Markham, Ontario

Markham (Template:IPAc-en) is a city in York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately Template:Cvt northeast of Downtown Toronto. In the 2021 Census, Markham had a population of 338,503,<ref name="2021census"/> which ranked it the largest in York Region, fourth largest in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and 16th largest in Canada.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807.

Indigenous people lived in the area of present-day Markham for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the area.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America. While they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for Template:Cvt in what would later become Markham Township in 1794.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since the 1970s, Markham rapidly shifted from being an agricultural community to an industrialized municipality due to urban sprawl from neighbouring Toronto.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1, 2012.<ref name="city">"Markham to change from town to city" . CBC News, May 30, 2012.</ref>

Template:As of, tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. Template:As of, "business services" employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city also has over 1,000<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the city's largest employer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several multinational companies have their Canadian headquarters in Markham, including: Honda Canada, Hyundai,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Advanced Micro Devices,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Johnson & Johnson, General Motors, Avaya,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> IBM,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Motorola,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Oracle,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Toshiba,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Toyota Financial Services,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Huawei, Honeywell, General Electric<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Scholastic Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

File:Old Town Hall-96 Main-Markham-Ontario-HPC15343-20201017 (1).jpg

The Old Town Hall of Markham

Template:MainIndigenous people lived in the area of present-day Markham since the end of the last Ice Age and the city is situated on the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), Huron Wendat, Petun and Neutral people.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> In the early 1600s, when explorers from France arrived, they encountered the Huron-Wendat First Nation.<ref name=":3" /> The southwest corner of Markham is included in Treaty 13, known as the Toronto Purchase of 1787, which transferred roughly 250,800 acres of land from the Mississauga people to the British Crown for 10 shillings and fishing rights on the Etobicoke river.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The remainder of Markham's land (roughly east of Woodbine Avenue/Highway 404) is covered by the Johnson-Butler Purchase of 1787-88 (aka Gunshot Treaty) and formally by the Williams Treaties, signed in 1923.<ref name=":3" />

File:Farmers lined up to sell cream at Albert Reesor's Locust Hill Creamery - Markham, Ontario, Canada.jpg

Farmers lined up to sell cream at Albert Reesor's Locust Hill Creamery, Template:Circa in Locust Hill, Ontario

Objects recovered by local mill-owners, the Milne family, in the 1870s give evidence of a village within the boundaries of the present Milne Conservation Area.<ref name=":0" />

European settlement in Markham first began in 1794.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), named the township of Markham, north of the town of York (now Toronto), after his friend William Markham, then Archbishop of York. William Berczy first surveyed Markham as a township in 1793, and in 1794 led 75 German families (including the Ramers, Reesors, Wheters, Burkholders, Bunkers, Wicks and Lewis) from Upstate New York to an area of Markham now known as German Mills.<ref>For a complete history, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900Template:Dead link (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).</ref> Each family was granted Template:Cvt of land; however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in York (present-day Toronto) and Niagara. German Mills later became a ghost town. Between 1803 and 1812 another attempt at settling the region was made. The largest group of settlers were Pennsylvania Dutch, most of them Mennonites. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, named after the Mennonite settler Joseph Reesor.<ref>See I. Champion, Markham: 1793–1900 Template:Webarchive (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), p. 248; also Markham Village – A Brief History 1800–1919 Template:Webarchive, Markham Public Library (website).</ref> In 1825 Reesorville was renamed to Markham and took the name of the unincorporated village (see Markham Village, Ontario).

By 1830, many Irish, Scottish and English families began immigrating to Upper Canada and settling in Markham.<ref>For a complete history of Markham's early years, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900Template:Dead link Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).</ref> Markham's early years blended the rigours of the frontier with the development of agriculture-based industries.Template:Citation needed The township's many rivers and streams soon supported water-powered saws and gristmills and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of Yonge Street in the 1800s, along with the growing population, urbanization increased. In 1842 the township population had reached 5,698; Template:Cvt were under cultivation (second highest in the province), and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills.<ref>Markham, Canadian Gazetteer (Toronto: Roswell, 1849), 111.</ref>

In 1846 Smith's Canadian Gazetteer indicated a population of about 300, mostly Canadians, Pennsylvanian Dutch (actually Pennsylvania Deitsch or German), other Germans, Americans, Irish and a few from Britain. There were two churches with a third being built. There were tradesmen of various types, a grist mill, an oatmill mill, five stores, a distillery and a threshing-machine maker. There were eleven grist and twenty-four saw mills in the surrounding township.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1850 the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham.<ref>Cf. C.P. Mulvany et al., The Township of Markham, History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), 114ff.</ref>

File:Main Street Unionville 2.jpg

Main Street Unionville

By 1857 most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like Thornhill, Unionville and Markham greatly expanded.<ref>Cf. the detailed 1878 map, Township of Markham Template:Webarchive, Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont. (Toronto : Miles & Co., 1878).</ref> In 1851 Markham Village "was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. It contains two grist mills ... a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall and four churches... ."<ref>C.P. Mulvany, et al., "The Village of Markham," History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 198.</ref> In 1871, with a township population of 8,152,<ref>C.P. Mulvany, et al., "The Township of Markham," History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 121.</ref> the Toronto and Nipissing Railway built the first rail line to Markham Village and Unionville, which is still used today by the GO Transit commuter services.

In 1971 Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto. In 1976 Markham's population was approximately 56,000. Since that time, the population has more than quintupled, with explosive growth in new subdivisions. Much of Markham's farmland has disappeared, but some still remains north of Major Mackenzie Drive. Controversy over the development of the environmentally-sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine will likelyTemplate:Original research inline curb development north of Major Mackenzie Drive and by Rouge National Urban Park east of Reesor Road between Major Mackenzie Drive to Steeles Avenue East to the south.

File:Markham-suburbs id.jpg

Suburban tract housing in southeastern Markham

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Public housing in Cachet

Since the 1980s Markham has been recognizedTemplate:By whom as a suburb of Toronto. Template:As of the city comprises six major communities: Berczy Village, Cornell, Markham Village, Milliken, Thornhill and Unionville. Many high-tech companies have established head offices in Markham, attracted by the relative abundance of land, low tax-rates and good transportation routes. Broadcom Canada, ATI Technologies (now known as AMD Graphics Product Group), IBM Canada, Motorola Canada, Honeywell Canada and many other well-known companies have chosen Markham as their home in Canada. The city has accordingly started branding itself as Canada's "High-Tech Capital". The province of Ontario has erected a historical plaque in front of the Markham Museum to commemorate the founding of Markham's roleTemplate:Clarify in Ontario's heritage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Town council voted on May 29, 2012, to change Markham's legal designation from "town" to "city"; according to Councillor Alex Chiu, who introduced the motion, the change of designation merely reflects the fact that many people already think of Markham as a city.<ref name=city /> Some residents objected to the change because it will involve unknown costs without any demonstrated benefits. The designation officially took effect on July 1.<ref name=city />

Geography

Markham covers Template:Cvt and Markham's city centre is at Template:Coord. It is bounded by five municipalities; in the west is Vaughan with the boundary along Yonge Street between Steeles Avenue and Highway 7 and Richmond Hill with the boundary along Highway 7 from Yonge Street to Highway 404 and at Highway 404 from Highway 7 to 19th Avenue and Stouffville Road. In the south, it borders Toronto with the boundary along Steeles Avenue. In the north it borders Whitchurch–Stouffville with the boundary from Highway 404 to York-Durham Line between 19th Avenue and Stouffville Road. In the east it borders Pickering along York-Durham Line.

Topography

Markham's average altitude is at Template:Cvt and in general consists of gently rolling hills. The city is intersected by two rivers; the Don River and Rouge River, as well as their tributaries. To the north is the Oak Ridges Moraine, which further elevates the elevation towards the north.

Climate

Markham borders and shares the same climate as Toronto. On an average day, Markham is generally Template:Cvt cooler than in downtown Toronto. It has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) and features warm, humid summers with rainfall occurring from May to October and cold, snowy winters. The highest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt on August 8, 2001, during the eastern North America heat wave and the lowest temperature recorded was Template:Cvt on January 16, 1994, during the 1994 North American cold wave.<ref name="ccnmarkham"/> Template:Markham weatherbox

Neighbourhoods

Template:Wide image Markham is made up of many original 19th-century communities, each with a distinctive character. Many of these, despite being technically suburban districts today, are still signed with official "city limits" signs on major roads: Template:Div col

• Almira<ref>Cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900 Template:Webarchive (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), pp. 225; 121f.; 148; 227; 338. See also articles on Almira from the Stouffville Tribune Template:Webarchive.</ref>
• Angus Glen
• Armadale
• Bayview Glen
• Berczy Village
• Box Grove
• Brown's Corners
• Bullock
• Buttonville
• Cachet
• Cashel
• Cathedraltown
• Cedar Grove
• Cedarwood
• Cornell
• Crosby
• Dollar
• Downtown Markham
• Dickson's Hill
• German Mills
• Greensborough
• Hagerman's Corners
• Langstaff
• Legacy
• Locust Hill
• Markham Village
• Middlefield
• Milliken Mills
• Milnesville
• Mongolia
• Mount Joy
• Quantztown
• Raymerville – Markville East
• Rouge Fairways
• Sherwood – Amber Glen
• South Unionville
• Thornhill
• Underwood, Ontario
• Unionville
• Uptown Markham
• Victoria Square
• Vinegar Hill
• Wismer Commons

Thornhill and Unionville are popularly seen as being separate communities. Thornhill straddles the Markham-Vaughan municipal boundary (portions of it in both municipalities). Unionville is a single community with three sub-communities:

• Original Unionville is along Highway 7 and Kennedy Road
• South Unionville is a newer residential community (beginning from the 1990s onwards) south of Highway 7 to Highway 407 and from McCowan to Kennedy Road
• Upper Unionville is a new residential development built on the northeast corner of 16th Avenue and Kennedy Road

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Markham had a population of Template:Val living in Template:Val of its Template:Val total private dwellings, a change of Template:Percentage from its 2016 population of Template:Val. With a land area of Template:Convert, it had a population density of Template:Pop density in 2021.<ref name=2021censusb>Template:Cite web</ref>

Immigrants made up 58% of the population of Markham in the 2021 census. Top countries of origin for the immigrant population were China (33.8%, excluding 16.4% from Hong Kong), India (7.2%), Sri Lanka (6.4%), Philippines (3.6%), Iran (3.5%), Pakistan (2.7%), Vietnam (1.8%), Jamaica (1.8%), Guyana (1.6).<ref name="2021censusB" />

Ethnicity

In the 2021 census, the most reported ethnocultural background was Chinese (47.9%), followed by European (17.7%), South Asian (17.6%), Black (3.1%), West Asian (2.9%), Filipino (2.7%), Korean (1.3%), Arab (1.0%), Latin American (0.8%), and Southeast Asian (0.7%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The most common ethnic or cultural origins as per the 2021 census are as follows: Chinese (43.3%), Indian (7.0%), Canadian (4.0%), English (3.8%), Hong Konger (3.7%), Sri Lankan (3.3%), Tamil (3.1%), Irish (3.1%), Scottish (3.1%), Filipino (2.9%), Italian (2.8%), Pakistani (2.1%), and Iranian (2.0%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Religion

In 2021, 40.8% of the population did not identify with a particular religion. The most reported religions were Christianity (35.1%), Hinduism (9.2%), Islam (7.9%), Buddhism (4.0%), Judaism (1.4%), and Sikhism (1.1%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Language

Mother tongue<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Population	%
English	114,200	34.8
Cantonese	72,620	22.2
Mandarin	41,790	12.7
Tamil	14,625	4.5
Persian	7,285	2.2
Urdu	6,380	1.9
Tagalog (Filipino)	4,640	1.4
Gujarati	4,510	1.4
Punjabi	3,780	1.2
Italian	3,690	1.1
Korean	3,230	1.0
Arabic	2,720	0.8
Greek	2,455	0.7
Hindi	2,415	0.7
Hakka	2,235	0.7
Spanish	2,085	0.6
Min Nan	2,000	0.6
Russian	1,995	0.6
French	1,880	0.6
Chinese (unspecified)	1,480	0.5
Armenian	1,355	0.4
Macedonian	1,185	0.4
Vietnamese	1,125	0.3
Romanian	945	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	940	0.3

Knowledge of language<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Population	%
English	294,505	90.0
Cantonese	88,700	27.1
Mandarin	64,350	19.7
Tamil	19,190	5.9
French	19,190	5.9
Urdu	10,175	3.1
Hindi	9,655	2.9
Persian	8,830	2.7
Punjabi	6,615	2.0
Tagalog (Filipino)	6,565	2.0
Gujarati	5,760	1.8
Italian	5,140	1.6
Korean	4,015	1.2
Arabic	3,920	1.2
Spanish	3,825	1.2
Greek	3,705	1.1
Hakka	2,705	0.8
Russian	2,410	0.7
Min Nan	2,295	0.7
Vietnamese	1,950	0.6
German	1,755	0.5
Macedonian	1,720	0.5
Armenian	1,585	0.5
Chinese (unspecified)	1,535	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,255	0.4

Government

City Council

Markham City Council consists of Frank Scarpitti as mayor, four regional councillors and eight ward councillors each representing one of the city's eight wards. Scarpitti replaced Don Cousens, a former Progressive Conservative MPP for Markham and a Presbyterian church minister. The community elects the mayor and four regional councillors to represent the City of Markham at the regional level. The municipality pays the Councillors for their services, but in many municipalities, members of council usually serve part-time and work at other jobs. Residents elected the current members of council to a four-year term of office, in accordance with standards set by the province. The selection of members for the offices of mayor and regional councillors are made town-wide, while ward councillors are elected by individual ward.

Markham Civic Centre

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Markham Civic Centre

The city council is at the Markham Civic Centre at the intersection of York Regional Road 7 and Warden Avenue. The site of the previous offices on Woodbine Avenue has been redeveloped for commercial uses. The historic town hall on Main Street is now a restored office building. The Mayor's Youth Task Force was created to discuss issues facing young people in the city and to plan and publicize events. Its primary purpose is to encourage youth participation within the community.

Elections

Municipal elections are held every four years in Ontario. The most recent election took place in October, 2022, and the next is scheduled for October, 2026. The links listed below provide the results of recent election results:

• 2022
• 2018
• 2014
• 2010
• 2006

By-laws

The city is permitted to create and enforce by-laws upon residents on various matters affecting the town. The by-laws are generally enforced by City By-Law enforcement officers, but they may involve York Regional Police if violations are deemed too dangerous for the officers to handle. In addition the by-laws can be linked to various provincial acts and enforced by the town. Violation of by-laws is subject to fines of up to $20,000 CAD. The by-laws of Markham include:

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Toogood Pond

• Animal Control (see Dog Owners' Liability Act of Ontario)
• Construction Permits
• Cannabis
• Driveway Extensions
• Fencing and Swimming Pools
• Heritage Conservation (see Ontario Heritage Act)
• Home-Based Businesses
• Noise
• Parking
• Property Standards
• Registration of Basement Apartments and Second Suites
• Sewers
• Site Alteration
• Waste Collection
• Water Use

Markham federal election results<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Year		Liberal		Conservative		New Democratic		Green
style="width: 0.25em; background-color: Template:Canadian party colour|	2021	Template:Canadian party colour | 54%	70,181	Template:Canadian party colour | 34%	43,924	Template:Canadian party colour | 8%	10,171	Template:Canadian party colour | 2%	2,876
style="width: 0.25em; background-color: Template:Canadian party colour|	2019	Template:Canadian party colour | 45%	66,923	Template:Canadian party colour | 39%	58,718	Template:Canadian party colour | 7%	10,526	Template:Canadian party colour | 3%	5,079

Markham provincial election results<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Year		PC		New Democratic		Liberal		Green
style="width: 0.25em; background-color: Template:Canadian party colour|	2022	Template:Canadian party colour | 51%	49,696	Template:Canadian party colour | 9%	8,354	Template:Canadian party colour | 35%	34,182	Template:Canadian party colour | 3%	3,344
style="width: 0.25em; background-color: Template:Canadian party colour|	2018	Template:Canadian party colour |54%	68,657	Template:Canadian party colour | 20%	25,531	Template:Canadian party colour | 23%	28,909	Template:Canadian party colour | 3%	3,451

City services

File:MarkhamFireEngine.jpg

Fire engine of Markham Fire and Emergency Services

Courts and police

There are no courts in Markham, but the city is served by an Ontario Court of Justice in Newmarket, as well as an Ontario Small Claims court in Richmond Hill. There are also served by a Provincial Offence Court in Richmond Hill. The Ontario Court of Appeal is in Toronto, while the Supreme Court of Canada is in Ottawa, Ontario.

Policing is provided by York Regional Police at a station (5 District) at the corner of McCowan Road and Carlton Road and Highway 7.<ref>"#5 District – Markham Template:Webarchive." York Regional Police. Retrieved on September 19, 2018. "8700 McCowan Road Markham, ON L3P 3M2"</ref> Highway 404, Highway 407 and parts of Highway 48 are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. Toronto Police Service is responsible for patrol on Steeles from Yonge Street to the York—Durham Line.Template:Citation needed

Fire

Markham Fire and Emergency Services was established in 1970 as Markham Fire Department and replaced various local volunteer fire units. Nine fire stations serve Markham. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport is also served by Markham's Fire service.

Hospitals

Markham Stouffville Hospital in the city's far eastern end is Markham's main healthcare facility, located at the intersection of Highway 7 and 9th Line (407 and Donald Cousens Parkway). Markham is also home to Shouldice Hospital, one of the world's premier facilities for people suffering from hernias. For those living near Steeles, they sometimes will be able to receive treatment at The Scarborough Hospital Birchmount Campus in Toronto/Scarborough. North York General Hospital also serves for 24/7 care, serving North York and the lower Markham area.

Garbage collection

Garbage collection is provided by Miller Waste Systems since the company's founding in 1961.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

Post-secondary

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Seneca College, Markham Campus

Seneca College has a campus in Markham, at Highway 7 and the 404 near Woodbine Avenue/Leslie Street, in the York Region business district.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This location opened in 2005, offering full and part-time programs in business, marketing and tourism, and also the college's departments of Finance, Human Resources and Information Technology Services. Since 2011 the campus has also housed the Confucius Institute.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> York University's Markham Campus in Downtown Markham opened in September 2024. It serves the entirety of York Region and upper Scarborough.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Primary and secondary schools

Markham has a number of both public and Catholic high schools. All have consistently scored high on standardized tests and have some of the highest rate of graduates attending universities. Template:Citation needed

The York Region District School Board operates secular English public schools. The York Catholic District School Board operates English Catholic schools. The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates secular French schools, and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates Catholic French schools.

• York Region District School Board
  • Bill Crothers Secondary School
  • Bill Hogarth Secondary School
  • Bur Oak Secondary School
  • Markham District High School
  • Markville Secondary School
  • Middlefield Collegiate Institute
  • Milliken Mills High School
  • Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
  • Thornhill Secondary School
  • Thornlea Secondary School
  • Unionville High School
• York Catholic District School Board
  • St. Brother André Catholic High School
  • St. Augustine Catholic High School
  • St. Robert Catholic High School
  • Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy

Economy

File:AMD50Markham.jpg

Markham mayor Frank Scarpitti at the AMD Markham campus during the AMD 50th Anniversary celebration.

In the 19th century Markham had a vibrant, independent community with mills, distilleries and breweries around the intersection of Highway 7 and Markham Road. The Thomas Speight Wagon Works exported products (wagons, horsecars) around the world, and Markham had a reputation as being more active than York (the former name for Toronto) early on. Most of these industries disappeared leaving farming as the main source of business.

Light industries and businesses began to move into Markham in the 1980s attracted by land and lower taxes. Today, it claims to be "Canada's Hi-Tech Capital" with a number of key companies in the area, such as IBM, Motorola, Toshiba, Honeywell, Apple, Genesis Microchip, and is home to the head office of graphics card producer ATI Technologies (in 2006 merged with AMD). Over 1,100 technology and life science companies have offices in Markham, employing over one fifth of the total workforce.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014, the top five employers in the city in order were IBM Canada, the City of Markham, TD Waterhouse Inc., Markham Stouffville Hospital and AMD Technologies Inc.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

International Franchise Inc., which owns brands including Swensen's<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Yogen Früz<ref>"Contact Us Template:Webarchive." Yogen Früz. Retrieved on March 15, 2014. "Yogen Früz headquarters 210 Shields Court; Markham, Ontario L3R 8V2, Canada"</ref> and several others, has its headquarters in Markham.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

General Motors Canada Canadian Technical Centre has been located in Markham since 2017, in the building which was formerly the Canadian head office of American Express from 1985 to 2015.

Performing arts

File:MarkhamTheatre6.jpg

Markham Theatre

Markham is home to several locally oriented performing arts groups:

• Kindred Spirits Orchestra
• Markham Little Theatre
• Markham Youth Theatre
• Unionville Theatre Company
• Markham Concert Band

A key arts venue is the 'Markham Theatre For Performing Arts', at the Markham Civic Centre at Highway 7 and Warden Avenue. The facility is owned by the City of Markham and operates under the city's Culture Department.

Culture

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Thornhill Village Library, built 1851

Until the 1970s, Markham was mostly farmland and marsh, as reflected in events like the Markham Fair. Markham has several theatres, Markham Little Theatre at the Markham Museum,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Markham Youth Theatre, and the Markham Theatre.

File:Varley Art Gallery Unionville.JPG

Varley Art Gallery

The Varley Art Gallery is the city of Markham's art museum. The gallery hosts rotating exhibits, public events, art camps and art classes, among other opportunities for citizens to get involved in the community and learn about local and Canadian art.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Markham Public Library system has eight branches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some branches offer unique digital tools such as a Digital Media lab with graphic designs software, a recording studio with video editing / audio editing software and a green screen, and a maker space with 3D printers, virtual reality, and laser cutters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With a library card, user can take free online courses,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> borrow household tools and equipment<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and educational toys.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sports

Notable sporting events held by Markham include:

• 2018 BWF World Junior Championships
• 2017 ITTF Women's World Cup

Community centres and recreational facilities

Recreation Department runs programs in these facilities and maintained by the city's Operations Department:

• Aaniin Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms
• Angus Glen Community Centre – library, tennis courts, indoor pool
• Armadale Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor tennis courts
• Centennial Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink, indoor pool, squash courts, gym
• Cornell Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, gym, indoor track, fitness centre
• Crosby Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
• Markham Pan Am Centre – indoor pools, gym, fitness centre
• Markham Village Community Centre – library, indoor ice rink
• Milliken Mills Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink
• Mount Joy Community Centre – outdoor soccer pitches, indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
• R.J. Clatworthy Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
• Rouge River Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor pool
• Thornhill Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms, indoor track, library, squash court, gym

Parks and pathways

Markham has scenic pathways running over 22 km over its region. These pathways include 12 bridges allowing walkers, joggers, and cyclists to make use and enjoy the sights it has to offer. Markham's green space includes woodlots, ravines, and valleys that are not only enjoyable to its residents, but are important for the continued growth of the region's plants and animals. These natural spaces are the habitats for rare plant and insect species, offering food and homes essential for the survival of different native insects and birds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Further

Parks and pathways are maintained by the city's Operations Department.

File:Berczy village markham park.jpg

Circular pathway along Berczy Park

Attractions

File:Varley Art Gallery Unionville.JPG

Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery

File:FormerMarkhamCNRStn,ON-3.JPG

Markham GO Station

Markham has retained its historic past in part of the town. Here a just few places of interest:

• Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery
• Heintzman House – Home of Colonel George Crookshank, Sam Francis and Charles Heintzman of Heintzman & Co., the piano manufacturer.
• Markham Museum
• Markham Village
• Markham Heritage Estates – a unique, specially designed heritage subdivision owned by the City of Markham
• Reesor Farm Market
• Cathedral of the Transfiguration
• Thornhill village

Heritage streets:

• Main Street Markham (Markham Road/Highway 48)
• Main Street Unionville (Kennedy Road/Highway 7)

There are still farms operating in the northern reaches of the town, but there are a few 'theme' farms in other parts of Markham:

• Galten Farms
• Forsythe Family Farms
• Adventure Valley

Markham's heritage railway stations are either an active station or converted to other uses:

• Markham GO Station – built in 1871 by Toronto and Nipissing Railway and last used by CN Rail in the 1990s and restored in 2000 as active GO station and community use
• Locust Hill Station – built in 1936 in Locust Hill, Ontario and last used by the CPR in 1969; relocated in 1983 to the grounds of the Markham Museum; replaced earlier station built in the late 19th century for the Ontario and Quebec Railway and burned down in 1935.
• Unionville Station – built in 1871 by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, later by Via Rail and by GO Transit from 1982 to 1991; it was sold to the city in 1989 and restored as a community centre within the historic Unionville Main Street area. The building features classic Canadian Railway Style found in Markham and (old) Unionville Stations.

Annual events

Events taking place annually include the Night It Up! Night Market, Taste of Asia Festival, Tony Roman Memorial Hockey Tournament, Markham Youth Week, Unionville Festival, Markham Village Music Festival, Markham Jazz Festival, Milliken Mills Children's Festival, Markham Ribfest & Music Festival, Doors Open Markham, Thornhill Village Festival, Markham Fair, Olde Tyme Christmas Unionville, Markham Santa Claus Parade and Markham Festival of Lights.

Shopping

Markham is home to several large malls of 100+ stores. These include: Template:Col div

• CF Markville (160+ stores)
• First Markham Place (180 stores) and Woodside Power Centre
• King Square Shopping Mall (500+ mini-shops)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Langham Square (700 stores)
• Pacific Mall (450 mini-shops)

Template:Col div end There are also a lot of higher-profile malls in nearby Toronto, and elsewhere in York Region.

East Asian businesses

Many shopping centres in Markham are also ethnically Chinese and East Asian-oriented. This is a reflection of Markham's large East Asian, particularly Chinese Canadian, population making it an important Chinese community in the GTA. They carry a wide variety of traditional Chinese products, apparel, and foods.

On Highway 7, between Woodbine and Warden Avenues, is First Markham Place, containing numerous shops and restaurants; this is several kilometres east of Richmond Hill's Chinese malls. Further east along Highway 7 is an older plaza is at the southwest quadrant with the intersection with Kennedy Road.

Pacific Mall is the most well-known Chinese mall in Markham, at Kennedy Road and Steeles Avenue East, which, combined with neighbouring Market Village (now closed) and Splendid China Mall, formed the second largest Chinese shopping area in North America, after the Golden Village in Richmond, British Columbia.Template:Citation needed In close proximity, at Steeles Avenue and Warden Avenue, there is the New Century Plaza mall and a half-block away there is a plaza of Chinese shops anchored by a T & T Supermarket.

There are also some smaller shopping centres in Markham, such as: Template:Col div

• Albion Mall
• Alderland Centre
• Denison Centre
• J-Town
• Markham Town Square
• Metro Square
• Peachtree Centre
• New Kennedy Square
• The Shops on Steeles and 404
• Thornhill Square Shopping Centre

Local media

• Markham Review – local monthly newspaper
• TLM The Local Magazine – local satire & lifestyle magazine<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Markham Economist and Sun – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group York Region site; available online only after print version ceased September 15, 2023
• The Liberal – serving Thornhill and Richmond Hill – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group
• The York Region Business Times – business news
• York Region Media Group – Online news which includes some Metroland Media papers
• North of the City – magazine for York Region
• Rogers Cable 10 – community TV station for York Region, owned by Rogers Media
• Markham News24 – Hyper-local, video-based news website focusing on municipal politics, crime, lifestyle and business features
• Sing Tao Daily – an ethnic Chinese newspaper that serves the Greater Toronto Area

Transportation

Roads

Road network

Markham's road network is based on the concession system. In 1801, Markham was divided into 10 concessions, with a north–south road separating each one. The concessions were further divided by a number of east–west sideroads. This formed a grid plan road network, with an intersection occurring approximately every two kilometers. Even though some of these roads have been realigned, Markham's present road network for the most part still follows the original grid plan.

Markham's concession (north–south) arterial roads are listed below, ordered from west to east (former numbers in parentheses):

• Template:Jcon Yonge Street
  • Boundary with the City of Vaughan
• Template:Jcon Bayview Avenue
• Template:Jcon Leslie Street
• Template:Jcon Woodbine Avenue
• Template:Jcon Warden Avenue (5th Concession Road)
• Template:Jcon Kennedy Road (6th Concession Road)
• Template:Jcon McCowan Road (7th Concession Road)
• Template:Jcon Markham Road (8th Concession Road)
  • Continues as Template:Jcon Highway 48 north of Major Mackenzie Drive
• Template:Jcon Ninth Line (9th Concession Road)
• Template:Jcon Donald Cousens Parkway / Markham By-pass
  • Signed as a regular road south of Box Grove By-pass
• Reesor Road (10th Concession Road)
• Eleventh Line (11th Concession Road)
• Template:Jcon York-Durham Line
  • Boundary with the City of Pickering

Reesor Road and Eleventh Line are the only north–south roads that are not fully regional roads. These two roads are rural routes with very few homes and minimal traffic. Eleventh Line ends just south of Highway 407 with the road rerouted (old section fenced off with partial gravel bed) to intersect with York-Durham Line. Areas east of Donald Cousens Parkway either serve new residential developments or are largely rural and/or agricultural.

Markham's sideroad (east–west) arterials are listed below, ordered from south to north (former numbers in parentheses):

• Steeles Avenue
  • Original Scarborough Townline, boundary with the City of Toronto
• Template:Jcon 14th Avenue
  • Continues west of Template:Jcon Warden Avenue as Alden Road
    • Continues west of Rodick Road as Esna Park Drive
      • Continues west of Template:Jcon Woodbine Avenue as John Street
• Template:Jcon Regional Road 7 (formerly 15th Avenue)
  • Continues as Template:Jcon Highway 7 east of Reesor Road
• Template:Jcon 16th Avenue
• Template:Jcon Major Mackenzie Drive East (17th Avenue)
• Template:Jcon Elgin Mills Road East (18th Avenue)
  • Signed as a standard road east of Victoria Square Boulevard
• 19th Avenue
  • Boundary with the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

Important thoroughfares

Major highways that pass through Markham include King's Highway 404 (from Toronto to just south of Lake Simcoe), which marks Markham's boundary with the City of Richmond Hill, and the 407 ETR (more commonly known as Highway 407), a privately owned toll highway that passes north of Toronto and connects Markham with Burlington and Oshawa. Highway 404 is one of the most important routes used for travel to and from the City of Toronto. Highway 407 primarily serves Markham from Yonge Street to York-Durham Line. The highway connects Markham with Clarington to the east, and Burlington to the west.

One of the most heavily travelled arterial roads in Markham is Regional Road 7, a major east–west artery. This road is more commonly referred to as Highway 7, a name which comes from the time when it used to be a provincial highway. The road is still officially Highway 7 east of Reesor Road. Other major east–west routes include 16th Avenue, Major MacKenzie Drive, the combination of John Street/Esna Park Drive/14th Avenue, and Steeles Avenue which forms Markham's southern boundary with Toronto.

Rail

File:Former Canadian National Railway Station-214 Main Street North-Markham-Ontario-HPC6762-20201017 (2).jpg

Markham GO Station

The GO Transit Stouffville line, a commuter rail line stretching from Lincolnville to downtown Toronto, provides passenger rail service in Markham. It operates only at rush hour and uses tracks owned by Metrolinx, the provincial transit agency. Five stations on the Stouffville line serve Markham, of which 4 are within the municipal borders. In 2015, Metrolinx announced that the Stouffville Line would get an expansion in service, bringing all day both directional trains from Union Station to Unionville GO Station.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Markham's section of this GO line also came under the spotlight in 2015 as City of Toronto Mayor John Tory's announced SMART Track plan for rapid transit expansion in Toronto includes the rail spur between Union Station and the Unionville GO.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On April 8, 2019, GO Transit added ten midday train trips to Mount Joy GO Station, replacing the need for passengers to change to buses at Unionville GO.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Public transit

File:WardenVIVA6-RAW.jpg

VIVA Warden station in Markham

York Region Transit (YRT) connects Markham with surrounding municipalities in York Region, and was created in 2001 from the merger of Markham Transit, Richmond Hill Transit, Newmarket Transit and Vaughan Transit. YRT to connects to the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway system by way of Viva bus rapid transit from Finch station along Yonge Street, and Don Mills station through Unionville and on to Markville Mall.

YRT has two major terminals in Markham: Unionville GO Terminal and the new Cornell Terminal, replacing Markham Stouffville Hospital Bus Terminal.

The TTC also provides service in Markham on several north–south routes, such as Warden Avenue, Birchmount Road, McCowan Road and Markham Road. These routes charge riders a double fare if they are travelling across the Steeles border.

GO Transit provides train service on the old trackbed of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, which connects Markham with downtown Toronto on the Stouffville commuter rail service. The line has stops at several stations in Markham, namely Unionville GO Station, Centennial GO Station, Markham GO Station, and Mount Joy GO Station. The Richmond Hill commuter rail line provides service to the Langstaff GO Station, which straddles Markham and Richmond Hill but is used primarily by residents of west-central Markham and southern Richmond Hill.

Air

There is presently a private general aviation airport; Markham Airport or Toronto/Markham Airport, (TC LID: CNU8),Template:Convert just north of Markham, north of Elgin Mills Road. The airport is owned and operated by Markham Airport Inc. and owned by a numbered Ontario company owned by the Thomson family of Toronto, rather than the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). The airport has a Template:Convert runway for small and private aircraft only (with night flying capabilities). The Royal Canadian Air Cadets Gliding Program formerly used the airport for glider operations in the spring and fall.

Buttonville Municipal Airport was a larger general aviation airport located near Highway 404 and 16th Avenue in the Buttonville neighbourhood that was operated by the GTAA. It closed in November 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Partner Cities

Cultural collaboration cities

• Eabametoong First Nation, Kenora District, Ontario, Canada (January 1, 2017)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sister cities

Source:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Nördlingen, Bavaria, Germany (October 2001)
• Cary, North Carolina, United States (April 2002)
• Wuhan, Hubei, China (October 7, 2003)

Friendship cities

• Huadu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (1998)
• Xiamen, Fujian, China (July 22, 2012)
• Zhongshan, Guangdong, China (September 30, 2012)
• Zibo, Shandong, China (November 24, 2012)
• Foshan, Guangdong, China (December 3, 2012)
• Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (September 20, 2013)
• Qingdao, Shandong, China (October 7, 2013)
• Meizhou, Guangdong, China (December 10, 2013)
• Jiangmen, Guangdong, China (April 23, 2014)
• Nanhai, Guangdong, China (June 13, 2014)
• Mullaitivu, Northern Province, Sri Lanka (January 14, 2017)

See also

• List of townships in Ontario

References

• Template:SCref
• Template:SCref

External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:Wikivoyage inline