Jayne Mansfield

Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress, Playboy Playmate, and sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s. She was known for her numerous publicity stunts and open personal life. Her film career was short-lived, but she had several box-office successes and won a Theatre World Award and Golden Globe Award. She gained the nickname of Hollywood's "smartest dumb blonde."

Mansfield gained popularity after playing the role of fictional actress Rita Marlowe in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? on Broadway in 1955–56 and reprising it in the 1957 film adaptation. Her other film roles include the musical comedy The Girl Can't Help It (1956), the drama The Wayward Bus (1957), the neo-noir Too Hot to Handle (1960), and the sex comedy Promises! Promises! (1963), the last of which made Mansfield one of the first major American actresses to perform a nude scene in a post-silent era film.

Mansfield's professional name came from her first husband, public relations professional Paul Mansfield. She married three times and divorced twice. A third initiated divorce was not finalized at the time of her death. Between the marriages she had five children. On June 29, 1967, she died in a traffic collision at age 34.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life

Jayne Mansfield was born Vera Jayne Palmer on April 19, 1933, at Bryn Mawr Hospital in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Strait 1992 15">Template:Harvnb</ref> the only child of Herbert William Palmer and Vera Jeffrey (Palmer) Palmer.<ref name="Strait 1992 15"/>Template:Efn She inherited more than $90,000 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars) from her maternal grandfather, Thomas H. Palmer,Template:Inflation-fn and more than $36,000 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars) from her maternal grandmother, Beatrice Mary Palmer, in 1958.<ref name=starnews1958/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn

Until age six, Mansfield lived in Phillipsburg, New Jersey,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> where her father, Herbert, was an attorney practicing with future New Jersey governor Robert B. Meyner. In 1936, her father died of a heart attack while driving. Three-year-old Jayne was in the car.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb:"We were driving up a steep hill. ... We were all laughing and joking. ... Suddenly our laughter froze. Daddy fell over against Mama. He was dead."</ref>

In 1939, Mansfield's widowed mother married sales engineer Harry Lawrence Peers, and the family moved to Dallas, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As a girl, Jayne was known as Vera Jayne Peers.<ref name="The Union-Recorder">Template:Cite news</ref> As a child, she wanted to be a Hollywood star like Shirley Temple.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> At age 12, she took ballroom dance lessons.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She graduated from Highland Park High School in 1950.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=history>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=jayneedu1>Template:Cite book</ref> While in high school, she took violin, piano, and viola lessons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She also studied Spanish and German.<ref name="The Union-Recorder"/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Career

Early modeling and performing

While attending the University of Texas at Austin, Mansfield won several beauty contests, including Miss Photoflash, Miss Magnesium Lamp, and Miss Fire Prevention Week. By her own account, the only title she refused was Miss Roquefort Cheese, because she believed it "just didn't sound right".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Mansfield rejected "Miss Prime Rib" in 1957 as well.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1952, while in Dallas, she and Paul Mansfield participated in small local-theater productions of The Slaves of Demon Rum and Ten Nights in a Barroom. They also appeared in Anything Goes in Camp Gordon, Georgia. After he left for military service, she made her first significant stage appearance in a production of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman on October 22, 1953, with the players of the Knox Street Theater, headed by Sidney Lumet.<ref name="JaynePaul">Template:Harvnb</ref>

After Paul returned from a deployment to Korea, Mansfield moved with Paul and their daughter, Jayne Marie, to Los Angeles in 1954.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mansfield worked various odd jobs, including selling popcorn at the Stanley Warner Theatre, teaching dance,<ref name="saxtonLA" /> selling candy at a movie theater,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> modeling part-time at the Blue Book Model Agency,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and working as a photographer at Esther Williams's Trails Restaurant.<ref name="JaynePaul" />

Early in Mansfield's career, some advertisers considered her prominent breasts undesirable or inappropriate. She lost her first professional assignment, a General Electric commercial featuring young women in bathing suits relaxing around a pool,<ref name="straitanatomy">Template:Harvnb</ref> having been cropped out of the final photographs.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Photographer Gene Lester, who worked on the photoshoot, stated that this was because Mansfield was "too sexy" for the advertisement.<ref name=":0" /> Emmeline Snively, head of the Blue Book Model Agency, had sent Mansfield to Lester, which led to her to the short-lived assignment.Template:Citation needed

In 1954, she auditioned at both Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. For the Paramount audition in April, which she booked with help from Lumet, Mansfield performed a sketch she had worked out with Lumet from Joan of Arc for casting director Milton Lewis. Lewis told her she was wasting her "obvious talents" and had her come back a week later to perform the piano scene from The Seven Year Itch. Mansfield failed to impress, but learned she would have to dye her hair blonde.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=":1" /> She performed the piano scene for Warner Brothers, but, again, failed to impress.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite AV media</ref>

She landed her first acting assignment in the CBS series Lux Video Theatre, in the episode "An Angel Went AWOL", aired on October 21, 1954.<ref name=JaynePaul/> In it, she sat at a piano and delivered a few lines of dialogue, and was paid $300 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Playboy appearance

Template:Infobox Playboy Playmate In December 1953, Hugh Hefner began publishing Playboy. The magazine became a success in part because of early appearances by Mansfield, Marilyn Monroe, Bettie Page, and Anita Ekberg.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In February 1955, Mansfield was the Playboy Playmate of the Month,<ref name="playboy-datasheet">Template:Cite web</ref> and appeared in the magazine several times.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Publication of photos of Mansfield boosted the magazine's circulation and her own career.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=saxtonboy>Template:Harvnb</ref> Shortly afterward, she posed for the Playboy calendar, covering her bare breasts with her hands. Playboy featured Mansfield each February from 1955 to 1958, and again in 1960.<ref name=saxtonboy/>

In 1955, Jayne and Paul separated, although she kept his last name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In August 1956, Paul Mansfield sought custody of their daughter, alleging that Jayne was an unfit mother because she appeared nude in Playboy;<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> however, his attempt failed.<ref name="mansfielddiv"/> In 1964, the magazine repeated the 1955 pictorial.<ref name="saxtonboy" /> Playboy later reprinted photos from that pictorial issue, with titles such as December 1965s "The Playboy Portfolio of Sex Stars", and January 2000s "Centerfolds of the Century".<ref name="farisearly">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Film

Template:See alsoMansfield's first film part was a supporting role in Female Jungle, a low-budget drama completed in ten days. She was paid $150 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref name="dubrow">Template:Cite news</ref> It was released unofficially in early 1955.Template:Cn

In February 1955, James Byron, her manager and publicist, negotiated a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers, whose decisionmakers were intrigued by her publicity antics.<ref name=straitearly>Template:Harvnb</ref> The contract initially paid her $250 a week ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars) and landed her two films, one with an insignificant role and one that was unreleased for two years. She filed for separation from Paul Mansfield that January.<ref name=farisearly/><ref name=straitearly/> Mansfield was given bit parts in Pete Kelly's Blues (1955), starring Jack Webb, and Hell on Frisco Bay (1955), starring Alan Ladd. She acted in one more movie for Warner Brothers—another small but significant role opposite Edward G. Robinson in the courtroom drama Illegal (1955).<ref name=straitearly/> Template:Multiple image Mansfield got out of her Warner contract just in time to star on Broadway opposite Walter Matthau.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mansfield's agent, William Shiffrin, signed her to play fictional film star Rita Marlowe in the Broadway play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? with Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. The part was offered to Mansfield after Mamie Van Doren turned it down.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mansfield accepted the part while working in producer Louis W. Kellman's The Burglar (1957). Paul Wendkos directed this film adaptation of David Goodis's novel,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> made in film noir style. She appeared alongside Dan Duryea and Martha Vickers. The film was released two years later, when Mansfield's fame was at its peak.Template:Cn

She was successful in this straight dramatic role, though most of her subsequent film appearances were comedic or capitalized on her sex appeal.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> It was Kellman's first major venture, and he claimed to have "discovered" Mansfield.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 3, 1956, Twentieth Century Fox signed Mansfield to a six-year contract to mold her as a successor to the increasingly difficult Marilyn Monroe,<ref name="saxtonNY">Template:Harvnb</ref> their resident blonde sex symbol. Monroe had just completed Bus Stop. Mansfield was still under contract to Broadway and continued playing Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? on stage until September 15.Template:Cn

She undertook her first starring film role as Jerri Jordan in Frank Tashlin's The Girl Can't Help It (1956).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Originally titled Do-Re-Mi, it featured a high-profile cast of contemporary rock and roll and R&B artists, including Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Fats Domino, The Platters, and Little Richard.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Released in December 1956, The Girl Can't Help It became one of the year's biggest successes, both critically and financially, earning more than Gentlemen Prefer Blondes had three years before.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield departs by helicopter to Rotterdam, Netherlands (1957)

Soon afterward, Fox started promoting Mansfield as "Marilyn Monroe king-sized", attempting to coerce Monroe to return to the studio and complete her contract.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield next played a dramatic role in The Wayward Bus (1957), an adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel of the same name. With this film, she attempted to move away from her "blonde bombshell" image and establish herself as a serious actress. The film enjoyed moderate box-office success, and Mansfield won a Golden Globe in 1957 for New Star of the Year, beating Carroll Baker and Natalie Wood with her performance as a "wistful derelict". It was "generally conceded to have been her best acting", according to The New York Times, in a fitful career hampered by her flamboyant image, distinctive voice ("a soft-voiced coo punctuated with squeals"), voluptuous figure, and limited acting range.<ref name="NYT19670630">Template:Cite news</ref>

Tashlin cast Mansfield in the film version of the Broadway show Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, released in 1957,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> reprising her role of Rita Marlowe alongside costars Tony Randall and Joan Blondell. Fox launched its new blonde bombshell with a North American tour and a 40-day, 16-country tour of Europe. She attended the premiere of the film (released as Oh! For a Man in the UK) in London, and met Queen Elizabeth II.<ref name="farisqueen">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Promotional photo for Kiss Them for Me (1957)

Mansfield's fourth starring role in a Hollywood film was in Kiss Them for Me (also 1957), for which she received prominent billing alongside Cary Grant. In the film, she is little more than comic relief; Grant's character relates to a redhead played by fashion model Suzy Parker. The film, described as "vapid" and "ill-advised", was a critical and box-office flop,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and was one of 20th Century Fox's last attempts to promote Mansfield.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The continuing publicity related to her physical appeal failed to sustain her career.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fox gave her a leading role opposite Kenneth More in The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw (1958), a western comedy filmed on location in Spain. In the film, Mansfield's three songs were dubbed by singer Connie Francis. Fox released the film in the United States in 1959, and it was Mansfield's last mainstream film success. Columbia Pictures offered her a part opposite James Stewart and Jack Lemmon in the romantic comedy Bell, Book and Candle (1958), but she turned it down because she was pregnant.<ref name="sheriff1">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="sheriff2">Template:Cite book</ref> Fox attempted to cast Mansfield opposite Paul Newman in Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! (1958), his ill-fated first attempt at comedy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Mansfield had remarried in 1958, to Mickey Hargitay. Three children were conceived when they were together: Mickey, Jr. (b. 1958), Zoltan (b. 1960), and Mariska (b. 1964).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

With a decreased demand for big-breasted, blonde bombshells and an increasing backlash against her excessive publicity, Mansfield became a box-office has-been by the early 1960s.<ref name=JaynePaul/> She was still a celebrity, able to attract attention and large crowds for her lucrative and successful nightclub acts, including appearances in Las Vegas. She earned "$200,000 for ten weeks of work."<ref name=promo2/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fox stopped viewing her as a major Hollywood star and started loaning her and her likeness out to foreign productions in England and Italy, respectively, until the end of her contract in 1962. Many of her English/Italian films are regarded as obscure and some are considered lost.<ref name=deboltbaugess2011>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name=faris02>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield in Too Hot to Handle (1960)

In 1959, Fox cast her in two independent gangster films shot in the United Kingdom: The Challenge and Too Hot to Handle, both released in 1960. Both films were low-budget, and their American releases were delayed.<ref name=toohot>Template:Harvnb</ref> Too Hot to Handle was not released in the U.S. until 1961, as Playgirl After Dark. The Challenge was released in 1963 as It Takes a Thief. In the U.S., censors objected to a scene in Too Hot to Handle in which Mansfield, wearing silver netting with sequins painted over her nipples, appears nearly nude.Template:Sfn

When Mansfield returned to Hollywood in mid-1960, 20th Century Fox cast her in It Happened in Athens (1962) with Trax Colton, a handsome newcomer Fox was trying to mold into a heartthrob. She received first billing above the title but appeared in a supporting role. The Olympic Games-based film was shot in Greece in 1960 but not released until 1962. It was a box-office failure, and 20th Century Fox dropped Mansfield's contract. In 1961, Mansfield took a minor role but above-the-title billing in The George Raft Story, released in 1962. Starring Ray Danton as Raft, the film showcased Mansfield in a small part as a glamorous film star. Soon after its release, she returned to appearing in foreign films such as L'Amore Primitivo (1964, Italy) and Panic Button (1964, Italy).<ref name="tvguide"/>Template:Efn

Mansfield nude in Promises! Promises! (1963)

Tommy Noonan persuaded Mansfield to become the first mainstream American actress to appear nude in a starring role, in the film Promises! Promises! (1963). Playboy published nude photographs of Mansfield on set in its June 1963 issue, resulting in obscenity charges being filed against Hugh Hefner in a Chicago court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Promises! Promises! was banned in Cleveland, Ohio, but enjoyed box-office success elsewhere. As a result of its success, Mansfield landed on the Top 10 list of box-office attractions for that year.<ref name="Faris01">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Soon thereafter, she was chosen to replace the recently deceased Marilyn Monroe in Kiss Me, Stupid (released in 1964), a romantic comedy starring Dean Martin. She turned down the role because of her pregnancy (with daughter Mariska). She was replaced by Kim Novak.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

But in that same year, 1963, Mansfield appeared in a pinup book, Jayne Mansfield for President: the White House or Bust, which was promoted on billboards. David Attie, a commercial and fine art photographer, took the photographs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1966, Mansfield was cast in Single Room Furnished, directed by her husband Matt Cimber, whom she had married in 1964. She portrayed three different characters in her first starring dramatic role in several years. The film was released briefly in 1966.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It did not enjoy a full release until 1968, almost a year after her death. After Single Room Furnished wrapped, Mansfield was cast opposite Mamie Van Doren and Ferlin Husky in The Las Vegas Hillbillys (1966), a low-budget comedy from Woolner Brothers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This was her first country and western film, and she promoted it on a 29-day tour of major U.S. cities, accompanied by Husky, Don Bowman, and other country musicians. Before filming, Mansfield said she would not "share any screen time with the drive-in's answer to Marilyn Monroe", meaning Van Doren. Their characters did share one scene, but Mansfield and Van Doren filmed their parts at different times; these were edited together later.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Mansfield's wardrobe relied on the shapeless styles of the 1960s to hide her weight gain after the birth of her fifth child.<ref name="faris105">Template:Harvnb</ref> Despite career setbacks, she remained a highly visible celebrity in the early 1960s through her publicity stunts and stage performances. In early 1967, Mansfield filmed her last role, a cameo in A Guide for the Married Man, a comedy starring Walter Matthau, Robert Morse, and Inger Stevens. The opening credits listed Mansfield as one of the technical advisers, along with other star names.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Television

Mansfield and Barry Coe in Follow the Sun (1961)

Mansfield played her first leading role on television in 1956 on NBC's The Bachelor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In her first appearance on British television in 1957, she recited from Shakespeare (including a line from Hamlet)Template:Efn and played piano and violin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="farisTV">Template:Harvnb</ref> Her performances in television dramas included episodes of Burke's Law, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Red Skelton Hour (three episodes), Kraft Mystery Theater, and Follow the Sun. Mansfield's performance in Follow the Sun ("The Dumbest Blonde"; Season 1, Episode 21; February 4, 1962; produced by 20th Century Fox Television) was hailed as the advent of "a new and dramatic Jayne Mansfield".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She appeared on a number of game shows, including Down You Go, The Match Game, and What's My Line?.<ref name="tvguide">Template:Cite web</ref>

She performed in a number of variety shows, including The Jack Benny Program (on which she played violin), The Steve Allen Show, and The Jackie Gleason Show (in the mid-1960s, when the show was the second-highest-rated program in the U.S.).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In November 1957, on a special episode of NBC's The Perry Como Show ("Holiday in Las Vegas"), one of her nightclub acts was featured, something quite scandalous for the audience according to the broadcaster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She was a headlining guest for three of The Bob Hope Specials. In 1957, she toured United States Pacific Command areas in Hawaii, Okinawa, Guam, Tokyo, and Korea with Bob Hope for the United Service Organizations for 13 days, appearing as a comedian;<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> in 1961, she toured Newfoundland,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Labrador, and Baffin Island for a Christmas special.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She made many appearances on talk shows, which she appreciated for the publicity.<ref name="farisTV" /> One of her more notable appearances on a variety show was on The Ed Sullivan Show (Season 10, Episode 35; May 26, 1957), right after her success with Rock Hunter; she played violin with a six-person backup band.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After the show she exclaimed, "Now I am really national. Momma and Dallas see the Ed Sullivan show!" According to Nielsen, the episode was watched in 13,400,000 homes, reaching 34% of the total audience, almost 30 million viewers.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

By 1958, she earned $20,000 per episode for television performances ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1964, Mansfield turned down the role of Ginger Grant on the sitcom Gilligan's Island. Although her acting roles were becoming marginalized, Mansfield rejected the part as it epitomized the stereotype she wished to leave behind.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The part went to Tina Louise. A widespread rumor that Mansfield had a breast-flashing wardrobe malfunction at the 1957 Academy Awards was later found to be baseless by Academy researchers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In June 1967, ten days before her death in a car accident, she read To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, a poem by Robert Herrick about early death, on The Joey Bishop Show—her last television appearance."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn

As late as the mid-1980s, Mansfield as a figure drew audiences on television in fictional dramas portraying her and documentary productions with historic footage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1980, The Jayne Mansfield Story aired on CBS, starring Loni Anderson as Mansfield and Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mickey Hargitay. It was nominated for three Emmy Awards. The A+E Networks TV series Biography featured her in the episode Jayne Mansfield: Blonde Ambition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It won an Emmy Award in the outstanding nonfiction TV series category in 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A&E also dramatized her life in the TV serial, Dangerous Curves, in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1988, her story and archival footage were part of the TV documentary Hollywood Sex Symbols.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Other ventures

Stage appearances

Template:See also Between 1951 and 1953 she acted in The Slaves of Demon Rum, Ten Nights in a Barroom, Macbeth, and Anything Goes. Her performance in an October 1953 production of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman attracted Paramount Pictures to audition her.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lumet trained her for the audition.<ref name=history/> In 1955, she went to New York and appeared in the Broadway production of George Axelrod's comedy Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, also featuring Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. It was her first major stage performance, garnering her critical attention which was not always positive.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She starred as Rita Marlowe (a wild, blonde Hollywood starlet à la Monroe) in the musical spoofing Hollywood in general and Marilyn Monroe in particular. Her wardrobe, a bath towel, caused a sensation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She received a Theatre World Award (Promising Personality) for her performance in 1956,<ref name="TheatreAwards">Template:Cite web</ref> as well as a Golden Globe Award (New Star of the year, Actress) in 1957.<ref name="Jayne Mansfield">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times described the "commendable abandon" of her scantily clad rendition of Rita Marlowe in the play as "a platinum-pated movie siren with the wavy contours of Marilyn Monroe". She performed in about 450 shows between 1955 and 1956.<ref name=burbank>Template:Cite book</ref>

In May 1964, she starred in the stage production of Bus Stop at Yonkers Playhouse, co-starring Mickey Hargitay and Ann B. Davis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The play had a three week engagement that ended on June 14.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mansfield toured U.S. towns alternating between Bus Stop and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.<ref name=playfaris>Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1965, she performed in another pair of plays: Rabbit Habit at the Latin Quarter nightclub and Champagne Complex, directed by Matt Cimber, at the Pabst Theater. Both plays received poor reviews.<ref name=playfaris/><ref name=playstrait>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Nightclub

Mansfield in a promotional poster for French Dressing (1964)

In February 1958, the Tropicana Las Vegas launched Mansfield's striptease revue The Tropicana Holiday (produced by Monte Proser, co-starring Mickey Hargitay) under a four-week contract that was extended to eight.<ref name=cultvegas>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The opening night raised $20,000 for March of Dimes ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn She received $25,000 per week for her performance as Trixie Divoon in the show ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars),Template:Inflation-fn while her contract with 20th Century Fox was paying her $2,500 per week ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).<ref name=straitclub>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She had a million-dollar policy with Lloyd's of London in case Hargitay dropped her as he whirled her around for the show.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1959, Jayne returned to the Tropicana with her show being extended from a four-week run to eight when Betty Hutton's engagement there failed to materialize.Template:Sfn In December 1960, the Dunes hotel and casino launched Mansfield's revue The House of Love (produced by Jack Cole, co-starring Hargitay). She received a salary of $35,000 a week ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), the highest of her career.<ref name="Strait 1992 110">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name=farisclub>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Her wardrobe for the shows at Tropicana and Dunes featured a gold mesh dress with sequins to cover her nipples and pubic region.<ref name=burbank/><ref name=cultvegas/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The controversial dress was called "Jayne Mansfield and a few sequins".<ref name=straitclub/> In early 1963, she performed in her first club engagement outside Las Vegas, at the Plantation Supper Club in Greensboro, North Carolina, earning $23,000 in a week ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), and then at Iroquois Gardens in Louisville, Kentucky.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She returned to Las Vegas in 1966, but her show was staged on Fremont Street, away from the Strip where the Tropicana and Dunes were.<ref name=cultvegas/> Her last nightclub act, French Dressing, was at the Latin Quarter in New York in 1966, also repeated at the Tropicana.<ref name=farisclub/> It was a modified version of the Tropicana show and ran for six weeks with fair success.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Her nightclub career inspired films, documentaries, and a musical album. 20th Century Fox Records recorded "The House of Love" for the album Jayne Mansfield Busts Up Las Vegas in 1962. She played the roles of burlesque entertainer Midnight Franklin in Too Hot to Handle (1960) and Las Vegas showgirl Tawni Downs in The Las Vegas Hillbillys (1966).<ref name=toohot/><ref name=faris105/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1967, the independent documentary Spree (alternative title Las Vegas by Night), about the antics of Las Vegas entertainers, was released. The film, narrated as a part of a travelogue of Vic Damone and Juliet Prowse, featured Mansfield, Hargitay, Constance Moore, and Clara Ward as guest stars. Mansfield strips and sings "Promise Her Anything" from the film Promises! Promises!<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> A court order prohibited using any of the guest stars to promote the film.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later in her career, Mansfield was busier on stage, performing and making appearances with her nightclub acts, club engagements, and performance tours. By 1960, she had made personal appearances for everything from supermarket promotions to drugstore openings, at $10,000 per appearance ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref name=promo2/>

Musical work

Mansfield had classical training in piano and violin. She sang in film soundtracks and on stage for her theatrical and nightclub performances, and released singles and albums. After her death, she became an inspiration for punk-rock musicians.<ref>Wes Hurley, Don't Miss "Mansfield 66/67"!, Huffington Post, October 20, 2017</ref>

Soundtracks

Mansfield sang or her singing was dubbed in some of her films including The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw and Promises! Promises!.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Her screen performance of songs in The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw was actually dubbed by Connie Francis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Live performances

In 1958, an orchestra was recorded for the 31st Academy Awards ceremony with Jack Benny on first violin, Mansfield on violin, Dick Powell on trumpet, Robert Mitchum on woodwind, Fred Astaire on drums, and Jerry Lewis as conductor, but the performance was canceled.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> She sang "Too Marvelous for Words" for The Jack Benny Program ("Jack Takes Boat to Hawaii"; Episode 9, Season 14; November 26, 1963). Her club performances regularly featured songs like Call Me, A Little Brains, A Little Talent ("This Queen has her aces in all the right places"), Plain Jane, Quando-Quando, Bésame Mucho, and the song Marilyn Monroe made famous, Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Discography

In 1962, 20th Century Fox Records released the album Jayne Mansfield Busts Up Las Vegas, a recording of her Las Vegas revue The House of Love. In 1964 MGM Records released the novelty album Jayne Mansfield: Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky & Me, in which Mansfield recited Shakespeare's sonnets and poems by Marlowe, Browning, Wordsworth, and others against a background of Tchaikovsky's music. The album cover depicted a bouffant-coiffed Mansfield with lips pursed and breasts barely covered by a fur stole, posing between busts of Tchaikovsky and Shakespeare.<ref>Welcome to Raymondo's Dance-o-rama. triad.rr.com Retrieved December 13, 2006. Template:Webarchive</ref> The New York Times described the album as a reading of "30-odd poems in a husky, urban, baby voice". The reviewer wrote, "Miss Mansfield is a lady with apparent charms, but reading poetry is not one of them."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1965, Jimi Hendrix played bass and added lead in his session musician days for Mansfield on two songs, "As The Clouds Drift By" and "Suey", released as a 45-rpm single by London Records in 1966.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ed Chalpin, the record producer, claimed that Mansfield played all the instruments on the singles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Hendrix historian Steven Roby (Black Gold: The Lost Archives Of Jimi Hendrix, Billboard Books), this collaboration occurred because they shared a manager.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Wo ist der Mann", sung in German and released by Polydor Records in Austria, was much in demand immediately after its release in August 1963. The A-side featured Hans Last's "Snicksnack-Snuckelchen".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 1964, the Original Sound label released two original songs from the soundtrack of The Las Vegas Hillbillys, "That Makes It" (an answer to The Big Bopper's "Chantilly Lace") on the A-side and "Little Things Mean a Lot" on the B-side.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Personal life

Mansfield was allegedly intimately involved with many men, including Claude Terrail (owner of the Paris restaurant Tour d'Argent),<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Robert F. Kennedy,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> John F. Kennedy,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brazilian billionaire Jorge Guinle,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> producer Enrico Bomba, and her attorney Samuel S. Brody. She met John F. Kennedy through his brother-in-law Peter Lawford in Palm Springs, California, in 1960, but their alleged affair did not last.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1967, film critic Whitney Williams wrote of Mansfield in Variety: "her personal life out-rivaled any of the roles she played".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Marriages, children, and affairs

Jayne Palmer met Paul Mansfield at a party on Christmas Eve in 1949; she was a popular student at Highland Park High School, and he at Sunset High School in Dallas.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> On May 6, 1950, they married in Fort Worth, Texas. At the time of their marriage, Jayne was 17 and three months' pregnant, and Paul was 20.<ref name="wed1">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="wed2">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Some sources say the marriage was on May 10).<ref name="Mann 1974 10–12">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Pendergast00">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to biographer Raymond Strait, she had an earlier "secret" marriage on January 28, after which she conceived her first child.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> On November 8, 1950, Mansfield gave birth to her daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield.<ref name="JaynePaul" /> Some sources say Paul Mansfield was her child's father;<ref name="wed1" /><ref name="wed2" /> others say the pregnancy was the result of date rape.<ref name="Mann 1974 10–12" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

In 1952, she juggled motherhood and classes at the University of Texas. Early in 1952, Paul was called to the United States Army Reserve for the Korean War.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> While he served in the army, she spent a year at Camp Gordon, Georgia. Her life became easier with Paul's army allotment.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Paul Mansfield hoped their child's birth would discourage Jayne's interest in acting. When it did not, he agreed to move to Los Angeles in 1954 after returning from the Korean War to further her career.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Once in California, he took a job with a small newspaper in East Los Angeles and lived in a small apartment in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, with Jayne and her pets—a Great Dane, three cats named Sabina, Romulus, and Ophelia, two chihuahuas, a poodle dyed pink, and a rabbit.<ref name="saxtonLA">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="strategist1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="straitLA">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> She left Jayne Marie with her maternal grandparents<ref name="extravagance">Template:Cite book</ref> and spent the summer semester at UCLA.<ref name="history" /><ref name="jayneedu1" />

After a series of arguments about Jayne's ambitions, infidelity, and animals, Paul and Jayne decided to dissolve the marriage.<ref name="strategist1" /><ref name="straitLA" /> It was a long process. In February 1955, Jayne filed for separate maintenance, and in August 1956 Paul filed for custody of their daughter.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Jayne filed for divorce in California in 1956; Paul filed for divorce in 1957 in Texas, citing mental cruelty, and they received their divorce papers on January 8, 1958.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After the divorce, she kept "Mansfield" as her professional name.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Paul Mansfield remarried, settled into the public relations business, and moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, but failed to win custody of Jayne Marie or restrain her from traveling abroad with her mother.<ref name="mansfielddiv">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After turning 18, Jayne Marie complained that she had not received her inheritance from the Mansfield estate or heard from her father since her mother's death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mansfield with Hargitay and children in London in 1959

Mansfield met her second husband, Mickey Hargitay, at the Latin Quarter nightclub in New York City on May 13, 1956, where he was performing as a member of the chorus line in Mae West's show.<ref name="farisqueen" /> Hargitay was an actor and bodybuilder who won the Mr. Universe competition in 1955.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mansfield fell for him immediately, which resulted in a squabble with West.<ref name=Windsor>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In the ensuing row, Mr. California, Chuck Krauser, beat Hargitay up and was arrested and released on a $300 bond ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollarsTemplate:Inflation-fn).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After Mansfield returned from her 40-day European tour, Hargitay proposed to her on November 6, 1957, with a $5,000 10-carat diamond ring ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On January 13, 1958 (days after her divorce from Paul Mansfield was finalized), Mansfield married Hargitay at the Wayfarers Chapel in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. The unique glass chapel made public and press viewing of the wedding easy. Mansfield wore a pink, skin-tight wedding gown made of sequins with a Template:Convert flounce of pink tulle (designed by a 20th Century-Fox costume designer),<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and at the reception she had Hargitay drink pink champagne.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hargitay made his first film appearance with Mansfield in a bit part in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Subscription required</ref> The couple became a performing team touring in stage shows, where Mansfield's leopard-spot bikini became a topic of discussion and newspaper coverage.<ref name="faris02" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a highlight, Hargitay tossed her around his waist and spun her in wide circles as her shows made more headlines.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> On screen, he was Mansfield's male lead in her Italian ventures The Loves of Hercules and L'Amore Primitivo and also appeared in Promises! Promises! On stage, he was the male lead in her various nightclub acts including The Tropicana Holiday.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mansfield and Hargitay had two sons, Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay (a.k.a. Mickey Hargitay Jr., born December 21, 1958) and Zoltán Anthony Hargitay (born August 1, 1960).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mansfield and Hargitay made personal appearances on television shows such as the Bob Hope Specials.<ref name="faris02" /> They had a number of business holdings, including the Hargitay Exercise Equipment Company, Jayne Mansfield Productions, and Eastland Savings and Loan.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She co-wrote the autobiographical book Jayne Mansfield's Wild, Wild World with Hargitay. It contained 32 pages of black-and-white photographs from the film printed on glossy paper.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1962, Mansfield had a well-publicized affair with Enrico Bomba, the Italian producer and production manager of her film Panic Button.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hargitay accused Bomba of sabotaging their marriage.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield in Kloten, Switzerland, in 1960

In 1963, she had another well-publicized relationship with the Brazilian-born comedian-singer Nelson Sardelli, whom she said she planned to marry when her divorce from Hargitay was finalized.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The couple divorced in Juarez, Mexico, in May 1963. Sardelli accompanied Mansfield in her legal preparations.<ref name="Faris01" /> She had previously filed for divorce on May 4, 1962, but told reporters, "I'm sure we will make it up."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the acrimonious divorce proceedings, she attempted to force a more favorable financial settlement by accusing Hargitay of kidnapping one of her children.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

After divorcing Hargitay, Mansfield discovered she was pregnant. Being an unwed mother would have endangered her career, so she and Hargitay announced that they were still married. A daughter, Mariska Magdolna Hargitay, was born on January 23, 1964, after the divorce was finalized but before California ruled it valid.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Mariska later revealed that Sardelli is her biological father.<ref name=dad>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mansfield sued to get the Juarez divorce declared legal after Mariska was born, and the divorce was recognized on August 26, 1964.<ref name="divorcefaris">Template:Harvnb</ref>

A court decree in June 1967 made Hargitay the guardian of Mickey Jr., Zoltán, and Mariska, though they continued to live with Mansfield.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He married airline stewardess Ellen Siano in 1968,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and she accompanied him to New Orleans when he picked up his children after Mansfield's death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shortly after her funeral, Hargitay sued his ex-wife's estate for more than $275,000 ($Template:Format price million in Template:Inflation-year dollars)Template:Inflation-fn to support the children, as he and Ellen would raise them,<ref name="divorcefaris" /> but he lost the suit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mansfield once told Hargitay on a television talk show that she was sorry for all the trouble she had caused him.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield with attorney and boyfriend Sam Brody, Germany, 1967

Mansfield became involved with Matt Cimber (a.k.a. Matteo Ottaviano, né Thomas Vitale Ottaviano), an Italian-born film director, when he directed her in a stage production of Bus Stop in Yonkers, New York, costarring Hargitay.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She married him on September 24, 1964, in Mulegé, Baja California Sur, Mexico. They separated on July 11, 1965, and filed for divorce on July 20, 1966.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cimber managed her career during their marriage, and guided her through a series of increasingly tawdry projects like Promises! Promises! and The Las Vegas Hillbillys. Their marriage began to collapse in the wake of Cimber’s alleged physical abuse, Mansfield's alcohol abuse, open infidelities, and disclosure to Cimber that she had been happy only with Sardelli. Work on Mansfield's film Single Room Furnished (1966), directed by Cimber, was suspended.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The couple had a son, Antonio Raphael Ottaviano (a.k.a. Tony Cimber, born October 18, 1965). Cimber and his second wife, dress designer Christy Hilliard Hanak, who married on December 2, 1967, raised Tony, Mansfield's youngest child.<ref name="extravagance" /><ref name="jaynesam1" /><ref name="Jordan 2009 page=222" /> At the time, Mansfield had degenerated into alcoholism, drunken brawls, and performing at cheap burlesque shows.<ref name="salon2001" /><ref name="Jordan 2009 222">Template:Harvnb</ref> Cimber later worked as a producer for Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 1966, Mansfield started living with her attorney, Sam Brody, who had frequent drunken brawls with her and mistreated her daughter Jayne Marie. In the 2025 documentary My Mom Jayne, Jayne Marie, Mansfield's son Zoltán Hargitay, and Mickey Hargitay's third wife Ellen also recalled instances where Mansfield showed signs of physical abuse from Brody. Sam Brody's wife Beverly filed for divorce, calling Mansfield the "41st other woman" in Sam's life.<ref name="extravagance" /><ref name="jaynesam1">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Jordan 2009 page=222">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield's son Zoltán made news when a lion attacked him and bit his neck while he and his mother visited the theme park Jungleland USA in Thousand Oaks, California, on November 23, 1966. He suffered severe head trauma, underwent three surgeries at Community Memorial Hospital in Ventura, California, including a six-hour brain surgery, and contracted meningitis. He recovered, and Brody sued the theme park on the family's behalf for $1.6 million ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollars).Template:Inflation-fn<ref name="farisqueen" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The publicity led to the theme park's closure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In June 1967, two weeks before her mother's death, 16-year-old Jayne Marie accused Brody of beating her.<ref name="NYT19670630" /> Her statement to the Los Angeles Police Department implicated her mother in encouraging the abuse, and days later a juvenile court judge awarded temporary custody of Jayne Marie to Paul Mansfield's uncle William W. Pigue and his wife Mary.<ref name="wed1" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Religion

In August 1963, Mansfield decided to convert to Catholicism.<ref name=playstrait/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Although she never actually converted, she attended Catholic services when in Europe,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and followed Catholic practices when involved with Catholic partners (including Hargitay, Sardelli, and Cimber).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In May 1967, her performance at the Mount Brandon Hotel in Tralee, Ireland, was canceled because Catholic clergy condemned it.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She wanted to marry Cimber in a Catholic ceremony, but was unable to find a priest to officiate.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> While involved with Brody, she also showed interest in Judaism.<ref name=playstrait/>

In San Francisco for the city's 1966 Film Festival, Mansfield and Brody visited the Church of Satan to meet Anton LaVey, the church's founder. He awarded Mansfield a medallion and the title "High Priestess of San Francisco's Church of Satan." The media enthusiastically covered the meeting and the events surrounding it, identifying her as a Satanist, and speculating that she was somehow romantically involved with LaVey.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> That meeting remained a much-publicized and oft-quoted event of both her life and the history of the Church of Satan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> LaVey's daughter Karla LaVey said in a 1992 interview that Mansfield was a practicing LaVeyan Satanist and had a romantic relationship with Anton LaVey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Public image

Influence

Mansfield posing with Egyptian actress Magda at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival, 1961<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Mansfield was a major Hollywood sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s and 20th Century Fox's alternative to Marilyn Monroe. She came to be known as the "Working Man's Monroe".<ref name="Davies 2012 33">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="salon2001" /> She was one of Hollywood's original blonde bombshells,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and remains one of the most recognizable icons of 1950s celebrity culture.<ref name="stjames" />

According to Hollywood historian and biographer James Parish, Mansfield's hourglass figure (she claimed dimensions of 40–21–35), unique sashaying walk, breathy baby talk, and cleavage-revealing costumes made an enduring impact.<ref name="extravagance" /> Hollywood historian Andrew Nelson said that she was seen as Hollywood's gaudiest, boldest, D-cupped, B-grade actress from 1955 until the early 1960s.<ref name="salon2001" />

Frequent references have been made to Mansfield's very high IQ, which she claimed was 163.Template:Sfn In addition to English, she spoke four other languages. She learned French, Spanish, and German in high school, and in 1963 she studied Italian.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Reputed to be Hollywood's "smartest dumb blonde", she later complained that the public did not care about her brain, saying: "They're more interested in 40–21–35", a reference to her body measurements.<ref name="salon2001">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Windsor" />

Trademarks

Blonde

Template:See also A natural brunette, Mansfield had her hair bleached and colored platinum blonde when she moved to Los Angeles,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and became one of the early "blonde bombshells", along with Marilyn Monroe, Betty Grable, and Mamie Van Doren.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1958, she also had her eyebrows dyed platinum.<ref name="farisbeauty">Template:Harvnb</ref> Following Jean Harlow (who started the trend with her film Bombshell),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Monroe, Mansfield, and Van Doren helped establish the stereotype typified by a combination of curvaceous physique, very light-colored hair, and a perceived lack of intelligence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A review of English-language tabloids shows it to be one of the most persistent blonde stereotypes along with busty blonde, and blonde babe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Mansfield and Monroe have been described as representations of a historical juncture of sexuality in comedy and popular culture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Academics have also named Anita Ekberg and Bettie Page as catalysts of the trend of exaggerated female sexuality.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> M. Thomas Inge describes Mansfield, Monroe, and Jane Russell as personifications of the bad girl in popular culture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Judy Holliday and Goldie Hawn have also been said to have established the "dumb blonde" stereotype,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> typified by overt sexuality and apparent inability to understand everyday life.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Instead of the asexualized and virginal "nice girls" of earlier films, the pneumatic blonde bombshells took over the screen in the 1950s and have been consistently emulated since.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="human">Template:Cite book</ref> Social historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg called the 1950s as "an era distinguished by its worship of full-breasted women" and attributes the paradigm shift to Mansfield and Monroe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Patricia Vettel-Becker specifically attributed the phenomenon to Playboy magazine and Mansfield's and Monroe's appearances in it.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Figure

Newspapers in the 1950s routinely published Mansfield's body measurements, which once led evangelist Billy Graham to exclaim, "This country knows more about Jayne Mansfield's statistics than the Second Commandment."<ref>Russell, Dennis (2000). "Jayne Mansfield". In Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara (eds.). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press, Gale. pp. 250–261. ISBN 1-55862-405-8. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011.</ref> Mansfield proclaimed a 41-inch bust line and a 22-inch waist when she made her Broadway debut in 1955, though some scholars dispute those figures.<ref name="kehr">Template:Cite news</ref> She was known as "the Cleavage Queen" and "the Queen of Sex and Bosom".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

It was said that her breasts fluctuated<ref name="thewomens/changes-breasts">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="alberta/Breast-Pregnancy">Template:Cite web</ref> in size from her pregnancies and nursing her five children. Her smallest bust measurement was 40-D (102 cm), which was constant throughout the 1950s, and her largest was 46-DD (117 cm), measured by the press in 1967.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Playboy, her vital statistics were 40D-21-36 (102–53–91 cm) on her Template:Convert frame.<ref>"Playboy Data Sheet: Jayne Mansfield, Miss February 1955"</ref>

It has been claimed that her bosom was a major force behind the development of 1950s brassieres, including the whirlpool bra, cuties, the shutter bra, the action bra, latex pads, cleavage-revealing designs, and uplifted outlines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> R. L. Rutsky<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Bill Osgerby<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> have said that Mansfield, Monroe, and Brigitte Bardot popularized the bikini. Drawing on the Freudian concept of fetishism, British science-fiction writer and socio-cultural commentator J. G. Ballard said that Mae West's, Mansfield's, and Monroe's breasts "loomed across the horizon of popular consciousness".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Dave Kehr, as the 1960s approached, the anatomy that had made her a star turned her into a joke.<ref name="kehr" /> In that decade, the female body ideal shifted to the slim waif-like features of supermodel Twiggy, actress Audrey Hepburn, and others.<ref name="human" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Publicity

Mansfield's drive for publicity was one of the strongest in Hollywood. She gave up all privacy, her doors always open to photographers.<ref name="promo2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="promo1">Template:Cite news</ref> On Christmas Eve 1954, she walked into publicist James Byron's office with a gift and asked him to oversee her publicity,<ref name="promo2" /> which he did, for the most part, until the end of 1961.<ref name="Strait 1992 110" /> Byron appointed most of the people on her team—William Shiffrin (press agent), Greg Bautzer (attorney), and Charles Goldring (business manager)<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>—and constantly planted publicity material in the media.<ref name="promo1" /> She appeared in about 2,500 newspaper photographs, and had about 122,000 lines of newspaper copy written about her between September 1956 and May 1957.<ref name="stjames">Template:Cite book</ref>

Because of this media blitz, she achieved international renown. On October 10, 1959, she visited White Hart Lane, England, and watched the Tottenham Hotspur versus Wolverhampton Wanderers FC football match. By 1960, Mansfield had topped press polls for most words in print, made more personal appearances than any political candidate,<ref name="promo2" /> and was regarded as the world's most-photographed Hollywood celebrity.<ref name="burbank" /> She made news on a regular basis, for malfunctioning dresses, clothing that burst strategically at the seams, and low-cut dresses without a bra.<ref name="promo1" /><ref name="Mannstunt" /> Things worsened when she took charge of her own publicity without advice. According to Shiffrin, "She became a freak."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> James Bacon wrote in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner in 1973: "Here was a girl with real comedy talent, spectacular figure and looks and yet ridiculed herself out of business by outlandish publicity."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mansfield received her first truly negative publicity after she and Hargitay pleaded poverty when his first wife, Mary Hargitay, whom he divorced on September 6, 1956, requested additional child support for their first child, Tina, in September 1958. Mansfield said she slept on the floor of her mansion, was unable to buy furniture, and spent only $71 on her daughter Jayne Marie ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars)Template:Inflation-fn.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this marriage she had three children, Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay (born December 21, 1958), Zoltán Anthony Hargitay (born August 1, 1960), and Mariska (born January 23, 1964), the biological daughter of Nelson Sardelli.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Publicity stunts

In January 1955, Mansfield appeared at a Silver Springs, Florida, press junket promoting the film Underwater!, starring Jane Russell. She purposely wore a too-small red bikini lent to her by photographer friend Peter Gowland. When she dived into the pool for photographers, her top came off, creating a burst of media attention. The ensuing publicity led Warner Bros. and Playboy to approach her with offers.<ref name="wed1" /><ref name="stjames" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 8 of that year, her dress fell down to her waist twice in a single evening, once at a movie party and later at a nightclub.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In February 1958, she was topless at a Carnival party in Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="Windsor" /><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She shimmied out of her polka-dot dress in a Rome nightclub in June 1962.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the three years since making her Broadway debut in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, Mansfield had become the most controversial star of the decade.<ref name="Mannstunt">Template:Harvnb</ref>

In April 1957, her breasts were the focus of a publicity stunt intended to deflect media attention from Sophia Loren during a dinner party in Loren's honor. Photographs of them were published around the world. The best-known showed Loren gazing at Mansfield's cleavage (she was seated between Loren and her dinner companion, Clifton Webb) when Mansfield leaned over the table, allowing her breasts to spill over her low neckline, exposing one of her nipples.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The photo was a UPI sensation, appearing in newspapers and magazines with the word "censored" hiding Mansfield's nipple.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

At the same time, the media were quick to condemn Mansfield's stunts. One editorial columnist wrote: "We are amused when Miss Mansfield strains to pull in her stomach to fill out her bikini better; but we get angry when career-seeking women, shady ladies, and certain starlets and actresses ... use every opportunity to display their anatomy unasked."<ref name="straitanatomy" /> By the late 1950s, Mansfield began to generate a great deal of negative publicity because of repeated exposure of her breasts in carefully staged public "wardrobe accidents".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="pocono">Template:Cite news</ref> Richard Blackwell, her wardrobe designer (who also designed for Jane Russell, Dorothy Lamour, Peggy Lee and Nancy Reagan), dropped her from his client list because of this.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> In April 1967, the Los Angeles Times wrote: "She confuses publicity and notoriety with stardom and celebrity and the result is very distasteful to the public."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Signature color

Front of the Pink Palace in 1997

Mansfield adopted pink as her color in 1954, and was associated with it for the rest of her career.<ref name="JaynePaul" /><ref name="pink2">Template:Harvnb</ref> Her original choice was purple, but she thought it too close to lavender, Kim Novak's signature color.<ref name="JaynePaul" /> "It must have been the right decision," she said, "because I got more column space from pink than Kim Novak ever did from lavender."<ref name="pink2" /> In November 1957, shortly before their marriage, using money from an inheritance, Mansfield bought the 40-room Mediterranean-style mansion (formerly owned by Rudy Vallée) at 10100 Sunset Boulevard in the Holmby Hills section of Los Angeles.<ref name="faris02" /> Mansfield had the house painted pink, with cupids surrounded by pink fluorescent lights, pink fur in the bathrooms, a pink heart-shaped bathtub, and a fountain spurting pink champagne; she then dubbed it the "Pink Palace". Hargitay (a plumber and carpenter before taking up bodybuilding) built the pink heart-shaped swimming pool. The year after reconstructing the "Pink Palace" as a "pink landmark", she began riding in a pink Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz convertible with tailfins, then the only pink Cadillac in Hollywood.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Rivalry

Throughout her career, Mansfield was compared by the media to the reigning sex symbol of the period, Marilyn Monroe.<ref name="manndance">Template:Harvnb</ref> 20th Century Fox groomed her and Sheree North to substitute for Monroe, their resident blonde bombshell, while Universal Pictures launched Van Doren as its substitute.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The studio launched Mansfield with a grand 40-day tour of England and Europe from September 25 to November 6, 1957.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She adopted Monroe's vocal mannerisms instead of her original husky voice and Texas accent,<ref name="kehr" /> performed in two plays that were based on Monroe vehicles, Bus Stop and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> and her role in The Wayward Bus was strongly influenced by Monroe's character in Bus Stop.<ref name="playfaris" />

Other studios also tried to find their own versions of Monroe. Columbia Pictures tried Cleo Moore, Warner Bros. Carroll Baker, Paramount Pictures Anita Ekberg, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Barbara Lang,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while Diana Dors was dubbed England's answer to Mansfield.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jacqueline Susann wrote, "When one studio has a Marilyn Monroe, every other studio is hiring Jayne Mansfield and Mamie Van Doren."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The contenders also included Sheree North, Kim Novak, Joi Lansing, Beverly Michaels, Barbara Nichols and Greta Thyssen, and even two brunettes— Elizabeth Taylor and Jane Russell.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Van Doren, Dors, and Novak also acted in productions of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Even when Mansfield's film roles were drying up, she was still considered Monroe's primary rival. Mansfield considered Van Doren her professional nemesis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed At one point, Monroe, Mansfield, and Mamie were known as The Three M's.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Death

On June 28, 1967, Mansfield was in Biloxi, Mississippi, for an engagement at the Gus Stevens Supper Club. After midnight, Mansfield; her attorney and partner Sam Brody; Ronald B. Harrison, a 19-year-old driver for the Gus Stevens Supper Club, who was driving; three of her children; and her four Chihuahuas left Biloxi for New Orleans, where Mansfield was to appear on WDSU's Midday Show. At about 2:25 a.m. on June 29, on U.S. Highway 90, Template:Convert west of the Rigolets Bridge, their car crashed while traveling between Template:Convert into the rear of a tractor-trailer that had slowed down from Template:Convert due to an approaching mosquito insecticide fog-spraying truck that was flashing a red light. The three adults in the front seat and two of the dogs died instantly. The children, asleep in the rear seat, survived with minor injuries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=beverly>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn They were rushed to Ochsner Foundation Hospital, where Mickey Hargitay arrived that same day after learning what had happened.<ref name="Wolfe">Template:Cite news</ref>

Reports that Mansfield was decapitated are untrue, although she suffered severe head trauma.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This urban legend started with the appearance in police photographs of the crashed car with its top virtually sheared off and what resembled a blonde-haired head tangled in the car's smashed windshield. Mansfield's death certificate gives her immediate cause of death as "crushed skull with avulsion of cranium and brain".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The identity of the head-like shape has not been definitively determined, but it is speculated to have been either a wig Mansfield was wearing or carrying, the top of her real hair and scalp, or something else.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After her death, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommended requiring an underride guard (a strong bar made of steel tubing) on all tractor-trailers; the trucking industry was slow to adopt this change. In America, the underride guard is sometimes known as a "Mansfield bar."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mansfield's body was flown from New Orleans to New York and a private funeral took place on July 3 at the chapel of the Pullis Funeral Home in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania, officiated by a pastor of the Zion Methodist Church who had known Mansfield since her childhood. Mansfield was buried in Fairview Cemetery next to her father. Mickey Hargitay was the only ex-husband of Mansfield present at the funeral.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=playstrait/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1968, two wrongful-death lawsuits were filed on behalf of Mansfield and ex-husband Matt Cimber.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After a 16-day trial in 1971, the jury found that Harrison, the driver of the car, was negligent, that Richard Rambo, the driver of the truck into which Mansfield crashed, was not negligent, and that James McLelland, the driver of the fog-spraying truck, was negligent but his negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident; a rehearing was denied.<ref name=beverly/>

The crashed car was saved by a private collector in Florida, where it became a roadside attraction in the 1970s, then was on display by the Dearly Departed Tours & Artifact Museum until the COVID-19 pandemic, when it went into storage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

An endeavour to recreate her death and stage the scene of the crash was made by Elia Koteas' character (playing a car-crash fetishist) in David Cronenberg's techno-erotic thriller Crash (1996), offering one of the film's seminal climactic moments.

Achievements and legacy

Awards and nominations

Mansfield's star on Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref name=hollywoodwof/> Her daughter Mariska's star was placed next to hers more than 50 years later in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Mansfield received a Theatre World Award (Promising Personality) for Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? in 1956.<ref name="TheatreAwards"/>
• She received a Golden Globe Award (New Star of the year, Actress) for The Girl Can't Help It in 1957.<ref name="Jayne Mansfield"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• She received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960, for her contribution to motion pictures.<ref name=hollywoodwof>Template:Cite web</ref>
• On Mother's Day of 1960, the Mildred Strauss Child Care Chapter of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City declared her family as the "Family of the Year".<ref name="Faris 1994 24, 163">Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Italian film, radio and television journalists awarded her the Silver Mask award in 1962.<ref name="Faris 1994 140">Template:Harvnb</ref>
• Mansfield received the Oscar of the Two World award in Italy.<ref name="Filming in Italy Rough on Star">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="Faris 1994 26">Template:Harvnb</ref>
• In 1963, Mansfield was voted one of the top-10 box-office attractions by an organization of American theater owners for her performance in Promises! Promises! (a film banned in parts of the U.S.).<ref name=deboltbaugess2011/><ref name=Faris01/>
• In 1968, the Hollywood Publicists Guild declared a "Jayne Mansfield Award" would be given to the actress who received the most exposure and publicity in a year.<ref name=farisbeauty/> Raquel Welch was the first winner of the award in 1969.<ref name=saxton1975-153>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Legacy

Mansfield left behind five children and a crumbling estate,<ref>Claudia Luther, "Jayne Mansfield Estate Depleted of Funds for Heirs", Saratosa Herald-Tribune, page 3E, September 30, 1977</ref><ref>UPI, "Jayne Mansfield left a penniless estate", Lodi News Sentinel, page 12, September 30, 1977</ref><ref>AP, "Mansfield's Children Find Estate Empty", The Daily Courier, page 8A, September 30, 1977</ref> including the Pink Palace.

Mansfield is known for helping shape the "dumb blonde" stereotype.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Contrary to her public persona, Mansfield was quite intelligent, and at one point could speak up to five different languages.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Her daughter Mariska became an actress and star of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. She has won several awards for her work on the show, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in 2005 and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hargitay released My Mom Jayne, a documentary about Mansfield, in June 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Estate

After Mansfield's death, Hargitay, Cimber, Vera Peers (Mansfield's mother), William Pigue (Jayne Marie's legal guardian), and Charles Goldring (Mansfield's business manager), as well as Bernard B. Cohen and Jerome Webber (both administrators of the estate) filed unsuccessful suits to gain control of her estate.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mansfield's estate was appraised initially at $600,000 ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollars),Template:Inflation-fn including the Pink Palace, estimated at $100,000 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), a sports car sold for $7,000 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), her jewelry, and Sam Brody's $185,000 estate left to her in his last will ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1971, Beverly Brody sued the Mansfield estate for $325,000 ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars) worth of presents and jewelry given to Mansfield by Sam Brody; the suit was settled out of court.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> However, her four eldest children (Jayne Marie, Mickey, Zoltan, and Mariska) went to court in 1977 to find that approximately $500,000 in debt that Mansfield had incurred ($Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation-year dollars), including $11,000 for lingerie ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), $11,600 for plumbing of the heart-shaped swimming pool ($Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation-year dollars), and litigation had left the estate insolvent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Pink Palace was sold. Its subsequent owners included Ringo Starr and Engelbert Humperdinck.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cass Elliot is often falsely claimed to have owned the home. In 2002, Humperdinck sold it to developers, and the house was demolished in November of that year.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> What remained of her estate was subsequently managed by CMG Worldwide, an intellectual property-management company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Jayne Mansfield performances
• Jayne Mansfield in popular culture
• The Jayne Mansfield Story
• Playboy
  • List of people in Playboy 1953–1959
  • List of people in Playboy 1960–1969

Biographies

Internet

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Books

• Michael Feeney Callan (1986) Pink Goddess: The Jayne Mansfield Story. W H Allen. Template:ISBN
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External links

Papers

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Media

• Jayne Mansfield arrives in Houston in 1963 KPRC2 video from Texas Archive of the Moving Image

Metadata

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