Fur language

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Linguistic map of the non-Arab peoples of Darfur, showing the extent of the Fur language in Sudan.

The Fur language or For; (Fur: poor’íŋ belé’ŋ) is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Fur of Darfur in Western Sudan and Chad.<ref name=e27/> It is part of a broader family of languages known as the Fur languages.

Phonology

The consonantal phonemes are:

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Glottal
Plosive	Template:IPAlinkTemplate:R Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlinkTemplate:R	Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative	Template:IPAlinkTemplate:R	Template:IPAlink (Template:IPAlink)Template:R				Template:IPAlinkTemplate:R
Nasal	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Approximant		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Trill		Template:IPAlink

The vowels are: a e i o u. There is dispute whether the –ATR vowels Template:IPA are phonetic variants or separate phonemes.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

		Front	Central	Back
Close	[+ATR]	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Near-close	[-ATR]	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Mid	[+ATR]	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAblink
Open-mid	[-ATR]	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Open			Template:IPAlink

There are two underlying tonemes, L (low) and H (high); phonetically, L, H, mid, HL, and LH are all found.

Metathesis is an extremely common and regular grammatical phenomenon in Fur: when a consonant pronoun prefix is prefixed to a verb that begins with a consonant, either the verb's first consonant is deleted or it changes places with the following vowel; e.g.: Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

There are also various assimilation rules.

Writing

Fur is written in the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters a̱ (a with macron below), ɨ, ŋ, and ʉ, and the digraph ny.

High tone is marked by the acute accent, falling tone is marked by circumflex, rising tone is marked by caron ("wedge"), and low tone is unmarked.<ref name=":0" />

Morphology

Plurals

Noun, and optionally adjective, plurals can be formed with -a (-ŋa after vowels): Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

This suffix also gives the inanimate 3rd person plural of the verb: Template:Interlinear

Vowel-final adjectives can take a plural in -lá, as well as -ŋa: Template:Interlinear A similar suffix (metathesized and assimilated to become -ól/-úl/-ál) is used for the plural of the verb in some tenses.

A few CVV nouns take the plural suffix H-ta; Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

At least two nouns take the suffix -i: Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

Nouns with the singular prefix d- (> n- before a nasal) take the plural k-; these are about 20% of all nouns. In some cases (mostly body parts) it is accompanied by L; e.g.: Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

• In some cases, the singular also has a suffix -ŋ, not found in the plural:

• Sometimes, a further plural suffix from those listed above is added:

• Sometimes the suffix -(n)ta, is added:

• One noun, as well as the demonstratives and the interrogative "which", take a plural by simply prefixing k-L:

• Several syntactic plurals with no singulars, mostly denoting liquids, have k-L-a; kewa "blood", koro "water", kona "name, song" koonà.

Nouns

The locative case can be expressed by the suffix -le or by reversing the noun's final tone, e.g.: Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

The genitive (English possessive s) is expressed by the suffix -iŋ (the i is deleted after a vowel.) If the relationship is possessive, the possessor comes first; otherwise, it comes last; e.g.: Template:Interlinear Template:Interlinear

Pronouns

Independent subject:

Singular	Fur	Plural	Fur
I	ká	we	kɨ́
you (sg.)	jɨ́	you (pl.)	bɨ́
he, she, it	yé	they	yɨeŋ + yeeŋ

The object pronouns are identical, apart from being low tone and having -ŋó added to the plural forms.

Prefixed subject pronouns:

Singular	Fur	Plural	Fur
I	– (triggers metathesis)	we	k-
you (sg.)	j-	you (pl.)	b-
he, she, it	– (causes raising; *y-)	they (animate)	y- (+pl. suffix)
		they (inanimate)	(*y-) (+pl. suffix)

Thus, for example, on the verb bʉo- "tire":

English	Fur	English	Fur
I'm tired	ká ʉmo	we tired	kɨ́ kʉmo
you (sg.) tired	jɨ́ jʉmo	you (pl.) tired	bɨ́ bʉmo
he/it/she tired	yé bʉo	they tired	yɨeŋ kʉme + yeeŋ bʉe

gi, described as the "participant object pronoun", represents first or second person objects in a dialogue, depending on context.

Possessives (singular; take k- with plural nouns):

Singular	Fur	Plural	Fur
my	dúíŋ	our	dáíŋ
your (sg.)	dɨ́ɨ́ŋ	your (pl.)	dɨ́eŋ
his, hers, its	dééŋ	their	dɨ́eŋ

Verbs

The Fur verbal system is quite complicated; verbs fall into a variety of conjugations. There are three tenses: present, perfect, and future. Subjunctive is also marked. Aspect is distinguished in the past tense.

Derivational suffixes include -iŋ (intransitive/reflexive; e.g. Template:Interlinear

and gemination of the middle consonant plus -à/ò (intensive; e.g. Template:Interlinear

Negation is done with the marker a-...-bà surrounding the verb; a-bai-bà "he does not drink".

Adjectives

Most adjectives have two syllables, and a geminate middle consonant: e.g. àppa "big", fùkka "red", lecka "sweet". Some have three syllables: dàkkure "solid".

Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by addition of the suffix -ndì or L-n, e.g.: Template:Interlinear

Abstract nouns can be derived from adjectives by adding -iŋ and lowering all tones, deleting any final vowel of the adjective, e.g.: Template:Interlinear

Media in Fur language

Radio Dabanga broadcasts daily news in the Fur language and in other languages local to Darfur.

Sources

• Beaton, A.C. A Grammar of the Fur Language. Linguistic Monograph Series, No. 1. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit, Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum 1968 (1937).
• Bariwarig Tooduo, "Participant Reference in the Fur language of the Sudan". University of Juba 2014
• Bariwarig Tooduo, "Number Marking in the Fur language of the Sudan"
• Bariwarig Tooduo, "Modifiers in the Fur language of the Sudan"
• Jakobi, Angelika. A Fur Grammar. Buske Verlag: Hamburg 1989.
• Kutsch-Lojenga, Constance and Christine Waag, "The Sounds and Tones of Fur", in Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages No. 9. Entebbe: SIL-Sudan 2004.
• Noel, Georgianna. An Examination of the Tone System of Fur and its Function in Grammar, University of Texas at Arlington, 2008.

External links

• Template:Cite web