Foreign relations of Lebanon

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Politics of Lebanon The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. As'ad AbuKhalil argues that foreign intervention has been a mainstay of Lebanon's domestic politics throughout its history as a nation-state, with British, French and American influence predominating from the declaration of independence in 1943 until the 1956 Suez Crisis and 1958 Lebanon crisis. From then until the Lebanese Civil War, the country became an arena for struggle between players in the Cold War, including Egypt, the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Civil War regional powers in the Middle East strove for influence, including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel, with Syria gaining the upper hand at the tail end of the war.<ref name=abukhalil>Template:Cite web</ref> Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>United States Institute of PeaceTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore Iran and Lebanon, Emile Hokayem,</ref>

The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date
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Bilateral relations

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	22 November 1945<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref>	See Argentina–Lebanon relations Argentina has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Embassy of Argentina in Lebanon</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Buenos Aires.<ref>Embassy of Lebanon in Argentina</ref> See also Lebanese Argentines.
Template:Flag	13 November 1945	See Brazil–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945<ref name=":11">Template:Cite web</ref> Brazil has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Embassy of Brazil in Lebanon</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.<ref>Embassy of Lebanon in Brazil</ref> See also Lebanese Brazilians.
Template:Flag	26 August 1954<ref name=":29">Template:Cite web</ref>	See Canada–Lebanon relations Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958. Canada has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.<ref>Embassy of Lebanon in Canada</ref> See also Lebanese Canadians
Template:Flag	28 June 1945	See Chile–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref> Chile has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Santiago. See Lebanese Chileans
Template:Flag	12 June 1945	See Lebanon–Mexico relations Mexico was among the first nations to recognize Lebanon's independence in 1943. Lebanon has an embassy in Mexico City.<ref>Embassy of Lebanon in Mexico City</ref> Mexico has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Embassy of Mexico in Beirut</ref> The Centro Libanés and "Club Deportivo Libanés" in Mexico City are important symbols representing the historically cultural and social ties between both countries. See also Lebanese Mexicans.
Template:Flag	16 November 1944	See Lebanon–United States relations The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks. Lebanon has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Detroit, Los Angeles and New York City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> United States has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Embassy of the United States in Lebanon</ref> See also Lebanese Americans
Template:Flag	25 October 1945	See Lebanon–Uruguay relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945<ref name=":10">Template:Cite book</ref> Uruguay recognized Lebanon's independence on November 22, 1943. Lebanon has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Embassy of Uruguay in Lebanon</ref> See also Lebanese Uruguayans

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	4 March 1992	See Armenia–Lebanon relations The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.<ref>Armenia To Provide Relief To Lebanon, Armenialiberty.org</ref><ref>Armenia Sent Humanitarian Assistance To Lebanon, PanArmenian.Net</ref> On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.<ref>International Affirmation of the Armenian Genocide Template:Webarchive, Armenia Foreign Ministry</ref> Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so. Armenia has embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Yerevan.
Template:Flag	18 September 1992	See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon is accredited to Azerbaijan through its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Template:Flag	28 March 1973	See Bangladesh–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973<ref name=":51">Template:Cite book</ref> Bangladesh has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon is accredited to Bangladesh through its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
Template:Flag	9 November 1971	See China–Lebanon relations China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.<ref name=":50">Template:Cite web</ref> China has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Beijing. In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flag	15 September 1948	See India-Lebanon relations India has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in New Delhi.
Template:Flag		See Indonesia–Lebanon relations Indonesia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Jakarta.
Template:Flag	21 September 1944	See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Iran has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Tehran.
Template:Flag	24 February 1944	See Iraq–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias. Iraq has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Baghdad.
Template:Flag		See Israel–Lebanon relations
Template:Flag	November 1954	In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies Japan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Tokyo.
Template:Flag	1 October 1946	See Jordan–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref> Jordan has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
Template:Flag	16 July 1963	See Lebanon–Malaysia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963<ref name=":46">Template:Cite book</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Malaysia has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	15 September 1948	See Lebanon–Pakistan relations Pakistan does not recognize Israel, which has hostile relations with Lebanon, as a legitimate country.<ref>Messages to Lebanon Pakistan MOFA</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	9 April 1944	See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations Lebanon has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	15 October 2008<ref name=":54">Template:Cite book</ref>	See Lebanon–Syria relations The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.<ref>Ten steps to Syria-Lebanon ties BBC News</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Damascus. Syria has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	8 January 1972	See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations Lebanon has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Beirut.

Europe

Template:See also Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.

Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.<ref>Republic of Lebanon Template:Webarchive. European Commission: External Relations</ref>

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	19 September 1966	Since May 1967, Bulgaria has had an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Bulgarian embassy in Beirut</ref> Since July 1983, Lebanon has had an embassy in Sofia.<ref name="sofia.mfa.gov.lb" /> Both countries are full members of the Francophonie and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Template:Flag		Croatia is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. Lebanon is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
Template:Flag		See Cyprus–Lebanon relations Cyprus has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Flag	6 October 1953	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host<ref name=":27">Template:Cite book</ref> Denmark has an embassy in Beirut.<ref>Libanon Danske kontaktoplysninger</ref> Lebanon is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	25 November 1944	See France–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> France has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon as an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
Template:Flag	20 May 1953	See Germany–Lebanon relations Germany has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin.
Template:Flag	17 June 1947	See Greece–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials<ref name=":16">Template:Cite book</ref> The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie. Greece has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Athens.
Template:Flag	17 March 1947	See Holy See–Lebanon relations The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East. Holy See has a nunciature in Harissa. Lebanon has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
Template:Flag	20 November 1946	See Italy–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.Template:Citation needed Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.Template:Citation needed Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.Template:Citation needed Italy has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Rome.
Template:Flag	20 October 1956	1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	6 January 1965	See Lebanon–Romania relations Lebanon has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Constanța.<ref name="rom">Template:Cite web</ref> Romania has an embassy in Beirut an honorary consulate in Tripoli.<ref name="rom" /> Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and of the Francophonie
Template:Flag	3 August 1944	See Lebanon–Russia relations Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	5 March 1948	See Lebanon–Spain relations Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
Template:Flag	14 December 1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992 Embassy of Ukraine in Beirut was opened in August 1995<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Kyiv until February 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	9 February 1942	See Lebanon–United Kingdom relations Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in 10 Downing Street, October 2024. The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 February 1942.<ref name=":0"/>Template:Failed verification Lebanon maintains an embassy in London.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Diplomat Magazine|date=31 March 2020|title=Lebanon|website=Diplomat Magazine|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/lebanon/%7Caccess-date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621085404//web/20250621085404/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/middle-east-asia/lebanon/%7Carchive-date=21 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The UK is accredited to Lebanon through its embassy in Beirut.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-beirut%7Ctitle=British Embassy Beirut|website=GOV.UK|access-date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802230650//web/20250802230650/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-beirut%7Carchive-date=2 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Association Agreement,<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> and a Development Partnership.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author-link=Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office |author=((Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office)) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries%7Ctitle=Country and regional development partnership summaries|website=GOV.UK|date=17 July 2023 |access-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526234739/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries%7Carchive-date=26 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oceania

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	5 February 1967	20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 74,000 Lebanese-born people live in Australia, mainly in Sydney, and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir, Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri. Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975–1990. Australia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney. See also Lebanese Australians.

See also

• Constitution of Lebanon
• Lebanese diaspora
• Lebanese identity card
• Lebanese nationality law
• Lebanese passport
• List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon
• List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon
• Politics of Lebanon
• Visa policy of Lebanon
• Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

References and footnotes

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
• Embassy of Lebanon in Washington DC
• Amb. Farid Abboud profile The Washington Diplomat serves the diplomatic community with columns focusing on international news and events.
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan Template:Webarchive

Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon

• Delegation of the European Commission in Lebanon
• United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon
• Farid Abboud: Lebanese Ambassador to Tunisia Template:Webarchive