List of current monarchs of sovereign states

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.<ref name="hindley">Template:Cite book</ref>

A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "grand duke" and "grand duchess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family.<ref name="hindley"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.<ref>Constitution of Malaysia, Art. 32, Sec. 3.</ref> These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For a list of former ruling families or abolished thrones, see: former ruling families.

Monarchs by country

Title	Monarch	Portrait	Arms or emblem	Sovereign state(s)	Since (Length)	House	Type	Heir to the throne	Template:Reference heading
Co-PrinceTemplate:Efn	Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat	File:JLSerranoP.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of the high authorities of Andorra.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	rowspan="2" Template:N/a	Ceremonial	Ex officio	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.</ref>
	Emmanuel Macron	File:Emmanuel Macron August 2024.jpg			Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)
King	Charles IIITemplate:Efn	File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg	File:Antigua and Barbuda Coat of Arms.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	WindsorTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	William, Prince of Wales	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.</ref><ref>Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.</ref><ref>Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.</ref> <ref>Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.</ref><ref>Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.</ref><ref>Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.</ref><ref>Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.</ref><ref>Constitution Act 1986: Part 1.</ref><ref>Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.</ref> <ref>Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.</ref><ref>Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.</ref><ref>Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.</ref><ref>Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.</ref><ref>Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.</ref>
			File:Coat of Arms of Australia.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of Arms of The Bahamas.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Belize.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Canada (2022-).png	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Grenada.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Jamaica.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg	Template:Flag
			File:National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of Arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg	Template:Flag
			File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg	Template:Flag
King	Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa	File:King Hamed bin Issa of Bahrain, May 2017 (3x4 cropped).jpg	File:Coat of Arms of The Kingdom of Bahrain.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Executive	Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain	<ref name="bahr">Template:Cite journal</ref>
King	Philippe	File:Sergio Mattarella and Belgian King Philippe at Quirinale in 2021 (3x4 cropped).jpg	File:Coat of Arms of the King of the Belgians.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant, Princess of BelgiumTemplate:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
KingTemplate:Efn	Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	File:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck at the Enthronement of Naruhito.jpg	File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Jigme Namgyel	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Sultan	Hassanal Bolkiah	File:His Majesty Bolkiah 20231216.jpg	File:Emblem of Brunei.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd){{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst	$B= Template:Fix }}	Template:Sort	Absolute	Al-Muhtadee Billah	<ref name="brunei">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Norodom Sihamoni	File:King Norodom Sihamoni (2019).jpg	File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Hereditary and electiveTemplate:Efn	<ref name="cambo"/>
King	Frederik X	File:King Frederik X in 2025.jpg	File:Royal coat of arms of Denmark (2024).svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Mswati III	File:Mswati III in Yokohama (cropped).jpg	File:Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg	Template:FlagTemplate:Efn	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Absolute	Hereditary and electiveTemplate:Efn	<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Queen Mother	Ntfombi	File:Ntombi Tfwala 20160607.jpg
Emperor	NaruhitoTemplate:Efn	File:Emperor Naruhito 201905 (cropped 2).jpg	File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Fumihito, Prince Akishino (Heir presumptive)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Abdullah II	File:King Abdullah II (cropped).jpg	File:Coat of arms of Jordan.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Hereditary and elective (presumably Hussein bin Abdullah)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Emir	Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah	File:Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.jpg	File:Emblem of Kuwait.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Executive	Hereditary and elective (presumably Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Letsie III	File:King Letsie III at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1).jpg	File:Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Ceremonial	Lerotholi Seeiso	<ref name="lesotho">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Prince	Hans-Adam II	File:Ιωάννης Αδάμ Β΄ του Λίχτενσταϊν.jpg	File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (currently Prince Regent)	<ref name="liecht">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Grand Duke	Guillaume V	File:Guillaume Trounwiessel Uniform (cropped).jpg	File:Greater coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000).svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Prince Charles of Luxembourg	<ref name="lux">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Obsolete source
KingTemplate:Efn	Sultan Ibrahim III	File:King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg	File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Ceremonial & Federal	Elective (presumably Sultan Nazrin Shah)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Prince	Albert II	File:Prince Albert II of Monaco at the Enthronement of Naruhito (3x4 cropped).jpg	File:Great coat of arms of the house of Grimaldi.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Mohammed VI	File:King Mohammed VI of Morocco, Africa Forum Summit 2015 (cropped).jpg	File:Coat of arms of Morocco.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
King	Willem-Alexander	File:Zijne Majesteit Koning Willem-Alexander met koningsmantel april 2013 (cropped).jpeg	File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Harald V	File:King Harald V of Norway (29227859394) (cropped).jpg	File:Greater royal coat of arms of Norway.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway	<ref name="norway">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sultan	Haitham bin Tariq	File:Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (3x4 cropped).jpg	File:National emblem of Oman.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Absolute	Theyazin bin Haitham	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Emir	Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani	File:تميم بن حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني (49759678641) (cropped).jpg	File:Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Executive	Abdullah bin Hamad	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
King	Salman	File:الصورة الرسمية لخادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك سلمان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود.jpg	File:Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Absolute	Mohammed bin SalmanTemplate:Efn	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
King	Felipe VI	File:Felipe VI in 2023.jpg	File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Monarch.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Ceremonial	Leonor, Princess of Asturias (Heir presumptive)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Carl XVI Gustaf	File:Crafoord Prize D81 9141 (42282165922) (cropped).jpg	File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Ceremonial	Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Rama X, VajiralongkornTemplate:Efn	File:King Rama X official (crop) (cropped).png	File:Emblem of Thailand.svg	Template:Flag	Template:DtsTemplate:Efn (Template:Ayd)	Template:Sort	Ceremonial	Dipangkorn Rasmijoti (Heir presumptive)	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
King	Tupou VI	File:Dinner for His Majesty King Tupou VI of the Kingdom of Tonga and Her Majesty Queen Nanasipau’u 04.jpg	File:Tongan coat of arms.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Executive	Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala	<ref name="tonga"/>
President	Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan - 2024 (cropped).jpg	File:Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg	Template:Flag	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:SortTemplate:Efn	Executive & FederalTemplate:Efn	Hereditary and elective (presumably Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan)Template:Efn	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Pope	Leo XIVTemplate:Efn	File:Pope Leo XIV 2025 (cropped).png	File:Coat of arms of Leone XIV.svg	Template:Flag (Holy See)	Template:Dts (Template:Ayd)	Template:N/a	Absolute	Elective	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign
• List of current non-sovereign monarchs
• List of current heads of state and government
• Heads of former ruling families
• List of monarchies
• List of current heirs apparent
• List of current consorts of sovereigns
• Records of heads of state

External links

• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

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