (rarely with cultivars to full or burst yellow),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while her insignia as Crown Princess bear the forms of the imperial household's antique gold-traced white chrysanthemum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition, she was placed in the Japanese Imperial Order of Precedence (used for the most formal occasions) behind her mother-in-law, Empress Michiko, and her grandmother-in-law, Empress Dowager Nagako. The orchid flower Dendrobium cultivar Masako Kotaishi Hidenka was named in her honour to celebrate the wedding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Masako became the third commoner to marry into the imperial family, after her mother-in-law, Empress Emerita Michiko (Michiko Shōda) and her sister-in-law, Crown Princess Kiko (Kiko Kawashima).

Children

Naruhito and Masako with their daughter, Aiko, in Nasu Imperial Villa, Tochigi Prefecture in August 2019

Masako's first pregnancy was announced in December 1999, but she miscarried.<ref name="life-china">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Emperor and Empress have one daughter: Template:Nihongo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Succession crisis

Their daughter's birth, which occurred more than eight years after their marriage, sparked lively debate in Japan about whether The Imperial Household Law of 1947 should be changed from that of agnatic primogeniture to either cognatic or absolute primogeniture, which would allow a woman to succeed to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

A government-appointed panel of experts submitted a report on 25 October 2005, recommending that the Imperial Succession Law be amended to permit absolute primogeniture. On 20 January 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi used part of his annual keynote speech to address the controversy when he pledged to submit a bill to the National Diet letting women ascend to the throne in order that the imperial throne be continued in a stable manner. Koizumi did not announce a timing for the legislation to be introduced nor did he provide details about the content, but he did note that it would be in line with the conclusions of the 2005 Government Panel.

Plans to change the male-only law of Imperial succession were shelved after it was announced in February 2006 that Masako's brother-in-law and his wife, Prince and Princess Akishino, were expecting their third child. On 6 September 2006, Princess Akishino gave birth to a son, Hisahito, who was third-in-line to the Chrysanthemum Throne under the current law, after his uncle, the then-Crown Prince Naruhito, and his father, Prince Akishino.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Crown Princess of Japan

Masako, as Crown Princess

In 1994, the couple visited Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain. They visited Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Jordan in 1995, and again traveled to Jordan in 1999.<ref name=ATCP&CP>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1999, they also went to Belgium to attend the wedding of Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant.<ref name=ATCP&CP/> In 2002, they paid a visit to New Zealand and Australia.<ref name=ATCP&CP/> In 2006, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess went to the Netherlands with their daughter, Princess Aiko, at the invitation of Queen Beatrix for a private visit.<ref name=travels>Template:Cite web</ref>

Crown Prince Naruhito and Crown Princess Masako attended the JET Programme 30th Anniversary Commemorative Ceremony at the Keio Plaza Hotel in Tokyo, November 2016.

On 30 April 2013, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess were present at the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, which was the Crown Princess's first official overseas appearance in eleven years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2014, she was present at a banquet held in honour of King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, which was her first appearance in such a ceremony in eleven years.<ref name=BBC2014>Template:Cite news</ref> She welcomed the couple during an official ceremony at the palace which was her first appearance in a welcoming ceremony after five years.<ref name=BBC2014/> In July 2015, Princess Masako traveled to Tonga with the Crown Prince in order to attend the Coronation of King Tupou VI. Over 40 members of the Japanese media covered the event, during which the happy-looking Crown Princess was warmly welcomed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Empress of Japan

Template:See also Upon the abdication of Masako's father-in-law, Emperor Akihito of Heisei era on 30 April 2019, his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito became the 126th Emperor of Japan, and his wife, Masako became empress consort on 1 May. The Emperor and Empress of Reiwa era were enthroned (Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi) at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 22 October 2019.

Naruhito and Masako's first trip abroad as emperor and empress took place in September 2022, to the United Kingdom to attend the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They visited Indonesia in June 2023, their first state visit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In March 2024, Masako and Naruhito visited Wajima and Suzu, two cities affected by the Noto earthquake. The couple later visited an evacuation center in Anamizu on 12 April.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Masako and Naruhito embarked on a three-day state visit to the United Kingdom in late June 2024, at the invitation of King Charles III.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> The imperial couple had originally planned to visit in 2020 as guests of Queen Elizabeth II, but the state visit was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The rescheduled visit went ahead despite concerns of postponement due to the British general election campaign that began in late May.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was the first state visit in modern times to take place during an active election campaign.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On April 7, 2025 the imperial couple visited Iwo Jima to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Iwo Jima, in the first visit to the island by a Japanese monarch since 1994.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2025, the Imperial couple paid an eight-day state visit to Mongolia at the invitation of President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Health

Masako has periodically been out of the public eye, largely between 2004 and 2014,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> reportedly due to emotional disorders speculated to be caused by the pressure to produce a male heir and adjusting to life in the Imperial Family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> In July 2004, she was diagnosed as suffering from adjustment disorder and was reported to be seeking treatment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 11 July 2008, Naruhito sought public understanding for his ailing wife. He was on an eight-day trip to Spain without her:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> "I would like the public to understand that Masako is continuing to make her utmost efforts with the help of those around her. Please continue to watch over her kindly and over the long term." Pressures to produce a male heir, to conform with the ancient traditions and a 1947 Imperial Household Law are perceived to be behind her illness, as well as negative media coverage of her behavior, the stress of royal responsibility and public life, and turf battles among the Imperial Household Agency.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Schreiber, Mark, "Japan's troubled royals put up a brave front", Japan Times 1 January 2012, p. 13.</ref>

In December 2012, at the time of her 49th birthday, Masako issued a statement thanking the Japanese people for their support and saying that she was still receiving treatment for her illness.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Japanese Constitution does not allow the members of the Imperial Family to engage in political activities. Naruhito made controversial comments about discourtesies and pressures placed on his wife by the Imperial Household Agency and his wife's desire to pursue the life of a diplomat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2019, Masako accompanied her husband at official events and at his accession ceremonies. During the state visit of U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump to Japan in April, Masako and Naruhito conversed with them without interpreters; the imperial couple are both fluent in English. Her doctors stated that she has not fully recovered but a strong sense of duty has helped her fulfill her responsibilities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles

  • 9 June 1993 – 30 April 2019: Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (皇太子妃殿下 Kōtaishi-hi Denka)
  • 1 May 2019 – present: Her Majesty The Empress<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (皇后陛下 Kōgō Heika)

Honours

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Foreign

Honorary positions

Honorary degrees

Ancestry

Her father Hisashi is descended from the Owada clan, whose head Shinroku—Masako's 4th-great-grandfather<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.33">Hills, p. 33.</ref>—was called to Murakami in 1787 to serve the Naito clan that the Tokugawa shōgun had installed as the city's rulers 67 years earlier.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.33"/> After the fall of the shogunate, the Owadas participated in a salmon-fishing cooperative,<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.35">Hills, p. 35.</ref> the proceeds of which provided schooling for many local children, including Hisashi and his father Takeo.<ref name="Hills, Ben pp.35"/>

Her mother Yumiko is descended from the Egashira clan which served the Saga clans near Nagasaki on the island of Kyushu. One of the Egashiras, Yasutaro, went on to command a battleship in the Russo-Japanese War.<ref name="Hills, p. 40"/> Yumiko's father was a wealthy banker who was at the time of her marriage the managing director of the Industrial Bank of Japan.<ref>Hills, p. 39.</ref>

See also

References

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Sources

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