Portuguese vocabulary

Template:Short description Template:Cleanup lang Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin because Portuguese is a Romance language.

However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic, Greek and Arabic origin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

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Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are also a few Iberian, Basque and Tartessian components in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

manteiga "butter" ***Uncertain origin, possibly Lat. mantica<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.Template:Citation needed

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of Basque lineage.Template:Citation needed

carrasco "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque karraska "thunder, crash of falling tree"Template:Sfn
sarna "scabies" from Medieval Latin (7th century, Isidore of Seville, Origines, 4.8.68), but as serna attested in Theodorus Priscianus (Constantinople, 4th century). Template:Harvtxt however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf. Middle Welsh sarn "mess" and sarnaf "to wreck".Template:Sfn

Names of Basque origin

Forenames

Inácio variant of Ignatius. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish)Template:Citation needed
Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'<ref name="behindthename.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from etxe berri, meaning 'new house' or 'new home'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ximeno,Template:Sfn a variant of the medieval Basque given name Semen, root seme < senbe 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name Sembetten, attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni (cf. Koldo Mitxelena and modern form "senide" = 'brother or sister', 'relative')

Surnames

Velasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'<ref name="behindthename.com"/>

Celtic

File:Hallstatt LaTene.png

Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic, (particularly Gallaecian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and words from the Hispano-Celtic group) survived in Portuguese (and Galician);<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Projections on Celtic vocabulary (some words may have come via French borrowings starting in the 12th century), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 3,000 words.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Celtic substratum is often overlooked,<ref name="auto1">Template:Cite journal</ref> due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> words in Portuguese and the ancient linguistic threads of pre-Roman origin.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Celtic name	Modern location/town name
Anobra	Anobra Likely derived from ānniyobris* "hill,"ring" (Cf. old Irish ainne "ring"),<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 376.</ref>
Aritium oppidum vetus	Casal da Várzea
Aritium Vetus	Alvega
Ardila	Ardila
Armona	Ilha de Armona
Arauca	Arouca<ref name="infopedia.pt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Equabonna/Aquabona	Coina
Axabrica/Axabrix	Xabregas
Boidobr(ig)a	Boidobra, a combination of two elements: 1. boudi<ref name="DLG">Template:Cite dictionary</ref> or boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') and 2. "briga".
Bracara	Braga
Brigantia	Bragança
Budens	Budens
Caetobriga/Caetobrix/Kaitobrix	Setúbal
Calabria > Caliabriga	Castelo Calabre
Cambra<Calambriga	Vale de Cambra (Aveiro), Casal de Cambra (Sintra)
Cale	Vila Nova de Gaia; Portucale; Portugal<ref name=CallaicaNomina>Template:Cite book Template:Page needed</ref>
Castralbo(a)	Penalva do Castelo<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
Caxarias from the Celtic root *cax, oak-tree <ref name="Trees in Portuguese Toponymy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Colobre	Alcolobre (Colobre, 935 C.E.): the first element derives from kʷolu- 'wheel'Template:Sfn
Conímbriga	Conímbriga *Coimbra,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Corucho*	Coruche,*<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi>	Marialva
Collippo	Leiria<ref name=CallaicaNomina/>
Ebora	Évora
Eburobrittium	Óbidos
Jurumegna	Juromenha
Lacobriga	Lagos
Lamecum	Lamego
Lemos	Lemos, Lemenar, Lemenhe<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Londobris	Berlengas
Longobriga	Longroiva
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi>	Marialva (Mêda)
Malaceca/Malateca	Marateca
Mirobriga	Miróbriga
Moron	Castelo de Almorol
Pendraganum	Pedrógão Grande
Terena	Terena

Names

Forenames

Portuguese name	Origin and meaning
Artur	Arthur * The meaning of this name is unknown. It could be derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Alternatively it could be related to an obscure Roman family name Artorius.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brandão	Brendanus * Latinized form of the Irish name Bréanainn, which was derived from a Welsh word meaning "prince". Saint Brendan was a 6th-century Irish abbot who, according to legend, crossed the Atlantic and reached North America with 17 other monks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Breno	Brennus * Latinized form of a Celtic name (or title) that possibly meant either "king, prince" or "raven". Brennus was a Gallic leader of the 4th century BC who attacked and sacked Rome.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Brígida	Brighid * Irish, meaning "exalted one". In Irish mythology this was the name of the goddess of fire, poetry and wisdom, the daughter of the god Dagda.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tristão	Drust * Pictish name probably derived from Celtic drest meaning "riot" or "tumult". This name was borne by several kings of the Picts, including their last king Drust X, who ruled in the 9th century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Viriato	Viriathus * From the Latinised name Viriathus or Viriatus, derived from Celtic viriae ("bracelets"). Viriathus was a leader of the Lusitani (a tribe of Portugal) who rebelled against Roman rule in the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

A – L

Abrunheiro, Abrunho, Abrunhosa, from Protoceltic *agrīnio,<ref name="Ward A. 1996, s.v"/>Template:Sfn<ref>cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Arouca, Aroucas, Arouquela Latinised from Celtic *arauca<ref name="infopedia.pt"/>
Bacelar, Bacelo, from *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach<ref name="archive.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from Proto-Celtic *bekko 'beak, kiss',Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
Carqueijo, Carquejo, Carqueja 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar.<ref name="autogenerated168">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref>< Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name Template:M
Carvalho, Carvalhal, Carvalheiro, Carvalha, Carvalhedo, Carvalhinho, from Celtic (s)kerb(h)/karb (hard, twisted).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Caxaria, Caxarias, Caxigo, from the Celtic root *cax < CASSĪCOS ‘oak-tree’<ref name="Trees in Portuguese Toponymy"/>
Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from GaulishTemplate:Sfn Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Welsh cwningen, alternatively from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog'Template:Sfn
Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw',<ref name="Varela Sieiro 2008 205–206">cf. Template:Harvtxt</ref> from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
Colmeiro, Colmeiro, Colmo, Colme, from Celtic *kolmos 'straw',<ref name="Varela Sieiro 2008 205–206"/> which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,Template:Sfn cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
Lemos, from Celtic lemo, elm-tree.<ref name="Trees in Portuguese Toponymy"/>
Lotsa, Louza, Lousão, Lousã, Lousado, Louzado, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *lawsTemplate:Sfn

M – Z

Magalhães, also Magalhaes and Magalhã from Celtic magal<ref name="Halliwell-Phillipps1861">Template:Cite book</ref> 'great, grandiose'. Toponymic of towns with the same name.
Menino, from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-,Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish menn 'kid (goat)', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'
Queirós, also Queiroz, from Proto-Celtic *wroikos-, referring to the specific heather variety 'Erica umbellata'.
Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch',Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family.<ref name=truite>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz

General vocabulary

abanqueiroTemplate:Sfn<ref>Prósper (2002) p. 90.</ref> [m] 'waterfall' < *'(beaver) dam', formally a derivative in -arium of *abanco, from Proto-Celtic *abankos 'beaver, water demon'<ref name="Ward A. 1996, s.v">Ward A. (1996), s.v.</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> cognate of Old Irish abacc 'dwarf', Welsh afanc 'beaver, dwarf', Breton avank 'dwarf, sea monster'. Akin also to Arpitan avans 'wicker'.<ref>Grzega 2001: 50.</ref>

alvo [m] 'white', from Celtic<ref name="scribd2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> albo* 'white'.
Template:Fontalvura 'whiteness', alvorada 'dawn', alvor 'light, whiteness', alvorecer [v] 'daybreak'.

amieiro [m] 'common alder', *likely a derivative in -arium of *abona 'river', related to Breton avon, Welsh afon, Irish abha/abhainn 'river'.
Template:Fontamieiral 'alder woods', amieira 'young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots'. A Galician suggestion points to another Celtic voice ameia<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
arpente also arpento 'arpent acre' Latin borrowing (old measurement) likely from Gaulish *arpen or arepennis, cognate of French arpent, Spanish arapende akin to Old Irish airchenn 'short mete, bound (abuttal); end, extremity', Welsh arbenn 'chief'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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abrolho 'sprout, thorn, thicket, rocky surfaces just under water, keys', from Celtic *brogilos 'copse',.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn
Template:Fontabrolhar [v] 'to cover with thorns, to sprout (botanics), to get covered in spots, blisters, to sprout', abrolhamento 'to fence smthg with thorns, cover with sprouts, to cause hardship', desabrolhar [v] 'to sprout, to bloom, to blossom'.
abrunho/abrunheiro [m] 'sloe', from Vulgar Latin *aprūneu, from Latin prūnum, under the influence of Celtic *agrīnio;Template:Sfn Template:Sfn<ref>cf. Template:Harvtxt</ref> akin to Irish áirne, Welsh eirin 'plum'; cognate of Occitan agranhon, Provençal agreno, Catalan aranyó, Aragonese arañon.
bacelo [m] 'young vine', from Celtic *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach<ref name="archive.org"/>
Template:Fontbaceleiro[m] 'young vine nursery, man who specialises in planting new vines', bacelar [v], abacelar [v] 'to plant and tender to new vines', abacelamento 'the act of sorting out young vines (by variety)', bacharelato 'baccalaureat, university degree', Latinised from *baccalaris- person of lower (military) rank or young cadet,<ref name="archive.org"/> bacharel 'same as baccalaureat, chatter-box, chatty or witty person', bacharelar [v] 'to talk too much', bacharelice, bacharelismo 'habit of chatting too much or for too long', barcelo 'white grape variety from Northern Portugal'
badalo[m] 'bell, penis' from Latinised 'battua'< Gaul. *bathu < Celt. *bathi or *baeti<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Fontabadalar[v] or badalar[v], 'to ring a bell, to jabber, to gossip or chat away'.
balaia [f] also balaio 'small straw-basket' via Old French baleen 'broom (plant)', from Gaul *balatno, metathesis of *banatlo,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> cognate of Breton balannen, Scots-Gaelic bealaidh, Irish beallaidh, Welsh banadl, Cornish banadhel, Asturian baléu
barco [m] 'boat, ship' from Proto-Celtic *barga-,<ref>Template:Cite journal Template:Dead link</ref> loanward into Latin bargo, 'boat'.
barra [f] 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Irish, Breton barr 'summit, peak, top', Welsh bar.
Template:Fontbarrote [m] 'wooden beam'
barrete [m] 'hood', from Celtic or Gaulish *birros-<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>'short coat with a hood'.
Template:Fontbarretada 'greeting someone with your hat', barrete-de-clérigo 'fortification or building work composed of three protruding angles and two sinking ones', enfiar o barrete (popular expression) 'to mislead or deceive someone'.
bétula [f] 'birch', Latin "betulla," borrowed from Gaulish *betua-, from Proto-Celtic *betwiyos- or *betuyā-, ultimately tracing back to the Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-. This root is associated with the concept of "birch" or "wood," suggesting a connection between the tree and the material it provides.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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bico [m] 'beak, kiss', from Proto-Celtic *bekko-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
Template:Fontbicar 'to kiss', debicar [v] '(bird)pecking'.
bilha,Template:Sfn [f] 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk',Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish bille 'large tree, tree trunk', Manx billey 'tree', Welsh pill 'stump', Breton pil; cognate of French bille 'log, chunk of wood'.
bode [m] 'billy-goat, male goat' from Proto-Celtic *bukko- akin to French<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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boi [m] 'bull, male cow' Latinised form, from Celtic *bou<ref name="scribd2007"/>'cow'.
Template:Fontboi-cavalo yak, boieiro cow herder, cowboy, garça-boieira cattle-egret, boiuno bovine.
borbaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-,Template:Sfn cognate of French bourbe 'mud'; akin to Irish borb 'mud, slime', bearbh 'boiling', Welsh berw 'boiling', Breton berv 'broth, bubbling'.
Template:Fontborbotar [v], 'to blossom, to bloom', borbulhar [v] 'to burble, to boil', borbulha 'bubble, spot, pimple', borbulhante 'bubbly'.
borne [m] 'terminal, metal part of an electrical circuit that connects to an external electrical circuit, inner bark of a tree, lukewarm' from Proto-Celtic *botina 'troop',Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish buiden and Welsh byddin 'army' (*budīnā).
Template:Fontbornear [v] 'to align an object with the view, generally closing one eye, to put a gun/weapon to aim, i.e.: to aim a cannon'.
braga [f] '[Old] Hoop iron that held the fetter, male type of trouser, wall that served as a fortification junk, type of naval crane to lift and move weights (ships), small four-string type of guitar'. From [Proto-Celtic] *braco-,Template:Sfn cognate of Galician, Spanish, Occitan braga, French braie, Italian brache.
Template:FontbraguilhaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'trouser-flier, braguinha [f] 'small guitar', bragal [m] 'coarse fabric whose plot is cord, underclothes, old measurement for land demarcation: Portion of a farm (7 or 8 poles) which served as the unit price in certain contracts, set of bucks and fetter', desbragar [v] 'to make dissolute, profligate, to drop your buckles', desbragado [m] 'riotous, foul-mouthed, indecorous, libertine, dissolute, immoral', desbragadamente 'indecorously', desbragamento [m] 'riotous quality, ribaldry, impropriety (behaviour), Bracarense 'relating to Braga, native of that city', brácaro 'a person native of Braga', bracamarte 'old claymore sword which was swung with both hands'.
brim [m] 'fabric, thread, brime' via Fra. 'brin' < Breton *brienen-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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brioTemplate:Sfn [m] 'pride, courage, might, power', from Italian brio, from Catalan/Old Occitan briu 'wild', from Celtic *brigos,Template:Sfn cognate of Occitan briu, Old French brif 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irish bríg 'power', Welsh bri 'prestige, authority', Breton bri 'respect'.
Template:Fontbrioso 'proud, brave, exuberant', briosamente 'proudly, with dignity', desbrio 'lacking pride or courage, a cowardly act', desbrioso 'someone who acts without pride, a coward, a wimp'
cabra [f] 'goat' Latinised 'capra' from Celtic *gabro- (OIr gabor, OB gabr, gl. caprus, OC gauar, gl. uel capelia, C (in LNN)gaver, ModW gafr, CPNE: 102, DGVB: 173, GPC: 1370–71; PECA: 48). Well attested in G PNN, Gabrus, Gabrius, Gabar, etc. (DLG: 173–74). Formation *kpro- IEW 529 (s.v. *kapro-). ACPN: 79–80; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.; RGC: 172–73. Note that not all LNN in gabro- are by default Celtic; see A. Falileyev, Celtic presence in Dobrudja: Onomastic evidence, in Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest (Iaśi 2005), 296–303.<ref name="scribd2007"/>
cais [m] 'quay, jetty', maybe from French (itself from Norman) quai, from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Welsh cae, Cornish ke, Breton kae 'hedge'; French chai 'cellar'.
cambaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Old Irish camm 'crooked, bent, curved'. Cognate of Occitan cambeta 'part of plough', Limousin Occitan chambija (< *cambica) 'part of plough'.
Template:Fontcambada, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam', encambar [v] 'to string, to entangle', cambo 'pole, bent', cambaio, cambão 'crooked, lame', cambar [v] 'to change, to alter, to move direction (nautical)', cambalhota 'tumble, gambol', cambalhotar 'to caper, to tumble'.
camboa [f] 'trap, hole dug for capturing fish trapped at low tide', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.<ref name="Meyer-Lübke 2387">Meyer-Lübke 2387</ref>
cambueira [f] 'fishing net used for low tide catch', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.<ref name="Meyer-Lübke 2387"/>
caminhoTemplate:Sfn [m] 'pathway', from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Italian cammino, French chemin, Spanish camino, Catalan camí, Occitan camin, Old Irish céimm, Breton cam 'step'.
Template:Fontcaminhar 'to walk', caminhada 'walk, journey', caminhante, caminheiro 'hiker, walker, someone who loves to walk, pilgrim', caminheira 'sort of locomotive used in road transportation', caminhável 'area or place adept/safe to walk'
camisaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'shirt' from Latin, from Gaulish camisia.Template:Sfn cognate of Spanish/Occitan camisa, Italian camicia, French chainse.
Template:Fontcamisola 'jersey', camiseta 'undershirt, singlet', camisa-de-dormir 'nightgown', camisa-de-Venus or camisinha 'condom' (colloquial)
candado, cando [m] dry tree-branch, stick or trunk, horse hoof, from Celtic *kando- 'bright, white', cognate of Welsh cann 'bright, light'<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
cangaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'collar, yoke', from Celtic *kambika.Template:Sfn
cangalha [f] 'shoulder yoke, saddle yoke', from Celtic *kambika.Template:Sfn
cangalheta [f] 'rustic saddle, horse saddle', from Celtic *kambika.Template:Sfn
cangalho [m] 'worthless, trashy person or worn out animal', from Celtic *kambika.Template:Sfn
canto [m] 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-,Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish cét 'round stone pillar, Welsh cant 'tire rim', Breton kant 'disk'; cognate of Old French chant, Occitan cant.
Template:Fontcantoneiro 'road worker', cantonar[v] 'railway traffic control', recanto 'corner', cantinho 'small corner', Cantão, Cantonal 'Swiss Canton, relating to Canton's legal affairs or government, acantoar[v] or acantonar 'to hide, to isolate', canteiro 'vegetable plot, flowerbed, border', acanteirar[v], encanteirar 'to place/arrange in pods'(gardening, bottles, etc.), encanteirado 'in a pod', cantonado 'engraved corner (heraldry)'.
carqueja, carqueijeira[f] 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar.<ref name="autogenerated168"/><ref name="auto"/>< Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name Template:M.
carquilha[f] 'wrinkle, crinkle, furrow', from Celtic *carquila.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Template:Fontencarquilhar[v] 'to crinkle', encarquilhado 'wrinkled, with deep (skin) wrinkles'.

carro [m] 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latin carrum, from proto-Celtic *karro-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Rumanian car, Italian carro, French char, Provençal car, Spanish carro; akin to Irish carr, Welsh car, Breton karr.
Template:Fontcarroça 'cart', carregar 'to load', acarretar, acartar 'to cart, to carry', carreta 'cart', carrear 'to guide animals in a cart, to drive', carroçaria 'bodywork' (vehicle), carruagem 'carriage', carreto 'load', carrinha 'van', carro-de-mão 'wheelbarrow', carrossel 'carousel', charrete 'carriage, horsecart'.
caixigo [m] 'oak; Portuguese oak', from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted',Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Irish cas 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welsh cascord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturian caxigu, Aragonese caixico, Gascon casse, French chêne 'oak' (< *cassanos).
centola, santola [m] 'European spider crab', akin to Gaulish personal name CINTULLOS 'the first one',<ref>DCECH s.v. centollo</ref> from PCl *kintu- 'first'.
cervejaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'beer', from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia, from GaulishTemplate:Sfn Cognates: French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
Template:Fontcervejaria[f] 'brewery, brasserie, beer hall', cervejeiro 'brewer'
cheda[f] 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', via Medieval Latin cleta, from proto-Celtic *klētā-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Irish cloí (cloidhe) 'fence', clíath 'palisade, hurdle', Welsh clwyd 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', Cornish kloos 'fence', Breton kloued 'barrier, fence'; cognate of French claie 'rack, wattle fencing', Occitan cleda, Catalan cleda 'livestock pen', Basque gereta.
choco [m] 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish clocc, Welsh cloch, Breton kloc'h; cognate of Asturian llueca and llócara 'cowbell', French cloche 'bell', German Glock.
Template:Fontchocar 'to bang, to shock', chocalho 'cowbell', chocalhar [v] and chacoalhar [v] 'to shake smthg or someone, to insult someone'.
cibalho [m] 'bird food' from Gaelic *cib- 'reed', akin to Irish 'cibeach'<ref name="progael.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

coelho [m] 'rabbit', likely from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog'Template:Sfn akin to Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Galician coello, Welsh cwningen, Catalan conill, Danish/Swedish/Norwegian kanin, Dutch konijn, Finnish kani, Frisian knyn, German Kanninchen, Icelandic kanína, Italian coniglio, Romansh cunigl, Spanish conejo, Veneto conéjo.
Template:Fontcoelheira 'rabbit hutch', coelheiro '(dog) good at hunting rabbits', rabicoelha(ornithology) also rabiscoelha 'corncrake, spotted crake', coelhinha 'bunny'
colmeiaTemplate:Sfn [m] 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw',Template:Sfn from * kŏlmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
Template:Fontcolmeeiro 'hiver', colmeal 'beekeeping space, area'
comba [f] 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of North Italian comba, French combe, Occitan comba; akin to Irish com, Welsh cwm 'hollow (land form)', Cornish komm 'small valley, dingle', Breton komm 'small valley, deep water'.
combo [m] (adj.) 'curved, bent', from Celtic *kumbo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Provençal comb, Spanish combo.
Template:Fontcombar 'to bend'.
cômoro [m] also combro 'mound, hillock, limit of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare-(yo)-,Template:Sfn cognate of Old Irish comair 'in front of', Welsh cyfair 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.Template:Sfn
Template:Fontacomarar 'to mark out a field (literally to dote with cômoros)'.
corno 'horn'(OIr corn, OB to PIE *k´er-IEW: 576 (cf. Lat. cornu pl. 'roe'). Although the word has been considered a loan from Latin, there is no reason to deny its Celtic origin (see: P. Sims-Williams, Degrees of Celticity in Ptolemy's Names, in Ptolemy, 9; PNPG, Celtic elements, s.v.).<ref name="scribd2007"/>
curral [m] 'corral, pen; corner', from Celtic *korro-,Template:Sfn akin to Middle Irish cor 'circle, turn', corrán 'sickle', Welsh cor 'enclosure', Cornish kor 'turn, veering'.
Deus [m] 'God' via Latin, 'deus' from Celtic *dēuo-, *dīuo- 'god' (cognate OIr día, MB dou, OC duy, Gl. deus, C. dev in LNN, OW in dúiútít 'divinity', CPNE: 82; EGOW: 51; GPC: 1101; LEIA D-64; PECA: 41). Well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. PNN Deo-gnata, diuuo-gna (GPN: 191–92; KGP: 190–91). Traditionally, to PIE *dhei-'shine' IEW: 183–87, LIV: 108 (Skt. deva-, Lat. deus, etc.). ACPN: 70–71; DLG: 142–43; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.<ref name="scribd2007"/>
dorna [f] 'a type of boat; trough, measurement (volume)',Template:Sfn from proto-Celtic *durno- 'fist',Template:Sfn Irish dorn fish, Breton dorn 'hand'; Akin to Old French, Occitan dorn, 'a handful'.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, the Asturian duerna 'bowl' demand a form **dorno-.
embaixada [f] 'embassy', from Provençal ambaissada, from ambaissa 'service, duty', from proto-Celtic *ambactos 'servant',Template:Sfn akin to Welsh amaeth 'farm', Cornish ammeth 'farming', Old Breton ambaith.
Template:Fontembaixador [m] 'ambassador', embaixatriz 'madam-ambassador'
gabela, gavela [f] 'handful, faggot', from Proto-Celtic *gabalā or *gabaglā-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of French javelle, Provençal gavela, Spanish gavilla; akin to Old Cornish gavael 'catch, capture', Irish gabháil 'get, take, grab, capture', gabhal 'fork'.
galga [f] 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone',Template:Sfn akin to Irish gall, French galet 'gravel' gallete 'plain cake'.
Template:Fontgalgar [v] 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.
gancho [n] ler|pt|cel-pro|*ganskyos||branch, twig,

hook}}. Template:Font enganchar [v] to hook, to grab, to hook up, to clasp. From proto-Celtic *ganskyos.desenganchar [v] to unhook, to unclasp, to release, to free.

gorar [v] 'sickness, rotting of an egg (hatching), to get confused (thought)', from Proto-Celtic *gʷor-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish guirid, Welsh and Cornish gori 'to hatch (eggs)' and Breton goriñ.
Template:Fontgoro 'unfertilized egg, failure, misfortune', gorado 'an egg which didn't hatch, a failed situation or unfortunate person'.
jarrete [m] 'knee-cap, hock, hamstring' from Gaulish *garra 'leg', akin to Welsh 'garr', which is of uncertain origin; possibly sharing a common origin with Proto-Greek άκαρα 'leg, shank'<ref>Brown, Raymond (1985): Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources, p. 296</ref>
lago [m] 'lake', Latinised 'lacus' from Celtic *locu-, *loco- 'lake' (OIr loch 'lake', OB in lohan gl., lochhaam gl. stagno, OW lichou gl. palu[de]s, luchauc, gl. paluster, Mod W llwch DGVB: 242; EGOW: 103; GPC: 2173; PECA: 72). According to E. Hamp in ZCP 46(1994), 12, independent loans from an unknown substratum language (as well as Lat. lacus, OE lagu, etc.; differently DLG: 206).<ref name="scribd2007"/>
lagoa [f] 'small lake, lagoon'. Latinised 'lacus' from Celtic *locu-, *loco- 'lake'
landa [f], lande [f] 'uncultivated or sandy plot' from Proto-Celtic *landā,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish lann 'land, church', Welsh lann 'church lands', French lande 'sandy plot', Provençal and Catalan landa.
lageTemplate:Sfn Template:Sfn [f] 'stone slab', from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,Template:Sfn cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
léguaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of French lieue, Spanish legua; akin to Old Irish líe (genitive líag) 'stone', Irish lia
leira [f] 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from the medieval form laria, from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-,Template:Sfn<ref>cf. Template:Harvtxt</ref> akin to Old Irish làr 'ground, floor', Breton leur 'ground', Welsh llawr 'floor'.
Template:Fontleiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiria 'place of small plots, allotments'.
lerca<ref>DCECH s.v. lerca</ref> [f] 'skinny, malnourished cow or cattle in general, skinny woman', from proto-Celtic *wliskāTemplate:Sfn 'stick', cognate of Old Irish flesc.
lousa also loisaTemplate:Sfn [f] 'flagstone', 'trap', from Proto-Celtic *laws-,Template:Sfn cognate of Provençal lausa, Spanish losa, French losenge 'diamond'.
Template:Fontenlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof', lousão 'large flagstone', louseiro or loiseiro' 'stonemason', enlousar [v]'to cover with stones, to make a stone wall, to trap, to trick or fool someone'
lota 'fish auction/market', Latinised borrowing 'lota' < Gaulish *lotta 'flat fish'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> akin to French lotte, Old Irish lethaid 'he extends, expands', Welsh lledu, llydan 'flounders' Cornish leyth 'flounder, flat-fish'.

mar [m] 'sea' Latinised 'mare' from Celtic *mori- (OIr muir 'sea', OB mor in compounds, e.g. morgablou gl. aestuaria .i. per quae mare reciprocum tum accedit tum recedit, MB mor; OC mor gl. mare, C (in LNN) mor; OW mor (Liber Landavensis), and in mormeluet gl. testudinum, ModW mor CPNE: 168; DGVB: 259; EGOW: 115; GPC: 2485; LEIA: M-73; PECA: 80). The word is well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. more. gl.mare, morici gl. marini (Endlicher Glossary), Pliny's mori marusa (mare congelatum), G. PNN Mori-tasgus, Mori-rigis; see GPN: 232–33, KGP: 245. To PIE *mori- IEW: 748 (Lat. mare, Go. marei, OE mere, E mere). ACPN: 92–93; DLG: 229, PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.<ref name="scribd2007"/>
menino [m], menina [f] 'kid, child, baby', from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-,Template:Sfn akin to Old Irish menn 'kid (goat)', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
Template:Fontmeninice or meninez 'childhood, infancy, childishness', meninote 'nipper', [m].
minhoca [f] 'earthworm', from medieval *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'.
Derivative: minhoquice 'unfounded suspicions, brooding on smthg unimportant'
nau [f] 'ship, vessel' Latinised 'navis' from Celtic *nauo- (> navigability) (OIr nau 'ship', M(od)W noe vessel, bowl, platter' GPC: 2592; LEIA: N-5). Cf. Auson. (Epist. 22,1) nausum. To PIE *neh2u- 'boat' IEW: 755-56 (Skt. nau, Lat. navis 'ship', ON nór 'id.', etc.). DLG: 232, s.v. nauson; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v. nauo.<ref name="scribd2007"/>
Template:Fontnavegar [v] 'to sail', navegante, Navegador[m] 'sailor', 'Seafarer', nave(archaic) 'ship, boat', navio 'ship'.
olga [f], 'small farming land, plain between hills', from Proto-Celtic *ɸolkā,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of French ouche and Provençal olca.
peça [f] 'piece', from Vulgar Latin *pettia, from Gaulish petsi, from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Italian pezza, French pièce, Spanish pieza; akin to Old Irish cuit (Irish cuid) 'piece, share, part', Welsh peth 'thing', Breton pez.
Template:Fontpedaço, pedacinho, pedação[m] 'piece, little piece, big piece'- ** uncertain whether from Lat.pittacĭu < Gr. pittákion or Proto-Celtic *pettia 'piece'.
pequeno 'small, kid', from Gaelic *bec-, becan-, beag, beagan- 'small'.<ref name="progael.com"/>
Template:Fontpequerrucho[m], pequerruchichinho 'little one', pequenagem, pequenez 'small thing, infancy', pequenino, pequenote, pequeninote pequenininho 'small child, small thing or object', empequenecer [v], empequenitar 'to make small, to make someone feel small', pequenada, pequerruchada 'a group of small children'.
pitada [f] 'pinch, handful' from Celtic *pit-, pet-, cuid-, cuit-, coda- 'piece'.<ref name="progael.com"/>
Template:Fontpetar [v] 'to break in small pieces, to tell lies', petiscar [v] 'to knible, to snack, to eat delicacies, to touch slightly, to have a vague knowledge about something or someone', petisco [m] 'delicacy, speciality dish, small bites, snack', petisqueira, petiscaria 'snack-bar, restaurant specialising in local dishes', petanisco 'poking stick', pitéu 'delicacy (food)', petiz 'child, kid', petizada 'kids, children', carrapito 'bob (hair), midget (derogatory)', carapeto 'wild pear', carapeteiro 'wild pear tree, liar', carrapeta, carapeta 'small pion, short person', peta 'white lie'.
piteira 'drunkenness (colloquial), agave plant, ballast (fishing), debt,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> default, cigarette holder, cut or blow in the head' from Celtic *pett, pitt- 'small'.

rego [m], 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
Template:Fontregueira 'small water canal', regato 'stream, gully, glen', regatear [v] 'to haggle, to bargain', regateio 'quibble', regateável 'arguable (price)', regateiro 'person who haggles, presumptuous'
rodovalho [m], 'hefty, short man (with a beard), 'pleuronectidae type of fish (round and flat in shape)' from Celtic *roto-ball-jo- Template:Sfn [m], da forma composta celta *roto-ball-jo-,Template:Sfn meaning 'round edges', akin to Irish roth 'wheel', Welsh rhod, and Breton rod combined with Irish ball 'member, organ'.
saioteTemplate:Sfn [m] 'peticoat, under-skirt' and saia [f] 'skirt', from the medieval form sagia, from an ancient Celtic form from which also Latin sagum 'robe',Template:Sfn Greek ságos from Gaulish *sagos- 'coat', fr *seg- 'to hold on or together'.
seara [f] also senra(archaic), sown field recently broken up, but which is left fallow', from a medieval form senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'.Template:Sfn (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
Template:Fontseareiro 'cereals farmer, small farmer'
tasca [f] and tasquinha [m], 'swingle', related to Galatian taskós 'peg, stake'.Template:Sfn
tola [f] furrow from Proto-Celtic *tullo- 'pierced, pricked'Template:Sfn [m / f], akin to Irish toll 'hole, hollow', Welsh twll 'hole', Breton toull 'hole'; Catalan toll and Old French tolon 'hill'.
toleima, tolémia [f], 'foolishness' from ancient Celtic *TULLESMENA (empty, devoid of brains) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

tona [f] 'skin, bark, scum of milk, surface of any liquid', from proto-Celtic *tondā,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Old Irish tonn, Welsh tonn.
Template:Fonttoneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk', tonel 'wine barrel' cognate of Old French tonel, French tonneau 'barrel, cask'.
tojo [m], 'gorse, furze (Ulex europaeus)', from Celtic *togi-,Template:Sfn akin to Spanish/Gascon toja, French dialectal tuie.
Template:Fontfura-tojos 'marten'; tojal, tojeira 'place with tojos'.
touça, toiça [f], 'young wood, shrub' from ancient Celtic *TOUTIA < *TEUTIĀ (tribal, communal property) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Page needed

toucinho [m], also toicinho 'bacon, lard, pork rash' via Latin 'tuccinum (lardum)', from Celtic tucca 'buttery juice'.Template:Sfn
Template:Fonttoucinheiro, toicinheiro 'lard seller, butcher', toucinho-do-céu 'Portuguese regional sweet made with almonds and egg yolk'
trado [m] 'auger', from Proto-Celtic *taratro-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Irish tarathar, Welsh taradr, Breton tarar, Occitan taraire, Catalan taradre, Spanish taladro, French tarière, Romansch tarader.
Template:Fonttradar, tradear 'to drill'.
tranca [f], tranco [m] 'beam, pole, penis', from proto-Celtic *tarankā, tarinca,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Spanish tranca 'club, cudgel', French taranche 'screw bar, ratchet (wine press)', Provençal tarenco; akin to OIr tairinge 'iron nail, tine', Ir tairne 'metal nail, Sc tairnge 'nail'.
Template:Fonttrancar[v] 'to close, lock or block', destrancar [v] 'to open, unlock or unblock smthg. or someone', trancada 'to hit someone or smthg. with a bat, copulation', trancaria 'pile of wood logs', destrancador 'opener', trança '(hair) brade', entrantrançado 'weaved', tranqueta 'lock, latch, bolt'.
trevo [m] 'clover', from Proto-Celtic *trebno-Template:Sfn farm house, homestead, akin to Irish treb, Cornish tre, Welsh tref, Asturian truébanu, French trèfle, Spanish trébol and Catalan trèvol.
trengo [m] 'silly, nitwit, little brat, idiot', from Celtic *trenco<ref name="portaldaspalabras.gal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="digalego.xunta.gal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 'short, small'.

trincar [v] 'to bite, to snap', possible Latin loanword *trinicāre- (cut into three pieces) from Gaulish *trincare, trancare-<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>to cut (the head), cognate of old Provençal trencar, Catalan trencar, French trancher.
Template:Fonttranche 'slice', retrincar, retrinco 'to chew, to cut into smaller pieces', 'patch of a bigger piece', trinco [m] 'latch, lock, bolt', trinca, trincadela, 'bite, knibble, small cut' from Gaulish, possibly from Proto-Celtic *trenco- 'small piece'.
trincha [f] 'brush, roller, wood carving knife or chisel', from Celtic *trenco<ref name="portaldaspalabras.gal"/><ref name="digalego.xunta.gal"/> 'short, small'.
truta [f] 'trout', from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family.<ref name=truite/> Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota.
varga [f] 'hut; wall made of hurdles; hurdle, fence', from Celtic *wraga,Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> French barge, akin to Old Irish fraig, Irish fraigh 'braided wall, roof, pen', Br gwrac'hell 'haybale, rick of hay'.

vasculho [m] 'bundle of straw; broom', from proto-Celtic *baski- 'bundle',Template:Sfn cognate of Gascon bascojo 'basket', Asturian bascayu 'broom', Breton bec'h 'bundle, load'.
vassalo [m] from Vulgar Latin vassalus, from proto-Celtic *wasso- or *wasto- 'young man, squire',Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz.
Template:Font avassalar [v] 'to overwhelm, to stagger, to overpower', avassalador [m], avassalante [n] 'overwhelming'
vassoura [f] or vassoira [f] 'broom' from Proto-Celtic *basca- or *baski- 'bind, tangle',Template:Sfn via Gaulish bascauda, akin to French bâche 'canvas sheet, tarpaulin' Gascon bascojo 'hanging basket', Asturian bascayu, Béarn bascoyes, Welsh basg 'plaiting', Middle Irish basc 'neckband'.
Template:Fontvassoirar [v] or vassourar [v] 'to sweep with a broom', vassourada or vassoirada 'broom sweep, broomstick strike/hit'
vereda [f] 'main road', from the medieval form vereda, from Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn 'pathway'; akin to Welsh gorwydd 'steed', Vulgar Latin veredus 'horse', French palefroi 'steed' (< *para-veredus).
Template:Fontenveredar[v] 'to take or chose a path or direction in life or profession'
vidoeiro [m] (alternative, archaic spellings bidoeiro [m] or bidoeira [f] 'birch',Template:Sfn from Celtic *betu- or *betū-,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn cognate of Catalan beç, Occitan bèç (< bettiu), French bouleau, Italian betulla (< betula); akin to Irish beith, Welsh bedw, Breton bezv.
Template:Fontvidoeiral 'place with birch-trees'.

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the Suebi and Visigoths (also Buri and Vandals).Template:Citation needed

Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like ganhar (to gain), town and placenames such as Aldão,<ref name="Head & Semënova-Head 2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> Alderete, Albergaria-a-Velha, Albergaria-a-Nova (from Gothic 'haribergo'), Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,Template:Citation needed Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei (from Geodefredis), Esmoriz, Esmeriz (toponymics of Hermeric, king of the Suebians), Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar (from Gundomarus), Gondarém, Gudim, Guimarães (from Vimara), Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho (Braga) and Douro (Porto) regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the Suebic Kingdom in the middle-ages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

File:Rechila.gif

Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438–448).

Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD.

It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty.<ref name="Lorenzo Vázquez 1992">Template:Cite thesis</ref>

Some scholars have proposed that the name Thervingi-Goths may have pre-Pontic, Scandinavian, origins. Wolfram cites the example of J. Svennung who believed that the Tervingi were Scandinavian "ox people".<ref name="Wolfram387n58"/>

The Suebi are believed to have originated east of the Elbe River, in Germany. They were composed of different tribes who spoke different Germanic dialects. The Marcomanni and Quadi being the most relevant Suebians in what is today Portugal and Galicia.<ref>Template:Citeweb</ref>

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from English, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Visigothic and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese,Template:Citation needed with a tendency to increase due to English, German and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

from Frankish

estandarte= a military standard: from Old French estandart, probably from Frankish (*)standhard "standard that marks a meeting place", (implicit sense: "that which stands firmly"), from (*)standan "to stand", (from Germanic (*)standan, from the IE root (*)sta- "to stand"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>) + (*)hard "hard, firm", see ardid below in Germanic section.

forro= lining(garment), liner, ceiling(house) from Frankish fôdare<ref name="Prib-forro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

forrar(v)= to cover, to insulate, to wallpaper, to line, to sheathe<ref name="Prib-forro"/>
desforra= vindication, revenge, revanche<ref name="Prib-forro"/>
ginja= sweet cherry from Frankish *wihsila-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

guante= glove, gauntlet: from Frankish (*)want "gauntlet."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

megengra(o), muzengro, majangro= titmouse (bird), from Frankish meisinga, this in turn related to Celtic meann, menn(small).<ref>cite url=https://ewatlas.net/desfayes/390.php</ref>
tasca= tavern, inn: from Frankish *taska<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

from Norwegian

slalom= slalom (from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian 'slalåm': "sla," meaning slightly inclining hillside, and "låm," meaning track after skis<ref>Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 1990, p.273.</ref>

Langobardic:

rufia, rufião= ruffian, thug, bully: from Langobardic *hruf<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

from Middle Dutch

rumo= direction, course, route, pomp, ostentation: from Old Spanish rumbo "each of the 32 points on a compass", from Middle Dutch rume "space, place, rhumb line, storeroom of a ship", from Germanic rūmaz "space, place", from the IE root (*)reu- "space, to open".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

from Middle High German

estroina= fast liver, bohemian, spend-thrifty, reveller, vagabond: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen-<ref name="duden.de">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> or Old Eng. *strēon-<ref name="dwds.de">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

estroinice= pleasure seeker's, bohemian conduct or behaviour: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen-<ref name="duden.de"/> or Old Eng. *strēon-<ref name="dwds.de"/>
estroinar (v)= living the high-life, to live beyond one's means: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen-<ref name="duden.de"/> or Old Eng. *strēon-<ref name="dwds.de"/>

from Middle Low German

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from Old English

arlequim= harlequin: from Italian arlecchino, from Old French Herlequin "mythic chief of a tribe", probably from Middle English Herle king, from Old English Herla cyning, Herla Kyning literally King Herla, a king of Germanic mythology identified with Odin/Woden. Cyning "king" is from Germanic (*)kunjan "family" (hence, by extension royal family), from the IE root (*)gen- "to birth, regenerate".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

bote= a small, uncovered boat: from Old French bot, from Middle English bot, boot, from Old English bāt, from Germanic (*)bait-, from the IE root (*)bheid- "to split".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

caneco= jug: from Old English *canne < from Proto-Germanic kunnan/kanna<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

caneca= mug: *see above
este= east: from French est, from Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Germanic (*)aust-, from the IE root (*)awes-, aus "to shine".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

norte= north: from Old French nord, from Old English north, from Germanic (*)north-, from the IE root (*)nr-to "north", from (*)nr- "wikt:under, to the left"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

oeste= west: from Middle English west, from Old English west, from Germanic (*)west-, from (*)wes-to-, from (*)wes-, from (*)wespero- "evening, dusk"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

sul= south (combining form): from Old French sud "south", from Old English sūth, from Germanic (*)sunthaz, from the IE root (*)sun-, swen-, variants of (*)sāwel- "sun"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

from Old Norse

bife= steak, beefsteak: from English beefsteak, from beef (ultimately from Latin bōs, bovis "cow", from the IE root (*)gwou- "ox, bull, cow"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>) + steak, from Middle English steyke, from Old Norse steik "piece of meat cooked on a spit", from Germanic (*)stik-, see estaca below in the Germanic section.

guindar [v]= to lift, to be pretentious from (Old) French guinder from Old Norse vinda 'to toss'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

guinda= hoisting rope from Old Norse vinda
guindaste= crane, winch via French guindeau < Old French guindas, from Old Norse vindáss<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

vaga= wave possibly from Old Norse vagr or Gothic vega from Germanic viganTemplate:Citation needed<ref name="Littré">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> akin to French 'vague'

from Old Swedish

dinamite= dynamite, compound word by Swedish inventor and chemist Alfred Nobel<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

rena= reindeer, from Old Swe. 'ren'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

tungsténio= tungsten, from Old Swe. 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone)<ref name="cnrtl.fr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

tungsténico= relative to tungsten<ref name="cnrtl.fr"/>

from Gothic, Suebian

Aguerridamente (fiercely, bravely) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Aguerrido (fierce, courageous, fighter) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Aguerrir [v], Aguerreirar [v] (to fight, to combat, to challenge without fear) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
albergar[v] (to host or shelter someone) from Gothic haribergo<ref name="dicionario"/>
albergue (hostel, youth hostel) from Gothic haribergo<ref name="dicionario"/>
aleive (treason, traitor) from Gothic lavjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
aleivosia (treason, deception) from Gothic lavjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
aleivoso (person/act of a treacherous nature, traitor) from Gothic lavjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
ardil= (trap, trick, conspiracy) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan<ref name="es.wiktionary.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ardiloso= (cunning, deceptive, tricky) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan<ref name="es.wiktionary.org"/>
aringa (military camp) from Gothic hrings<ref name="dicionario"/>
Atreguar[v] (to discuss/negotiate conditions of a truce) from Gothic trigivo<ref name="dicionario"/>
Banca (banks, banking system, bench) from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Bancário (bank, banker)from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Banco (bank, bench) from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Banqueiro (banker, financier) from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Brasa from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Brasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Brasão from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Braseiro from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Brasido from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Brasil (Brazil) from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Brasonado from Gothic *bras, brasa<ref name=braise />
Destacar[v] (to assign troops, to stand out, to surpass) from Gothic stakka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Destaque (surpass, highlight) from Gothic stakka<ref name="dicionario"/>
duende= elf, gnome, from *tomt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> akin to Swedish 'tomten'

Elmo from Gothic hilms<ref name="dicionario"/>
Escanção (sommelier) from Gothic skankja<ref name="dicionario"/>
Escançar[v], Escancear[v], Escanchar[v] (to measure and serve wine) from Gothic skankja<ref name="dicionario"/>
Espora (spur) from Gothic spaúra<ref name="dicionario"/>
Esporão (spur) from Gothic spaúra<ref name="dicionario"/>
Estaca (stake) from Gothic stakka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Estacada (stockade) from Gothic stakka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Estacar[v] (to stake) from Gothic stakka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Fona from Gothic fon<ref name="dicionario"/>
Fornir[v] from Gothic frumjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
Godo/Gótico from Gothic guthans<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guerra, Guerreio (war, conflict) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guerreão (troublemaker, ruffian) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guerrear[v] (to fight) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guerreiro (warrior, fighter) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guerrilha (guerrilla) from Gothic wirro<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guia (guide) from Gothic wida<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guiar[v] (to guide, to lead, to drive a vehicle) from Gothic wida<ref name="dicionario"/>
Intrabancário (interbanking (system), interbank) from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Lasca (chip, splinter) from Gothic laska<ref name="dicionario"/>
Lascar[v] (to cleave, to flake smthg off, to chip smthg) from Gothic laska<ref name="dicionario"/>
Lascarino or Lascarinho (joker, troublemaker, petty thief) from Gothic laska<ref name="dicionario"/>
Marta from Gothic marthus<ref name="dicionario"/>
Multibanco (Cash dispenser, ATM) from Gothic banka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Roca from Gothic ruka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Tampa from Gothic tappa<ref name="dicionario"/>
Tascar[v] from Gothic taskon<ref name="dicionario"/>
Texugo or Teixugo (badger) from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Trégua (truce) from Gothic trigivo<ref name="dicionario"/>
Triscar[v] from Gothic thriskan<ref name="dicionario"/>
Ufa from Gothic ufjo<ref name="dicionario"/>
Ufanear[v] or Ufanar[v] (to glorify, to praise) from Gothic ufjo<ref name="dicionario"/>
Ufano (glorious, vain) from Gothic ufjo<ref name="dicionario"/>
Vaga (wave) from Gothic vega < vigan<ref name="Littré" />

from Germanic languages

abandonar (v)= to abandon: from Old French a bandon, from a + bandon "control" from ban "proclamation, jurisdiction, power", from Germanic (*)banwan, (*)bannan "to proclaim, speak publicly"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Aguardar[v] (to wait i.e. at a queue) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer<ref name="dicionario"/>
alemão= of Germany (adjective), the German language: from Late Latin Alemanni, an ancient Germanic tribe, from Germanic (*)alamanniz (represented in Gothic alamans), from ala- "all" + mannis, plural of manna-/mannaz "man" (Gothic manna) from the IE root (*)man- "man"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Barão, Baronesa (baron, baroness) from Germanic baro<ref name="dicionario">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

bóia= a buoy: probably from Old French boie, from Germanic, possibly from Old High German bouhhan, from Germanic (*)baukna- "signal", from the IE root (*)bha- "to shine"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Branca (female name, white female) from Germanic blanka<ref name="dicionario"/>
Branco (common Portuguese surname) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
Branco (white, pale) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
branco= white, white person, blank: from Vulgar Latin (*)blancus, from Germanic (*)blank- "to shine", from the IE root.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Brancura (whiteness) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
Branqueio (to bleach, to whiten or launder smthg i.e. money laundering) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
Branquela (pejorative for White person) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
Branquicento (of faded, pale appearance) from Germanic blank<ref name="dicionario"/>
brincadeira= joyful play, joke, prank from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="etymonline.com"/>
brincar= to play from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.<ref name="ReferenceC">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="etymonline.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

brinquedo= toy from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="etymonline.com"/>
churrasco, churrasqueira, churrascaria, churrascar[v]= from Suebian/Gothic SAURUS<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

Escarnecedor, from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escarnicação, from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escarniçador, etc. from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escarninhamente, from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escarninho, from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escárnio, from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
Escarnir[v] *Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan<ref name="Dicionário Priberam" />
estaca= a stake: from Germanic (*)stak-, from the IE root (*)steg- "pale, post pointed stick".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ganhar[v] (to gain) from Germanic waidanjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
Ganho (gain, profit) from Germanic waidanjan<ref name="dicionario"/>
Gavião (hawk) from Germanic gabilans<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guarda (guard, warden, police) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer<ref name="dicionario"/>
Guardar[v] (to guard, to safekeep, to protect) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer<ref name="dicionario"/>
guardar= to guard, watch over, keep, observe (a custom): from Germanic (*)wardōn "to look after, take care of", from the IE root (*)wor-to-, "to watch", from (*)wor-, (*)wer- "to see, watch, perceive"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Guardião (guard, legal guardian) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer<ref name="dicionario"/>
Resguardar[v] (to shelter, to cover, to protect smthg or someone i.e. from the elements) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer<ref name="dicionario"/>
Roubador (robber, thief) from Germanic raubon<ref name="dicionario"/>
Roubalheira (robbery, theft) from Germanic raubon<ref name="dicionario"/>
Roubar[v] (to rob) from Germanic raubon<ref name="dicionario"/>
Roubo (robbery) from Germanic raubon<ref name="dicionario"/>
sopa = soup,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

venda= blindfold: from Proto-Germanic * bǐnda-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Others

A

abandonar; abandono= "to abandon"; "abandon"Template:Citation needed
atacar= "to attack"Template:Citation needed
abordar= "to attack (a problem)"Template:Citation needed

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those (and similarly to most European/Western countries inherited also a number of ancient Greek and Hebrew names) today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names (and other origins) exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi (who settled in northern Portugal and Galicia in 409 AD), Visigoths, Vandals, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common Portuguese-Galician names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern Portugal, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

"(...) Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi (...)"

Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document.<ref>In Colección Diplomática de Galicia Histórica. Santiago (1901), p. 225-226.</ref>

Germanic names

Template:Main article

Old manuscript

Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia (Gallaecia) during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity.<ref>Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83.</ref> The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records.<ref>Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 98-101.</ref> and in local toponyms.<ref>A few thousand Galician and Portuguese toponyms derive from the genitive form of a Germanic anthroponym. Cf. Sachs (1932).</ref>

Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it.<ref>Cf. Searle (1897). p. xii-xiv.</ref> Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.

These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which were variations (passing one element of the name; Rechiar was the son of Rechila, who was the son of Hermeric) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound; Maldras was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations<ref>Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 14-23.</ref> such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most [þ] into [t] or [d] and the conversion of [h] into [k] before a consonant. [W] was initially preserved, although noted as [u] or [oy] before becoming [gw] (or, less commonly, [b]). These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo.<ref>Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 342; and Rivas Quintas (1991) p. 242.</ref>

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.

Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón,<ref>Piel (1937) p. 48.</ref> Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá,<ref>Piel (1939) p. 79.</ref> Tuimil and Toimil.<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 95-96.</ref>

Template:AnchorRoots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-), totemic animals (ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-) and weapons (brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-), and another appears to refer to Huns (Hun-), Suevi (Sav-), Goths (Gut-), Vandals (Vandal-), Celts (Vala-), Vendians/Slavs (Venet-), Galindians/Balths (Galind-), Franks (Frank-), Saxons (Sax-), Angles (Engl-), Danes (Dan-) and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy (And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens.

Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.

ab-, to PGmc *abōn<ref>For this and other Proto-Germanic reconstructions: V. Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology; and G. Köbler (2007) Germanisches Wörterbuch.</ref> "man": Abbelinus
abr-, to PGmc *abraz "huge, strong": Abragasia, Abrecan, Abronilli
ad- (later a-), to PGmc *haþuz "battle, fight": Adefonsus, Adegundia, Adeqisio, Aderedus, Aderico, Adesindus, Adica, Adiero, Adarius, Adila, Adileobo, Adileova, Adimirus, Adolinus, Adosinda
adal-, to PGmc *aþalaz "noble": Adala, Addalinus, Adegaster, Adelasindo, Atalamondo
agi-, egi- (later ei-), to PGmc *agez "fear" or *agjō "edge": Agimadus, Agio, Agiulfus, Aidio, Egeredus, Egica, Egila, Agila, Egildus, Agildus, Egilo, Ailo, Eigonza, Eileuva, Eilleus, Eimirus, Eindu, Eirigu, Eisindus, Haginus
agr- possibly to PGmc *akraz "field, open land": Agrivulfum, Agromirus
aist-, to PGmc *aistēn "to give reverence": Aistando
ala-, to PGmc *ala "all, wholly": Alaguntia, Alamiro, Alaricus, Alarius, Alatrudia, Alobrida, Aloindo, Aloitus, Alvarus
alb-, to PGmc *albaz "elf": Albiaster, Alvaricus, Alvatus
ald-, to PGmc *aldaz "old": Aldemirus, Aldereto, Aldericus, Aldia, Aldinus
aldr-, to Proto-Germani *aldran "age, life": Aldras, Aldroitus
ali-, to PGmc *aljaz "other": Alia, Alio, Aliaricus, Alifreda, Aliulfus, Aliverga, Alivergo, Aliverko, Aliverta, Alivertus, Alliefredus
am-, eim-, em-, en-, to PGmc *haimaz "dear": Amingus, Eimoricus, Emila, Emilo, Emiso, Enaredus, Engildus, Entrudi
amal-, to PGmc *amal- "valiant, brave": Amalilli
amed-, to PGmc *amitaz "continuous": Amedon, Amedeiro
an-, to PGmc *an- "forefather": Anagildus, Analsus, Anila, Anilo, Anualdus, Anulfo
and-, ant-, to PGmc *anda "throughout": Andeatus, Andericus, Andiarius, Andifonso, Andila, Andilevo, Andilo, Anditio, Ando, Andosindus, Andulfus, Antemirus
ans-, to PGmc *ansuz "god": Ansedeus, Ansemarus, Ansemirus, Ansemondus, Anseredo, Ansericus, Ansetrudia, Ansila, Ansileova, Ansilo, Ansiulphus, Ansiunda, Ansobrida, Ansoi, Anson, Ansuallo, Ansuario, Ansueto, Ansuildi, Ansvertus
aquis-, to PGmc *akwesiz "axe": Aquisilde
ar-, to PGmc *arnōn "eagle" or *arwaz "swift, ready": Aragunti, Arosinda, Arosindus, Arualdus, Aruildi, Arumundo
ard-, to PGmc *harduz "hard" or *arduz "land": Ardabastus, Ardericus, Ardaldus, Ardesendus, Ardilo, Ardulfus, Artemiro, Erdebredo
ari-, argi-, to PGmc *harjaz "army": Arebuldo, Argeberto, Argefonsus, Argemirus, Argemondo, Argenilli, Argeredus, Argericus, Argesindus, Argeva, Argevadus, Argevitus, Argifonsa, Argifredus, Argileuva, Argilo, Argioi, Argiuolus, Argivastro, Ariulfus
aria-, to PGmc arjaz "noble": Arias, Ariastre
arn-, to PGmc *arnuz "eagle": Arnadius, Arnaldus, Arnulfo
asc-, to PGmc *askaz "ash-tree": Ascarigus, Ascarius, Asculfo
ase-, to PGmc *haswaz "grey": Asemondus, Asileva, Asinoy, Asiulfus, Asofuda, Asoi, Asoredus
asp-, to PGmc *aspōn "aspen": Asparigus
ast-, to PGmc *astaz "branch" or *austaz "east": Astaguerra, Asterigo, Astileuva, Astredo, Astualdu, Astulfus
astr-, ostr-, obstr-, stor-, to PGmc *austraz "east": Astragis, Astragundia, Astramondus, Astratus, Astremarus, Astriverga, Astrogoto, Astruara, Astruario, Astruedu, Astruildi, Astrulfus, Obstrisinda, Ostamalus, Ostosia, Ostrofreda, Ostrofredo, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Storesindo
at- (later ad-) to PGmc *haþuz "war": Ataulfus, Atarius, Atericus, Aton
atan-, tan-, to PGmc *aþnaz "year": Atanagildus, Atanaricus, Atanus, Tanina, Tanino, Atanitus, Tano, Tanoi, Tenildi
att-, to PGmc *attōn "father": Atauldus, Attan, Attila, Attina
aud-, od-, to PGmc *audaz "wealth": Audeca, Audesinda, Audila, Audinus, Audibertus, Audofredo, Audugus, Ausendus, Oda, Odemundus, Odamirus, Odericus, Odisclus, Odorica, Odoynus, Oduarius, Otualdo
aur-, or-, to PGmc *auraz "sand, sea": Auresindus, Aurilli, Orosinda
aus-, os-, to PGmc *aus- "shining": Osoarius, Osobredus, Osmundo, Osoredo, Osorico, Ausarigus, Osoy, Ossila, Ozandus
bad- (later ba-), to PGmc *badwō "battle": Badamundus, Bademirus, Badila, Badosindus
bait-, to PGmc *baitaz "ship, boat": Baitus
bald-, balt-, to PGmc *balþaz "bold": Baldemarius, Baldemirus, Balderedo, Balderico, Baldesindo, Baldila, Baldoi, Baldoigius, Baltarius, Baltino, Balto
bar-, to PGmc *baraz "man": Barilli, Barsilli, Baron, Baroncellus, Baronza, Barvaldus
bat-, to PGmc *bataz "good": Bati, Batinus, Baton
baud-, to PGmc *baudiz "ruler": Baudemirus, Baudesindus
baz-, to PGmc *bazaz "naked": Bazarius
beg-, bag-, bec-, bac-, to PGmc *bēgaz "contest, quarrel": Baga, Bega, Becilla, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Bagina, Bagino, Baquina, Baquino, Begica, Pegito
ber-, to PGmc *berōn "bear": Bera, Bergundi, Berila, Berildi, Berosildi, Berilo, Berina, Berinus, Beroi, Berosindus, Berulfus
berg-, verg-, to PGmc *bergaz "shelter": Bergas, Bergila, Vergilli, Vergina, Virgia
bern-, to PGmc *bernuz "bear": Bernaldus
bert-, vert-, to PGmc *berhtaz "bright": Berta, Bertamirus, Bertarius, Bertinus, Berto, Bertosinda, Bertuara, Betrulfus, Bretenandus, Vertila
bett-, bitt-, probably to PGmc *bitraz "bitter": Betellus, Betericus, Bitilo, Bitto
bid-, to PGmc *bidō "request, prayer": Biddi, Bidualdus
bil-, bel-, to PGmc *bilaz "good" or *bīþlan "axe": Bela, Belavrida, Belesarius, Belestrio, Belfonsus, Bellengo, Bellerto, Bello, Belloy, Belmirus, Billa
bland- to PGmc *blandiz, likely an adjective derived from *blandaną "to blend, make murky; to mix, mingle": Blandila
bliv-, to PGmc *blēwaz "blue": Bliviaricus
bon-, to PGmc *bōniz "prayer, petition": Bonesindus, Bonilde, Bonimiro, Boninus, Boniza, Bonoi
bot-, but-, to PGmc *bōtō "good, profit": Botan, Butila
brand-, to PGmc *brandaz "fire, sword": Brandericus, Brandila, Brandinus, Brandiulfus, Brandon
brun-, to PGmc *brunjōn "breastplate": Brunildi
burgal-, to *Bulgar- "? Bulgarian": Burgala
ca-, to PGmc *ga- "with": Camundus
canut-, to PGmc *knūtaz "bold": Canuto
car-, kar-, to PGmc *karō "care": Karmirus
carl-, to PGmc *karlaz "man": Carlo
cart-, kart-, to PGmc *krattaz "cart, wagon": Cartinus, Cartemirus
cen-, to PGmc *kwenōn "woman": Cenabrida, Cenusenda
cend-, kend-, zend-, quint-, to PGmc *kenþan "child": Cendamiro, Cendas, Cendon, Kenderedus, Kendulfus, Kindiverga, Quintila, Quintilo, Zendasindo
cens-, zens-, possibly to PGmc *zinz "tribute" or *kwēniz "woman": Censerigus, Censoi, Zenzitus
conia-, to PGmc *kunjan "tribe, nation": Coniaricus
cresc-, possibly to Latin crescens "thrive": Crescemirus
criz-, to PGmc *krēsō "dainty, food": Crizila
dad-, ded-, to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": Dada, Dadila, Dadilo, Dadinus, Dado, Dede
dag-, dac-, to PGmc *dagaz "day": Dacamiro, Dacoi, Dagadrudia, Dacaredus, Dago, Daildus
dan-, da-, to PGmc *daniz "Dane": Damiro, Damondus, Danila
dest-, test-, possibly to Latin dexter "right, skilful": Destoy, Destericus, Desteilli
doc-, duc-, to PGmc *dōgiz "day": Docemiro, Ducila
dod-, no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": Dodo, Doda
dom-, to PGmc *dōmaz "judgement, ruling": Domerigo
dulc-, dolc-, to PGmc *dulgan "enmity", *dulgaz 'law, debt': Dulcemirus, Dolcemondus
ebr-, ebur-, evor-, to *eburaz "boar": Ebragundia, Ebreguldus, Ebregulfus, Ebrildi, Eburicus, Evorinus
elp-, to PGmc *helpō "help": Elperico
elpand-, to Germanic *elpandus "elephant": Elpandus
engl-, to PGmc *angilaz "Angles": Engladius
engo-, to PGmc *Ingwaz "a god": Engomirus, Engoredus, Engorigus
ens-, possibly to Latin ensis "sword": Ensalde, Iensericus
er-, her-, to PGmc *heruz "sword": Erifonsus, Eroigius, Eruulfus, Herus
erm-, herm-, to PGmc *ermenaz "great": Ermaldus, Ermedrudia, Ermefara, Ermefreda, Ermefredo, Ermegildus, Ermegis, Ermego, Ermegoto, Ermegotus, Ermegundia, Ermelindus, Ermemirus, Ermericus, Ermerote, Ermesinda, Ermiarius, Ermila, Ermildi, Ermileuva, Ermitus, Ermoleo, Ermosindus, Ermoygius, Ermulfo, Heremigarium, Hermecisclus, Hermellus
evo-, to PGmc *ehwaz "horse": Euvenandus, Eva, Evorido, Evosindo, Ivolicus, Ibilli
faf-, to PGmc *faff-, possibly related to Indo-European *papp- "dad": Faffila, Faffia
fag-, to PGmc *fagenaz "glad, joyful": Fagila, Fagildus, Fagilo, Faginus
fald-, to PGmc *faldiz "fold, cloak": Falderedo, Falgildus, Fardulfus
fand-, to PGmc *fanþjōn "infantryman": Fandila, Fandina, Fandinus, Fannus
faq-, fak-, to PGmc *fah- "glad, joyful": Facalo, Facco, Fakino, Faquilo
far-, to PGmc *faran "journey, ship": Faregia, Farella, Farino, Farita, Farnus, Framiro, Fraredus, Frarigo, Fregulfus, Ferildi
fat-, to PGmc *fatan "cloth; vessel": Fatu, Fateredus
fel-, fil-, to PGmc *felu "much, very": Felellus, Felgirus, Felmiro, Filisteus, Filivertus, Filon
flor-, to PGmc *flōraz "floor" or Latin florens "blooming, prosperous": Floresindus
fof-, possibly to PGmc *fōþrą "load, wagonload": Fofo, Fofinus, Fofellus
fons-, funs-, to PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": Fonso, Fonsa, Fonsinus, Fonsellus
fradi-, to PGmc *fraþīn "efficacy": Fradegundia, Fradila, Fradiulfus
fram-, to PGmc *framaz "forward; valiant": Framila, Framilli, Framtan, Framuldo
frank-, franc-, to PGmc *frankōn "javelin; Frank": Francellus, Francemirus, Franco, Francoi, Francolino, Frankila, Frankilo
fred-, frid-, to PGmc *friþuz "peace" or *frīdaz "fair, beautiful": Freda, Fredamundus, Fredario, Fredegundia, Fredemiro, Fredenanda, Fredenandus, Fredericus, Fredesinda, Fredilli, Fredisclus, Fredoaldus, Fredoindus, Fredosindus, Freduarius, Fredulfus, Fredus, Fridiverto
froa-, frau-, frog-, froy-, fron-, to PGmc *frawjōn "lord, master": Froarengus, Fralenko, Frogeva, Frogildi, Frogina, Frogiulfo, Froiellus, Froila, Froilo, Froiloba, Froisenda, Froisendus, Fronildi, Fronosili, Fronuldo, Froya, Froyo, Froyslo, Fruaricus, Frugildus, Fruginus, Frauino, Frumirus, Frunilo
frum-, from-, to PGmc *frumōn "foremost, first" and *frumistaz "first": Fromista, Fremosilli, Fromaldus, Fromaricus, Fromildus, Fromosinda, Fromosindus, Fruma, Frumarius, Frumellus, Frumildi
fulc-, to PGmc *fulkan "crow, army": Fulcaredus
gad-, gat-, to PGmc *gadōn "comrade": Gademiro, Gadenanda, Gaton
gael-, gel-, to PGmc *gailaz "merry": Gaella, Gelmiro, Geloira
gaf-, gef-, geb-, to PGmc *gebō "gift": Gaffo, Gebuldus, Gefera
gaid-, to PGmc *gaidō "spearhead, arrowhead": Gaidus
gaif-, to PGmc *waibjanan "to surround": Gaifar
galind-, kalend-, to PGmc *galind- "Galindian" (a Baltic people): Galindus, Kalendus
gan-, possibly to Germanic gan "enchantment":<ref>Boullón Agrelo (1999) s.v. Ganildi.</ref> Ganati, Ganilli, Ganiti, Ganoi
gand-, to PGmc *gandaz "wand, staff": Gandila, Gandinus, Gandulfo, Gandus
gard-, to PGmc *gardaz "house, enclosure": Gardingus, Gardulfus
gas-, ges-, gis-, ger-, gir-, to PGmc *gaizaz "spear": Gasuildi, Gera, Gesa, Gero, Geserigus, Gesmira, Germira, Gesmiro, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Giraldus, Gismundus, Germundus, Gisovredus, Gisvado
gast-, to PGmc *gastiz "guest": Gastre
gaud-, caud-, no clear etymology; possibly to *gaut- "Goth" or Latin gaudeo "rejoice": Caudemirus, Gauderigus, Gaudesindo, Gaudilani, Gaudilli, Gaudinas
gav-, gau-, gogi-, cogi-, gagi-, cagi-, kegi-, to PGmc *gaujan "district": Cagildo, Cagita, Cagitus, Gagica, Gaufredus, Gaulfus, Gavila, Gavina, Gavinus, Gega, Gegitus, Gigelus, Gogia, Gogilli, Gogina, Gogitus, Gogius, Goymundus, Guimundus, Guginus, Gugivertus, Guimirus, Guiricus, Guisenda, Goysenda, Guisindus, Kagilda, Keila
geld-, gild-, kelt-, to PGmc *geldan "tribute, recompense": Geldemirus, Gildaricus, Gildo, Keltoi
gen-, ian-, ion-, to PGmc *gennan "beginning": Genildi, Ionilde, Genlo, Genobreda, Gemundus, Ianardo, Ionarico
gend-, possibly to PGmc *gantijaną "To make whole; make complete": Gendo, Gendina
get-, git-, "glory": Geda, Getericus, Getilli, Getina, Getoy, Gidiberto, Gitarius, Gitesindus, Gitio
gisl-, viscl-, cisl-, to PGmc *gīslaz "hostage": Cisla, Viclavara, Viscaverga, Visclafredo, Visclamirus, Visclamundus, Visclario
givel-, to PGmc *geb(e)lōn "skull, gable": Givellan
glad-, to PGmc *gladaz "bright, glad": Gladila
god-, gud- (later go-, gu-), to PGmc *gōdaz "good": Godefredus, Godegildus, Godella, Godellus, Godemiro, Godenanda, Godesinda, Godoigia, Godomundus, Gudenandus, Guderedus, Guderigo, Gudesindus, Gudesteus, Gudigeba, Gudila, Gudileuva, Gudilo, Gudilulfo, Gudiverga
gol-, to PGmc *gōljanan "to greet", gōlaz "pride": Golinus, Gollo
gom-, gum-, to PGmc *gumōn "man": Gomadus, Gomaldo, Gomaredus, Gomarigus, Gomesindo, Gomita, Gomulfus, Gomundus, Guma, Gumarius, Gumellus, Gumila, Gumito
gram-, to PGmc *gramaz "furious": Gramila
gran-, to PGmc *grannaz "slim, slender" or *granō "moustache": Granilo
grim-, to PGmc *grīmōn "mask, helmet": Grima, Grimaldus
gris-, to PGmc *grīsanan "to dread" or *grīsaz "grey": Grisulfus, Gresomarus
guald-, to PGmc *waldaz "powerful, mighty": Gualdarius, Gualdeo
guandal-, to PGmc *wandilaz "Vandal": Guandalisco, Guandalar
guld-, to PGmc *wulþuz "splendour": Goldegildo, Goldredo, Guldarius, Gulderigus
guldr-, goltr-, to PGmc *wulþraz "wonderful, precious": Goldregodo, Gulderes, Gualdramirus
gulf-, golf-, to PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": Golfarico, Gulfarius, Gulfemirus
gund-, gunt-, gunz-, cunt-, gond-, to PGmc *gunthz "fight": Gonceria, Gondella, Gondenanda, Gonso, Gonta, Gontemondus, Gontere, Gonderes, Gontoi, Gontualdo, Gonza, Guncitus, Gundarius, Gundebredo, Gundebrida, Gundelinus, Gundemarus, Gunderamnus, Gunderedo, Gunderigus, Gunderona, Gundertia, Gundesindus, Gundifortis, Gundigeva, Gundila, Gundilo, Gundisalva, Gundisalvus, Gundiscalcus, Gundivadus, Gundivaldo, Gundivera, Gundiverga, Gundon, Gundulfo, Guntato, Guntedrudia, Guntellus, Guntemirus, Gunterotis, Gunti, Guntiesclo, Guntigio, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Guntina, Guntinus, Guntuigia
gut- (later god-), to PGmc *gutōn "Goth": Gotesendus, Goto, Gota, Goton, Gudegisus, Gutellus, Gutemirus, Gutemondo, Gutilli, Gutilo, Gutina, Gutinus, Guto, Guta, Gutumarus
hend-, ind-, hand-, probably related to Burgundian hendinus "king": Endulfus, Hamdino, Indisclus
hild-, ild-, eld-, ald-, to PGmc *heldjō "battle": Alderedus, Alduarius, Eldan, Eldebona, Eldegeses, Eldegotus, Eldegundia, Eldemirus, Eldemundus, Eldesinda, Eldesindus, Eldigia, Eldinus, Eldivercus, Eldivertus, Eldo, Eldoigius, Elleca, Ildebredus, Ildefonsus, Ilderigus, Ildiverga, Ildoi, Ildoncia, Ildras, Ilduara, Ildulfus
ik-, eq-, ig-, possibly to PGmc *eka "I": Igo, Ika, Ikila
it-, id- (no clear etymology): Idiverto, Itila, Itilo, Itimondo, Itaultus
iuv-, iub- no clear etymology; possibly to Latin iuvenis "young" or a metathesis of PGmc *webaną "to weave" (cf. *wesuz → ius-, *westan → iust-): Iovellinus, Iubarius, Iubinus, Iuuisclus, Iuvatus, Iuvericus, Iuvila, Iuvitus
ket-, qued-, quid-, to PGmc *kweþanan "to say": Kedisilo, Ketemera, Ketenando, Keti, Ketoi, Quedesendo, Quedulfus, Quidemirus, Quidericus, Quitarius, Quitoi
lal-, lel-, lil- probably to Latin lallus "lullaby": Lalla, Lalli, Lallina, Lallinus, Lallus, Lelino, Leliola, Lilliola, Lelli, Lilla, Lilli, Lillo, Lilla
leo-, to PGmc *hlewaz "glory, renown": Leomirus
leode-, leude-, to PGmc *leudiz "man, people": Ledla, Leodarius, Leodefredus, Leodegasti, Leodegisius, Leodegundia, Leodemiro, Leodemundo, Leoderigus, Leodesindo, Leodeuigus, Leodo, Leodulfus
leov-, leub-, to PGmc *leubaz "beloved": Leovaldo, Leovegildus, Leovegoto, Leoveredus, Leoverigus, Leoverona, Leoverto, Leovesenda, Leovesindus, Leovilli, Leovus, Leuba, Leubegutus, Liuvilo, Lovoi, Lubellus, Lubila, Lubinus
lot-, to PGmc *hludaz "famous": Lotarius
mact- (later meit-), to PGmc *mahtiz "power, might": Meitinus, Matericus, Mectubrida, Meitilli, Meitulfus
mag-, to PGmc *magenan "might, power": Magan, Magila, Magitus, Maniaricus, Maniarius, Magnitus, Maniulfus, Megildus
mal- (unclear etymology, possibly related to PGmc *malanan "to grind"): Malaricus, Malaredus
malasc-, possibly to PGmc *malskaz "proud": Malasco
maldr-, possibly to PGmc *maldriz "flour": Maldras
man- (later ma-), to PGmc *manan "fellow": Manildi, Manusildi, Manileuva, Manilla, Maninus, Manosenda, Manosindus, Manualdus, Manulfus, Menegundia
mand-, mant-, to PGmc *manþaz "kind": Mandila, Mandinus, Mandulfo, Mantellus
mann- (later man-), to PGmc *mannz "man": Manitus, Manna, Mannello, Manni, Manno, Manoim, Mansuara
marc-, to PGmc *markō "region, border" or *marhaz "horse": Marco, Marcosendus, Marcitus
mart-, possibly to PGmc *marþuz "marten": Martila
matl-, matr-, to PGmc *maþlan "assembly": Matrosindus, Matrinus, Matroi
maur- (later mour-), possibly to PGmc *mauraz "ant" or Latin maurus "Moor": Mauran, Maurentan, Maurican, Mauron
medum- (later meom-), to PGmc *medumaz "middling, moderate": Meduma
mer-, mir-, mar-, to PGmc *mērjaz "famous": Margilli, Merila, Meroildi, Mervigius, Mira, Mirella, Mirellus, Miro, Mirosinda, Mirualdo
mod-, mud-, to PGmc *mōdaz "anger, wrath": Modericus, Moderido, Modildus, Modilli, Mudario, Mudila
mun-, mon-, to PGmc *muniz "thought": Monefonsus, Monobredo, Munisclus
mund-, mond-, to PGmc *mundō "protection": Monderico, Mondoi, Mundellus, Mundila, Mundildus, Mundinus, Mundus
nand-, nant-, to PGmc *nanþaz "bold, courageous": Nandamundus, Nandaricus, Nandinus, Nandoi, Nandulfo, Nandus, Nantemiro, Nantildo
naust-, to PGmc *naustą "a ship-shed, boathouse": Naustus, Naustila
neu-, nu-, to PGmc *neujaz "new": Nuilla, Nuillo, Neufila
nit-, to PGmc *nīþaz "hatred" or *niþjaz "kinsman": Nitigisius
not-, to PGmc *nauthiz "need": Notarius
of-, to PGmc *ubjōn "abundance": Offa, Ofila, Offilo
old-, to PGmc *hulþaz "kind, clement": Olda, Oldaricus
opp-, possibly to PGmc *ōbjanan "to celebrate solemnly" (related to Latin opus "work"): Oppa, Oppila
osd-, to PGmc *huzdan "treasure": Osdulfus
pant-, to PGmc *pandan "pledge" or *banti "district": Pantardus, Panto, Pantinus
pap-, pep- no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *pipo "A pipe or flute; a wind instrument." or Latin pāpiliō "butterfly, moth": Papellus, Papitus, Pappinus, Pappo, Pepi, Pipericus, Pipinus
penn-, pen- possibly to Latin penna "feather": Penetrudia, Penus, Pennino
rad-, rat-, to PGmc *rēdaz "advice": Rademirus, Rademundus, Radesindus, Radulfus, Ratario, Retericus
ragi-, ragn- (later rei-), to PGmc *raginą "advice, decision": Ragesenda, Ragesindus, Ragian, Ragifredo, Ragimiru, Ragito, Ragolfus, Raiola, Raiolo, Reginaldus, Reimondus, Reirigus
rak-, to PGmc *rakan "reason, talk" or *wrakaz "pursuer": Rakericus
ram-, to PGmc *rammaz "strong; ram": Ramila, Ramon, Ramulo
rana-, rani- (later ra-), probably to PGmc *rannjanan "to run": Ranarius, Ranemira, Ranemirus, Ranemundus, Ranilo, Ranisclus, Raniverga, Raniverta, Ranivertus, Ranosenda, Ranosindus, Ranualdus, Ranulfus
rand-, rant-, to PGmc *randaz "shield": Randemirus, Randili, Randinus, Rando, Randuarius, Randulfus, Rendericus
raup-, to PGmc *raupjanan "to plunder, to spoil": Rauparius
rec-, req-, ric-, to PGmc *rīkjaz "mighty, noble": Recaredus, Reccafredus, Recebrida, Recedrudia, Recelli, Recemera, Recemirus, Recemundus, Recesenda, Recesindus, Recesuinda, Recesuindus, Rechiarius, Recilli, Requilli, Recinus, Recualdus, Regaulfus, Reicionda, Rekeritus, Requefonsus, Rezevera, Ricardo, Riquila, Riquilo, Riquilodo, Riquoi
ref-, to PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": Refulfo
rem-, to PGmc *remez "rest, calmness": Remegildus, Remesario, Remesilli, Remesindus, Remestro, Remismundus, Remisol, Rimionda
rest-, to PGmc *ristiz "rising up": Restericus
rod-, rud-, to PGmc *hrōþaz "fame": Rodemirus, Rodevertus, Rodosildi, Rodougus, Roelindus, Rouvredo, Rudericus, Rudesindus, Rudila, Rudilo
rom-, rum-, to PGmc *hrōmaz "fame": Romarigus, Romila, Rumario
sala- (later sa-), to PGmc *salaz 'hall, dwelling': Salamirus, Salamarus, Salla
sand-, sant-, to PGmc *sanþaz "truth, justice": Sandinus, Sando, Santimirus
sar-, to PGmc *sarwan "arm, armament": Saroi, Saruilli
sax- (later seix-), to PGmc *sahsan "knife" and *sahxōn "Saxon": Saxo, Seixomir
scap-, to PGmc *skapan "vessel": Scapa
scarc-, to PGmc *skalkaz "servant; sword": Scarcila
scer-, to PGmc *skīriz "pure": Scerinus
sed-, to PGmc *seduz "custom": Sedino
sedeg-, to PGmc *sedīgaz "well-bred, well-behaved": Sedeges
seg-, sag-, sig- (later se-, si-), to PGmc *segez "victory": Sagatus, Sagildo, Sagulfus, Segemundus, Segesindo, Segestro, Segga, Segika, Segimarus, Segioi, Segomirus, Seguinus, Sigeberto, Sigefrida, Sigeredus, Sigericus, Sigesgundia, Sigesinda, Sigila, Sigu, Segio
sel-, to PGmc *sēliz "good, kind": Selmirus, Seloi
selv-, to PGmc *selbaz "self": Selvas, Selvatus
sen-, sin-, to PGmc *senaz "ever, old": Senatrudia, Seniberta, Senildi, Senuita, Senuldo, Sinerta, Sinifredus
send-, sent-, to PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": Senda, Sendamirus, Sendello, Sendericus, Senderiga, Sendina, Sendinus, Sendoi, Sendon, Sendredus, Senduitu, Sendulfus, Senta, Sentarius, Sindamundus, Sindi, Sindigis, Sindila, Sindileuba, Sindilo, Sindiverga, Sindo, Sinduara
ser-, to PGmc *swēraz "valued, honoured": Seririgo, Serulfus, Servaldus
sigunt-, to PGmc *sebunþōn "seventh": Sigunterigo
sis-, ses-, possibly related to Old High German sisu "funerary song, ritual": Sescutus, Sesericus, Sesina, Sesmiro, Sesmundo, Sesoi, Sesuito, Sisa, Sisebutus, Sisegundia, Sisellus, Sisildus, Sisileova, Sisilli, Sisilu, Sisinus, Sisiverta, Sisiverto, Sisivigia, Sisnandus, Sisualdo, Sisuita, Sisuldus, Sisulfus, Zisila
sit-, to PGmc *setan "seat": Sitagellus, Siti, Sitividis
smer-, to PGmc *smerwōn "fat": Smerlo
sontr-, suntr-, to PGmc *sunþrjaz "southern": Sontrilli, Suntria
span-, to PGmc *spananan "to lead": Spanaricu, Spanarius, Spanilo, Spanosendo, Spanubrida
spand-, possibly to *spannanan "to join": Spandaricus
spar-, to PGmc *sparwaz "sparrow": Espallo, Sparuildi
speraut-, to PGmc *spreutanan "to sprout": Sperautan
spint-, to PGmc *spenþa "fat": Spintilo, Spintino
spod- (later espo-), possibly to PGmc *spōdiz "prosperity, success": Spodemiro, Spoderigo
stan-, to PGmc *stainaz "stone": Stanildi
stod-, possibly to PGmc *stōdą "a herd of horses": Stodildi
strouc-, to PGmc *streukanan "to stroke": Strouco
suab-, sab-, sav-, sev-, to PGmc *swēbaz "Suebian": Sabaredus, Sabegoto, Sabila, Sabita, Sabitus, Savaracus, Savaricus, Savegodus, Savildi, Savoy, Sevegildo, Suabas, Suavar
sue-, to PGmc *swe- "own": Sueredus, Suimirus
sund-, sunt-, to PGmc *sunþiz "south": Sundemirus, Suntarius
suni-, seni-, sani-, soni-, to PGmc *sunjō "truth": Sanigia, Seniaredus, Seniulfus, Sonegildus, Songimera, Soniaricus, Sonifreda, Sonita, Suniagisclus, Suniarius, Suniemirus, Sunila, Sunildi, Sunilo, Sunitus
sunn-, to PGmc *sunnan "sun": Sonna
tanc-, to PGmc *þankaz "favor, grace": Tancila, Tancinus, Tancus, Tanquilli
tanth-, to PGmc *tanþz "tooth": Tandus
tat-, zaz-, to PGmc *taitaz "radiant; bright": Tata, Tatina, Zazitus, Zazo
teg-, to PGmc *þegnaz "thane, freeman": Tegila, Tegino, Tegio, Tegitus
teq-, possibly to PGmc *tēkaną "to touch, to grasp" or *tehwō "order, array" via alteration of H to K: Tequilo, Texilli
teud-, teod-, tod-, ted- (later teo-), to PGmc *þeudō "nation" and *þeudanaz "king": Teadario, Tederona, Tedoy, Teobaldus, Teoda, Teodefredo, Teodegildo, Teodegondia, Teodemirus, Teodemundus, Teodenandus, Teoderados, Teoderago, Teoderedus, Teodericus, Teodesinda, Teodesindus, Teodeverga, Teodiberta, Teodila, Teodildi, Teodilo, Teodinus, Teodisclus, Teodiu, Teodoriga, Teodulfus, Teton, Teudecutus, Teudisila, Theodivertus, Tiotevadus, Todegia, Todegogia, Toduldo, Tota, Tudiscaisum
tit-, tet-, to PGmc *taitōn "little boy": Tetina, Titila
tors-, turis-, to PGmc *þursaz "giant": Torsario, Turisulfus
trad-, to PGmc þrēdaz "quick": Tradus, Tradinus
tras-, to PGmc *þrasō "move, fight": Tracinus, Trasaricus, Trasarius, Trasavara, Trasendus, Trasido, Trasilli, Trasiuadus, Trasmira, Trasmiro, Trasmondo, Trasoi, Trassemutus, Trasuarius, Trasuinda, Trasulfus
trast-, to PGmc *traustaz "strong": Trastalo, Trastelus, Trastemiro, Trastidia, Trastina, Trastulfus, Trastivigia
trevu-, to PGmc *trewwaz "faithful": Trevuleus
truct- (later troit-) to *druhtiz "people, army" and druhtīnaz "lord, master": Tructinus, Tructa, Tructemiro, Tructemondo, Tructericus, Tructesinda, Tructesindus, Tructilli, Tructus, Truitellus, Truitero
trud-, to PGmc *drūdaz "friend, beloved": Truda, Trudigildus, Trudildi, Trudilo, Trudina, Trudinus, Trudulfus
tund-, tunt-, to PGmc *tunþuz "tooth": Tumtuldo, Tundulfus, Tuntila
un-, on-, to PGmc *hūnaz "cub" and "Hun": Uniscus, Unisco, Onaredus, Onegilda, Onegildo, Onemirus, Onesindus, Onildi, Unilli, Onoricus, Onosinda, Unemundus, Unileus, Unilla
vad-, guad- (later gua-, ga-), to PGmc *wadaz "ford": Guadla, Uaduuara, Vadamundus, Vademirus
vala-, guala-, quala-, to PGmc *walaz "the slain, battlefield" or *walhaz "Celt": Gualamarius, Gualamira, Gualamirus, Qualatrudia, Qualavara, Valarius
vamb-, to PGmc *wambō "belly": Vamba
vand-, guand-, to PGmc *wanduz "wand, rod": Guanadildi, Guandila, Guandilo, Guantaldus, Vandino, Vuanda
ven-, guin-, to PGmc *weniz "friend": Guina, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guinus
venet-, guend-, vened-, genit-, to PGmc *wenedaz "Vendian, Slav": Genitigia, Guendo, Venedario, Venetricus
ver-, to PGmc *wērō "pledge; true": Vera, Vermundus, Veremudus
via-, possibly to PGmc *wīhan "temple": Viaricus, Viamundus
vidr-, vedr-, quitr-, to PGmc *wiþra "against": Quitre, Vederoi, Vedragese, Vedrailli, Vidragildus, Vidraldus, Vidramirus
vidub-, to PGmc *widuwaz "widowed": Vidubas
vig-, veg-, to PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": Uegitus, Vigila, Vigilli, Vigilo, Vigiltu, Vigoy
vil-, guil-, quil-, to PGmc *weljōn "will": Guiliberto, Quella, Uiliaredus, Uilloi, Gilloi, Vilesinda, Viliamirus, Vilian, Viliaricu, Viliarius, Viliatus, Viliefredus, Vilifonsus, Viligus, Vilitro, Viliulfus, Vilivado, Villavaria, Villelmus, Villisendo, Villo
vim- to PGmc *wīgą "fight, battle": Guimarigus, Uimaredus, Viman, Vimara
vinc-, to PGmc *wenkjanan "to move sideways, to avoid": Venze, Vincila
vis-, ius-, to PGmc *wesuz "good": Iusuandus, Uisulfus, Usegildus, Visaldus, Visaridus, Visellu
visand-, to PGmc *wisundaz "bison": Visandus
vist-, iust-, to PGmc *westan "west": Iusterigo, Iustiarius, Iustila, Vistemundo, Vistesinda, Iustesenda, Vistiberga, Vistisclo, Vistivara, Wistiz
vistr-, iustr-, to PGmc *westraz "westward": Iustri, Uistrello, Uistrileuba, Vestregoti, Visterla, Visterlo, Vistragildus, Vistramundi, Vistraricus, Vistrarius, Vistravara, Vistravarius, Vistregia, Vistremiro, Vistresindus, Vistrevius, Vistrildi, Vistresilli, Vistroi
vit- (later vid-), to PGmc *witan "knowledge": Uita, Vidila, Vitinus, Vitisclus
vitt-, vict (later vit-), to PGmc *witjan "comprehension": Uiti, Uittina, Victemirus, Victericus, Vitarius, Vitas, Vitila, Vitildus, Vitiza, Vittimero
viv, oyv-, to PGmc *wīban "wife, woman": Oyeuio, Vivildus
viz-, quiz-, unclear etymology, the alteration of v to qu suggests that the original word started with an hw- cluster, possibly to PGmc *hwis "to hiss, to rush, make a rushing sound": Quizino, Viza, Vizamundus, Vizila, Vizoi

Template:AnchorFeminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:

-berta, -verta, PGmc *berhtō "bright": Aliverta, Raniverta, Sisiverta, Teodiverta
-berga, -verga, PGmc *bergō "shelter": Aliverga, Astriverga, Gundiverga, Ildiverga, Kindiverga, Raniverga, Sindiverga, Teodeverga, Viscaverga, Vistiberga
-drudia/-trudia (later -druia), PGmc *drūd-jō "friend, beloved": Alatrudia, Aniedrudia, Ansetrudia, Dagadrudia, Entrudi, Ermedrudia, Guntedrudia, Penetrudia, Qualatrudia, Recedrudia, Senatrudia
-fara, PGmc *farō "journey": Ermefara
-freda/-breda/-brida/-vrida, PGmc *friþ-ō "peace": Alifreda, Alobrida, Ansobrida, Belavrida, Genobreda, Gundebrida, Mectubrida, Recebrida, Sigefrida, Sonifreda, Spanubrida
-fonsa, PGmc *funs-ō "eager, ready": Argifonsa
-go, PGmc *gauj-ō "region, district": Ermego
-geba/-geva (later -eva), PGmc *gebō "gift": Argeva, Frogeva, Gudigeba, Gundigeva
-gelda, PGmc *geld-ō "reward": Kagilda, Onegilda
-isila, -gīsl-ō "hostage, sprout": Teudisila
-goto/-godo, PGmc *gaut-ō "Goth woman": Astrogoto, Ermegoto, Goldregodo, Leovegoto, Sabegoto, Vestregoti
-cuntia/-cundia/-guntia/-gundia/-gunza/-onda, PGmc *gunþ-jō "fight": Adegundia, Alaguntia, Ansiunda, Aragunti, Astragundia, Bergundi, Ebragundia, Eigonza, Eldegundia, Ermegundia, Fradegundia, Helaguntia, Ildoncia, Leodegundia, Menegundia, Reicionda, Rimionda, Sigesgundia, Siseguntia, Teodogoncia, Treitegundia
-ildi, -illi, PGmc *heldiz "battle": Abronilli, Amalilli, Ansuildi, Argenilli, Aruildi, Astruildi, Aurilli, Barsilli, Barilli, Berildi, Berosildi, Bonilde, Brunildi, Desteilli, Donadildi, Ebrildi, Ebrailli, Ermildi, Framilli, Fremosilli, Frogildi, Fronildi, Fronosili, Frumildi, Ganilli, Gasuildi, Gaudilli, Genildi, Ionilde, Getilli, Gogilli, Guanadildi, Guananildi, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Gutilli, Ibilli, Leovilli, Manildi, Manusildi, Margilli, Meitilli, Meroildi, Modilli, Onildi, Unilli, Randili, Recilli, Requilli, Remesilli, Rodosildi, Saruilli, Sarilli, Savildi, Senildi, Sisilli, Sontrilli, Sparuildi, Stanildi, Stodildi, Sunildi, Tanquilli, Tenildi, Teodildi, Texilli, Trasilli, Trasuildi, Tructilli, Trudildi, Vedrailli, Vergilli, Vigilli, Vistrildi, Vistresilli
-leuba, -leova, PGmc *leub-ō "beloved": Adileova, Ansileova, Argileuva, Asileva, Astileuva, Eileuva, Ermileuva, Froiloba, Gudileuva, Manileuva, Sindileuba, Sisileova, Uistrileuba
-mira, -mera, PGmc *mēr-ō "famous, excellent": Gesmira, Germira, Giudimira, Gualamira, Ketemera, Ranemira, Recemera, Songimera, Trasmira
-nanda (later -anda), PGmc *nanþ-ō "bold, courageous": Fredenanda, Gadenanda, Godenanda, Gondenanda
-rica (later -riga), PGmc *rīk-ō "ruler": Odorica, Senderiga, Teodoriga
-rotis, PGmc *rōt-iz "glad, cheerful": Gunterotis
-rona, PGmc *rūnō "mystery, secret": Gunderona, Leoverona, Tederona
-senda, -sinda, PGmc *senþ-ō "companion" or *swenþ-ō "strong": Adosinda, Arosinda, Audesinda, Bertosinda, Cenusenda, Eldesinda, Ermesinda, Eudisinda, Fredesinda, Froisenda, Fromosinda, Godesinda, Guisenda, Goysenda, Leovesenda, Manosenda, Mirosinda, Obstrisinda, Onosinda, Orosinda, Peruisenda, Ragesenda, Ranosenda, Recesenda, Sigesinda, Teodesinda, Tructesinda, Vilesinda, Vistesinda, Iustesenda
-suenda, -suinda, PGmc *swenþ-ō "strong": Recesuinda, Trasuinda
-vara, PGmc *warō "care, attention; possession": Astruara, Bertuara, Ilduara, Mansuara, Qualavara, Rezevera, Sinduara, Trasavara, Uaduuara, Visclavara, Villavaria, Vistivara, Vistravara
-vera, PGmc *wērō "pledge, plight": Gelvira, Gundivera
-vigia, -igia, PGmc *wīg-jō "fighter": Genitigia, Godoigia, Guntuigia, Sanigia, Sisivigia, Trastivigia, Vistregia
-vita, -vidis, probably related to PGmc *witjan "knowledge, comprehension": :Senuita, Sisuita, Sitividis

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include:

-alo: Facalo, Trastalo
-ilo (later -io): Acilo, Andilo, Anilo, Ansilo, Ardilo, Argilo, Berilo, Bitilo, Cisilo, Dadilo, Egilo, Ailo, Emilo, Esmerlo, Espallo, Fagilo, Faquilo, Frankilo, Froilo, Frunilo, Genilo, Genlo, Geodilo, Gracilo, Granilo, Guandilo, Gudilo, Gundilo, Gutilo, Itilo, Liuvilo, Nisilo, Nuillo, Nunnilo, Quintilo, Ranilo, Riquilo, Rudilo, Sindilo, Sisilu, Spanilo, Spintilo, Sunilo, Tafila, Teodilo, Tequilo, Trudilo, Vigilo, Visterlo
-ina: Bagina, Baquina, Berina, Fandina, Frogina, Gavina, Gendina, Getina, Gogina, Guntina, Gutina, Lallina, Nunnina, Sendina, Sesina, Tanina, Tidina, Tetina, Trastina, Trudina, Vergina, Zanina
-ita (later -ida): Acita, Cagita, Farita, Gomita, Nunnita, Sabita, Sonita
-ella: Farella, Gondella, Mirella, Nunella

Template:AnchorMasculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:

-badus, -vadus, PGmc *badwō "fight": Argevadus, Gisvado, Gundivadus, Tiotevadus, Trasiuadus, Vilivado
-baldus, -valdus, PGmc *balþaz "bold": Gundivaldo, Teobaldus
-bertus, -vertus, PGmc *berhtaz "bright": Alivertus, Ansvertus, Argeberto, Audibertus, Eldivertus, Filivertus, Fridiverto, Geodevertus, Gidiberto, Gugivertus, Guiliberto, Idiverto, Leoverto, Ranivertus, Rodevertus, Sigeberto, Sisiverto, Theodivertus
-butus, PGmc *bōtō "profit, usefulness": Sisebutus
-fredus, -fridus, -bredus, -vredus (later -vreu), PGmc *friþuz "peace": Alliefredus, Argifredus, Audofredo, Erdebredo, Ermefredo, Geodefredo, Gisovredus, Godefredus, Gundebredo, Ildebredus, Leodefredus, Monobredo, Osobredus, Ostrofredo, Ragifredo, Reccafredus, Rouvredo, Sinifredus, Teodefredo, Viliefredus, Visclafredo
-funsus, -fonsus, -bonsus, PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": Adefonsus, Andifonso, Argefonsus, Belfonsus, Erifonsus, Ildefonsus, Monefonsus, Requefonsus, Vilifonsus
-fortis, probably Latin fortis "strong": Gundifortis
-gis, -ges, -geses, -garius, PGmc *gaizaz "spear": Adeqisio, Astragis, Eldegeses, Ermegis, Felgirus, Gudegisus, Heremigarium, Leodegisius, Nitigisius, Sindigis, Tudiscaisum, Vedragese
-gaster, -bastus, PGmc *gastiz "guest": Adegaster, Albiaster, Algaster, Ardabastus, Argivastro, Donagastro, Leodegasti
-gotus, -godus, PGmc *gautaz "Goth": Eldegotus, Ermegotus, Leubegutus, Savegodus, Sescutus, Teudecutus, Visigotus
-gogia, PGmc *gaujan "district": Todegogia
-gildus, -ildus, PGmc *geld-az "reward": Anagildus, Aquisildus, Atanagildus, Cagildo, Daildus, Donegildus, Egildus, Agildus, Engildus, Ermegildus, Fagildus, Falgildus, Fredilli, Fromildus, Frugildus, Gaudilti, Geodegildus, Goldegildo, Leovegildus, Megildus, Modildus, Mundildus, Nantildo, Onegildo, Pabregildus, Pederagildu, Remegildus, Sagildo, Sevegildo, Sisildus, Sitagellus, Sonegildus, Tarildus, Teodegildo, Tudeildus, Trenelldus, Trudigildus, Uanagildi, Usegildus, Vidragildus, Vigiltu, Vistragildus, Vitildus, Vivildus
-gisclus, -isclus, to -gīslaz "hostage, sprout": Fredisclus, Guntiesclo, Hermecisclus, Indisclus, Iuuisclus, Kedisilo, Munisclus, Odisclus, Ranisclus, Suniagisclus, Teodisclus, Vistisclo, Vitisclus
-ardus, PGmc *harduz "hard": Ianardo, Pantardus, Ricardo
-arius (later -eiro), PGmc *harjaz "army, host": Adarius, Agarius, Alarius, Amedeiro, Andiarius, Ascarius, Atarius, Aunarius, Baltarius, Bazarius, Belesarius, Bertarius, Cufarius, Donazarius, Ermiarius, Fredario, Frumarius, Gaifarius, Gitarius, Gualdarius, Guldarius, Gulfarius, Gumarius, Gundarius, Iubarius, Iustiarius, Leodarius, Lotarius, Magnarius, Mudario, Notarius, Olcarius, Quitarius, Ranarius, Ratario, Rauparius, Rechiarius, Remesario, Rumario, Sentarius, Spanarius, Suavarius, Suniarius, Suntarius, Teadario, Torsario, Trasarius, Truitero, Uandalarius, Valarius, Venedario, Viliarius, Visclario, Vistrarius, Vitarius
-atus (later -ado), PGmc *haþuz "war": Alvatus, Andeatus, Astratus, Eugienadus, Ganati, Gomadus, Guanatus, Guntato, Iuvatus, Sagatus, Selvatus, Viliatus
-elmus, PGmc *helmaz "helm": Villelmus
-leus, PGmc *hlewaz "renown": Eilleus, Trevuleus, Unileus
-ramnus, PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": Gunderamnus
-ringus, -lenco, PGmc *hrengaz "ring": Froaringus, Fralenko
-licus, PGmc *laikaz "dance, game, battle": Ivolicus
-lindus, PGmc *lenþaz "gentle, mild": Ermelindus, Roelindus, Teodelindus
-leobo, -levo, PGmc *leubaz "dear": Adileobo, Andilevo
-marius, -marus (later -meiro), PGmc mērjaz "great, famous": Ansemarus, Astremarus, Baldemarius, Gresumarus, Gualamarius, Gundemarus, Gutumarus, Leudemarus, Salamarus, Segimarus, Zamarius
-madus, PGmc *maþ- "good": Agimadus
-mirus, -mero, PGmc *mērjaz "famous, excellent": Acimiro, Adimirus, Agromirus, Alamiro, Aldemirus, Ansemirus, Antemirus, Ariamiro, Argemirus, Artemiro, Aumiro, Bademirus, Baldemirus, Baudemirus, Belmirus, Bertamirus, Bonimiro, Cartemiro, Caudemirus, Cendamiro, Crescemirus, Crodemirus, Dacamiro, Damiro, Docemiro, Dulcemirus, Eimirus, Eldemirus, Engomirus, Ermemirus, Felmiro, Framiro, Francemirus, Franomiro, Fredemiro, Frumirus, Gademiro, Geldemirus, Gelmiro, Geodemirus, Gesmiro, Godemiro, Gualamirus, Guimirus, Guldremirus, Gulfemirus, Guntemirus, Gutemirus, Karmirus, Leodemiro, Leomirus, Nantemiro, Odamirus, Onemirus, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Quidemirus, Rademirus, Ragimiru, Randemirus, Ranemirus, Recemirus, Rodemirus, Salamirus, Santimirus, Saxomirus, Segomirus, Selmirus, Sendamirus, Sesmiro, Spodemirus, Suimirus, Sulfemirus, Sundemirus, Suniemirus, Teodemirus, Trasmiro, Trastemiro, Tructemiro, Vademirus, Victemirus, Vidramirus, Viliamirus, Visclamirus, Vistremiro, Vittimero
-modus, PGmc *mōdaz "courage, anger, wrath": Trassemutus, Vermudus
-mundus (later -mondo), *mundaz "protection, guardianship": Ansemondus, Argemondo, Arumundo, Asemondus, Astramondus, Atalamondo, Badamundus, Camundus, Damondus, Dolcemondus, Eldemundus, Fredamundus, Gemundus, Geodemondo, Gismundus, Germundus, Godomundus, Gomundus, Gontemondus, Goymundus, Guimundus, Gutemondo, Hermundus, Itimondo, Keremondus, Leodemundo, Nandamundus, Odemundus, Olemundus, Rademundus, Ranemundus, Recemundus, Reimondus, Remismundus, Rosamundus, Segemundus, Sesmundo, Sindamundus, Teodemundus, Trasmondo, Tructemondo, Unemundus, Vadamundus, Viamundus, Visclamundus, Vistemundo, Vistramundi, Vizamundus, Zamondo
-nandus (later -ando), PGmc *nanþ-az "bold, courageous": Bretenandus, Ermenandus, Euvenandus, Fredenandus, Gudenandus, Ketenando, Reinantus, Riquinandus, Sisnandus, Teodenandus, Vittinandus
-redus, -radus, -ridus (later -reu), PGmc *rēdaz "advice": Aderedus, Alderedus, Anseredo, Argeredus, Asoredus, Astredo, Balderedo, Dagaredus, Egeredus, Enaredus, Engoredus, Evorido, Falderedo, Fateredus, Fraredus, Fulcaredus, Goldredo, Gomaredus, Guderedus, Gunderedo, Kenderedus, Leoveredus, Malaredus, Moderido, Onaredus, Osoredo, Provaredo, Recaredus, Sabaredus, Sendredus, Seniaredus, Sigeredus, Sueredus, Teoderedus, Uiliaredus, Uimaredus, Visaridus
-ricus (later -rigo), PGmc *rīkz "ruler, lord": Accaricus, Aderico, Alaricus, Aldericus, Aliaricus, Alvaricus, Andericus, Ansericus, Ardericus, Argericus, Ascarigus, Asparigus, Asterigo, Atanaricus, Atericus, Balderico, Betericus, Bliviaricus, Brandericus, Censerigus, Iensericus, Coniaricus, Desterigus, Domerigo, Eburicus, Eimericus, Eirigu, Elperico, Engorigus, Ermericus, Fredericus, Fromaricus, Fruaricus, Gauderigus, Geserigus, Getericus, Gildaricus, Golfarico, Gomarigus, Guderigo, Guimarigus, Guiricus, Gulderigus, Gunderigus, Ilderigus, Ionarico, Iusterigo, Iuvericus, Leoderigus, Leoverigus, Magnaricus, Malaricus, Matericus, Modericus, Monderico, Nandaricus, Odericus, Onoricus, Osorico, Ausarigus, Pipericus, Quidericus, Rakericus, Reirigus, Rendericus, Restericus, Retericus, Romarigus, Rudericus, Savaricus, Sendericus, Seririgo, Sesericus, Sigericus, Sigunterigo, Soniaricus, Spanaricu, Spandaricus, Spoderigo, Teodericus, Trasaricus, Tructericus, Turpericus, Venetricus, Vendericus, Genitrigus, Viaricus, Victericus, Viliaricu, Vistraricus
-racus (later -rago), PGmc *rakaz "straight": Savaracus, Teoderago
-rote, PGmc *rōtaz "glad": Ermerote
-sendus, -sindus, PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": Adelasindo, Adesindus, Andosindus, Ardesendus, Argesindus, Arosindus, Auresindus, Ausendus, Badosindus, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Baldesindo, Baudesindus, Berosindus, Bonesindus, Eisindus, Eldesindus, Ermosindus, Evosindo, Floresindus, Fortesindus, Fredosindus, Froisendus, Fromosindus, Gaudesindo, Geodesindus, Gitesindus, Gomesindo, Gotesendus, Gudesindus, Guisindus, Gundesindus, Leodesindo, Leovesindus, Manosindus, Marcosendus, Onesindus, Quedesendo, Kedesendo, Radesindus, Ragesindus, Ranosindus, Recesindus, Remesindus, Rudesindus, Segesindo, Spanosendo, Storesindo, Teodesindus, Trasendus, Tructesindus, Villisendo, Vistresindus, Zendasindo
-scalcus, PGmc *skalkaz "servant": Gundiscalcus
-suendo, -suindo, PGmc *swenþaz "strong": Reccesuindus
-teus, -deus, -dius, PGmc *þewaz "servant": Ansedeus, Arnadius, Engladius, Filisteus, Gudesteus
-ualdus, -aldus, -gualdus, -allo, PGmc *waldaz "ruler, mighty": Ansuallo, Anualdus, Ardaldus, Arnaldus, Arualdus, Astualdu, Avaldus, Barvaldus, Bernaldus, Bidualdus, Ensaldus, Ermaldus, Fredoaldus, Fromaldus, Giraldus, Gomaldo, Gontualdo, Grimaldus, Guantaldus, Leovaldo, Manualdus, Mirualdo, Otualdo, Ranualdus, Recualdus, Reginaldus, Servaldus, Sisualdo, Trasoldi, Vidraldus, Visaldus
-uarius, -oarius, PGmc *warjaz "inhabitant, defender": Alduarius, Ansuario, Astruario, Freduarius, Oduarius, Osoarius, Randuarius, Trasuarius, Vistravarius
-oindus, PGmc *wendaz "wind": Aloindo, Eindu, Fredoindus
-oynus, PGmc *weniz "friend": Odoynus
-uerco, related to PGmc *werkan "work": Aliverko, Eldivercus
-uigio, -uigus, PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": Audugus, Baldoigius, Eldoigius, Ermoygius, Eroigius, Erigio, Guntigio, Leodeuigus, Mervigius, Rodougus, Viligus, Vistrevius
-oytus, -vitus, probably related to PGmc *witōn "wise": Aldroitus, Aloitus, Argevitus, Senduitu, Sesuito
-ulfus, -gulfus, PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": Adaulfus, Ataulfus, Agiulfus, Agrivulfum, Aliulfus, Andulfus, Ansiulphus, Anulfo, Ardulfus, Ariulfus, Arnulfo, Asarulfo, Asculfo, Asiulfus, Astrulfus, Astulfus, Aulfus, Berulfus, Betrulfus, Brandiulfus, Ebregulfus, Endulfus, Ermulfo, Eruulfus, Fardulfus, Fradiulfus, Fredulfus, Fregulfus, Frogiulfo, Gandulfo, Gardulfus, Gaulfus, Geodulfus, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Gigulfo, Gomulfus, Gresulfo, Gudilulfo, Gundulfo, Ildulfus, Kendulfus, Leodulfus, Mandulfo, Maniulfus, Manulfus, Meitulfus, Nandulfo, Osdulfus, Quedulfus, Radulfus, Ragolfus, Randulfus, Ranulfus, Refulfo, Regaulfus, Sagulfus, Sendulfus, Seniulfus, Serulfus, Sisulfus, Teodulfus, Trastulfus, Trasulfus, Trudulfus, Tundulfus, Turisulfus, Uisulfus, Venariufi, Viliulfus
-uldus, -guldus, PGmc *wulþuz "splendor": Arebuldo, Atauldus, Ebreguldus, Framuldo, Frineguldus, Fronuldo, Gebuldus, Itaultus, Senuldo, Sisuldus, Toduldo, Tumtuldo

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:

-eca, -ica (later -ega): Abrecan, Adica, Audeca, Begica, Egica, Elleca, Gagica, Segika
-ila (later -ia): Adila, Andila, Anila, Ansila, Attila, Audila, Azilane, Badila, Baldila, Becilla, Bergila, Berila, Blandila, Brandila, Butila, Cixila, Crizila, Cutella, Dadila, Danila, Ducila, Egila, Agila, Emila, Ermila, Fafila, Fafia, Fagila, Fandila, Favila, Fradila, Framila, Frankila, Froila, Gandila, Gaudilani, Gavila, Gladila, Gramila, Guadla, Guandila, Gudila, Gulfila, Gumila, Gundila, Ikila, Itila, Iudila, Iustila, Iuvila, Keila, Kinquila, Ledla, Lubila, Magila, Manilla, Mantila, Martila, Massila, Mellilla, Merila, Mudila, Mugila, Mumila, Mundila, Naustila, Nuilla, Neufila, Nunnila, Ofila, Oila, Opila, Ossila, Quintila, Ramila, Riquila, Romila, Rudila, Sabila, Scarcila, Sigila, Sindila, Sunila, Tancila, Tegila, Teodila, Titila, Tuntila, Unilla, Vertila, Vidila, Vigila, Vincila, Visterla, Vitila, Vizila, Zisila
-inus (later -ino): Addalinus, Aldinus, Bagino, Baltino, Baquino, Batinus, Berinus, Bertinus, Blandinus, Boninus, Brandinus, Cartinus, Crescino, Dadinus, Dalinus, Eldinus, Evorinus, Fandinus, Farino, Favino, Fofino, Fonsinus, Fruginus, Frauino, Gandinus, Gaudinas, Gavinus, Gentino, Gendinus, Golinus, Guginus, Gulfinus, Gultinus, Guntinus, Gutinus, Haginus, Hamdino, Iubinus, Karinus, Lallinus, Lelino, Lubinus, Mandinus, Maninus, Matlinus, Muginus, Mundinus, Nandinus, Naninus, Nunninus, Odinus, Audinus, Pantinus, Pappinus, Pennino, Pipinus, Quizino, Randinus, Recinus, Sandinus, Scerinus, Sedino, Sendinus, Sisinus, Spintino, Suffini, Tancinus, Tanino, Tatina, Tetina, Tegino, Teodinus, Tracinus, Tradinus, Tructinus, Trudinus, Uittina, Uittinus, Vandino, Goandinus, Vitinus, Zanino
-linus, -llinus: Abbelino, Adolinus, Francolino, Gundelinus, Iovellinus
-itus (later -ido): Cagitus, Carito, Crescitu, Donnitus, Froritum, Ganiti, Gegitus, Gogitus, Gumito, Guncitus, Iuvitus, Magitus, Magnitus, Manitus, Marcitus, Maxitus, Nannitus, Nonnitu, Papitus, Pegito, Pinnitus, Ragito, Sabitus, Sunitus, Sonnito, Tanitus, Atanitus, Tegitus, Trasido, Uegitus, Zanitus, Zazitus, Zenzitus
-ellus (later -elo): Betellus, Felellus, Francellus, Froiellus, Frumellus, Gigelus, Gumellus, Guntellus, Gutellus, Hermellus, Lubellus, Mannello, Mantellus, Mirellus, Mundellus, Nonellus, Papellus, Recelli, Sendello, Sisellus, Trastelus, Truitellus, Uistrello, Visellu, Zanellus

Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: -iza: Boniza, Wittiza -istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro

Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:

-ingaz: Amingus, Bellengus, Gardingus
-iskaz: Vandaliscus "Vandal" (male), Huniscus "Hun" (male)
-iskō: Hunisco "Hun" (female)

Toponyms

Many of these names are also toponyms (towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Portuguese-Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as vila (villa, palace, estate), vilar (hamlet) castro (castle), casa (house), porta (pass, ford), agro (field), sa (Germanic sala; hall, house), busto (dairy), cabana (cabin), lama (pastures), fonte (well, spring), pena (fort), pomar (orchard) and vale (valley). This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal:

b) Sigefredo (Siegfried = victorious peace), Gondomar (the first element means «sword»), Arganil (from hargis, army), Adães e Adufe (from hathus = fight); hildis (= fight) and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras (= dispute); for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths (= military expedition). Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa":

Adães (Barcelos) to Athus= fight
Aldão (Feira) to Aldonaci < Alds or Altheis<ref name="Head & Semënova-Head 2013"/>
Aldarete (Peso da Régua) to Alderedus
Adaúfe (Braga) to Ulfe= wolf
Aldreu (Barcelos) to Alde + reth < Alderedus<ref name="Head & Semënova-Head 2013"/>
Santiago de Ribeira de Alhariz (Valpaços) to Aliarici, genitive of Aliaricus<ref>Piel (1933) p. 225.</ref>
Alvarenga (Aveiro) to Alfarr, from alfr ("elf") + herr ("army")
Amonde (Viana do Castelo) to Monde= Protection
Arganil (Coimbra) to Hargis= army
Armamar (Viseu) to Mar= Horse
Baltar (Paredes) to Baltarii, genitive of Baltharius<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 40-41.</ref>
Dume (Braga) to döm= church, cathedral
Escariz (Arouca) to Rico= Lord<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Ermesinde (Valongo) to Sinde < sinth= military expedition
Esmoriz (Aveiro) to Rico= Lord
Esposende (Braga) to Sende= path
Fafiães (Marco de Canaveses)<ref name=Azevedo2006/>
Freamunde (Paços de Ferreira) to Mundis= protection
Germunde (Aveiro) to Mundis= protection
Gudim (Peso da Régua) to Suebian Goodwinn
Gomesende to Gumesindi, genitive of Gumesindus<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 58.</ref>
Gondomar (Porto) to Gundemari, genitive of Gundemarus<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 60-61.</ref>
Gondim (Maia) to Guntini, genitive of Guntinus<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 59-61.</ref>
Guimarães to Vimaranis, to Weig-mar<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

São Paio de Merelim (Braga) to Merelinus + uilla <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mondariz to Munderici, genitive of Mundericus<ref>Sachs (1932) p. 78.</ref>
Mondim de Basto to Mundis + uilla
Redufe (St. Emilião) to Ulfe= wolf
Rendufe (Amares)<ref name=Azevedo2006>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Resende (Viseu) to Sende= path
Roriz (St. Tirso) to Rico= Lord, noble
Ruães (Braga) to Rodanis, toponymic<ref name=Lima2012>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Sandim (Vila Nova de Gaia) to Sande= truthful
Sendim (Miranda do Douro) to Sende= path
Tagilde (Vizela) to Hildis= combat, fight
Tibães (Braga) to Tibianes < Tibianis(?)<ref name=Lima2012/>
Trasmil to thras= dispute, skirmish
Tresmonde (Ponte de Lima) to thras + mundis= skirmish-protection
Trouxemil (Coimbra) to Miro= famous<ref name=Azevedo2006/>

Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern and central Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Notes

Template:Reflist

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Orel, Vladimir (2003). Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden: Brill, 2003. Template:ISBN.
Köbler, Gerhard. (2007). Germanisches Wörterbuch. On-line [1].
Kroonen, Guus. (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Template:ISBN.

Germanic personal names

Förstemanm, Ernst (1900). Altdeutsches Namenbuch Template:Webarchive. P. Hanstein: Bonn, 1900.
Fossner, Thorvald (1916). Continental-Germanic personal names in England in Old and Middle English times. Uppsala, 1916.
Redin, Mats (1919). Studies on uncompounded personal names in old English. Uppsala, 1919.
Schönfeld, M. (1911). Wörterbuch der Altgermanischen Personen und Völkernamen. Heidelberg, 1911.
Searle, W. G. (1897). Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. Cambridge: 1897.

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Rivas Quintas, Elixio (1991) Onomástica persoal do noroeste hispano. Alvarellos: Lugo, 1991. Template:ISBN.
Boullón Agrelo, Ana I. (1999). Antroponimia medieval galega (ss. VIII-XII). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999. Template:ISBN.

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Sachs, Georg (1932) Die germanischen Ortsnamen in Spanien und Portugal. Jena: Leipzig, 1932.
Piel, J. (1933–1940) Os nomes germânicos na toponímia portuguesa. In Boletim Português de Filologia Template:Webarchive vol. II-VII: Lisboa.
Template:Cite thesis

Forenames

Rodrigo= from Germanic Hrodric/Hrēðrīc/Rørik/Hrœrekr (Roderick, Rodrick, Roderich; a compound of hrod 'renown' + ric 'power(ful)'), from the Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīk(i)az; it was borne by the last of the Visigoth kings and is one of the most common Lusophone personal names of Germanic origin.[<ref>Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN</ref>]

Surnames

Araújo, Araujo= toponymic, from Gothic 'Ruderic'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

(van) Zeller, VanZeller= Originally Flemish "Zellaer", in Portugal since the 13th century. From Germanic 'kellā̌ri',<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>< Lat. 'cellārium' (cellar)

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, most of Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic Emirate of Cordoba known as (Al-Andalus). During that period, although the local populations continued to speak Western Romance, and further south Mozarabic dialects; Arabic being the elite language, lent new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the Iberian Peninsula<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Western world in the Middle Ages.

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

alvenarias (al-binaa) البناء<ref>FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 96,95.</ref>

Influences from outside Europe

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References

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Sources

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External links

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Contrastive Romance Lexicology at Orbis Latinus
Pranto and llanto, but not chanto – On Portuguese etymology A comparison of sound changes in Portuguese and other Romance languages
Portuguese words of Germanic origin
Portuguese Vocabulary Online, Free resources for Portuguese learners
Linguistic history of Portuguese at the website of the Instituto Camões
WILLIAMS, E.B. From Latin to Portuguese
MACHADO, J.P. Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa

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Portuguese vocabulary

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Notes

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Germanic personal names

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Forenames

Surnames

Arabic

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Influences from outside Europe

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