Shahmukhi

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Shahmukhi (Template:Langx, Template:IPA, Template:Lit, Template:Small) is an alphabet (abjad) developed from the Perso-Arabic script used for the Punjabi language (including its varieties), predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> which is also used for Persian and Urdu.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties.Template:Citation needed

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhī'.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal-era Punjab, when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhī script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.<ref name=":3" /> Shahmukhi Punjabi was added to Google Translate in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Alphabet

Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script's Persian alphabet. It is identical to the Urdu alphabet, but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology. For writing Saraiki, an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants (Template:Nq).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Vowel diacritics

Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script, to express short vowels.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
Name Symbol Usage IPA Notes Examples
Short vowels
Zabar Template:Nastaliq a Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Zer Template:Nastaliq i Template:IPAlink Written below a letter
Pesh Template:Nastaliq u Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Nūn Ġunna Template:Nastaliq ṉ Template:IPAlink, Template:IPAlink Nasal vowel diacritic ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘face’)
Tashdīd Template:Nastaliq Geminate Template:IPAlink Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged ‘Template:Nq’ ('kk')
Loan diacritics
Khaṛī Zabar Template:Nastaliq á Template:IPA link Used in certain Arabic loanwords only ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘Jesus’)
Zabar Tanwīn Template:Nastaliq an [ən] ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘Immediately’)
Other diacritics
Hamza Template:Nastaliq Template:Strong Indicates a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq‘, and Template:Nq , not written as a separate diacritic

Consonants

No. Name<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> IPA Final glyph Medial glyph Initial glyph Isolated glyph
1 Template:Nastaliq alif Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
2 Template:Nastaliq bē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
3 Template:Nastaliq pē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
4 Template:Nastaliq tē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
5 Template:Nastaliq ṭē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
6 Template:Nastaliq s̱ē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
7 Template:Nastaliq jīm Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
8 Template:Nastaliq cē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
9 Template:Nastaliq waḍḍi ḥē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
10 Template:Nastaliq k͟hē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
11 Template:Nastaliq dāl Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
12 Template:Nastaliq ḍāl Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
13 Template:Nastaliq ẕāl Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
14 Template:Nastaliq rē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
15 Template:Nastaliq ṛē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
16 Template:Nastaliq zē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
17 Template:Nastaliq žē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
18 Template:Nastaliq sīn Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
19 Template:Nastaliq shīn Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
20 Template:Nastaliq ṣwād Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
21 Template:Nastaliq ẓwād Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
22 Template:Nastaliq t̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
23 Template:Nastaliq z̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
24 Template:Nastaliq Template:Okinaain Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
25 Template:Nastaliq ġain Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
26 Template:Nastaliq fē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
27 Template:Nastaliq qāf Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
28 Template:Nastaliq kāf Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
29 Template:Nastaliq gāf Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
30 Template:Nastaliq lām Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref> Template:Nastaliq ḷām Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
32 Template:Nastaliq mīm Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
33 Template:Nastaliq nūn Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
34<ref name=":4" /> Template:Nastaliq ṇūn Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq
35 Template:Nastaliq nūn ġunnah Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
36 Template:Nastaliq vāTemplate:Hamzao Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
37 Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq 		nikkī hē
gol hē 		Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
38 Template:Nastaliq do-cashmī hē Template:IPA or Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
39 Template:Nastaliq hamzah Template:IPA, Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
40 Template:Nastaliq choṭī yē Template:IPA Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Lang
41 Template:Nastaliq waḍḍi yē Template:IPA Template:Nq N/A N/A Template:Lang

No Punjabi words begin with Template:Lang, Template:Lang, or Template:Lang. Words which begin with Template:Lang are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat.<ref name="rh-words">Template:Cite Q</ref> The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, Template:Nastaliq and Template:Nastaliq form ligatures with Template:Nastaliq: Template:Nastaliq (Template:Nastaliq) and Template:Nastaliq (Template:Nastaliq).

Aspirates

No. Digraph<ref name="LoC">Template:Cite web</ref> Transcription<ref name="LoC" /> IPA Example
1 Template:Nastaliq bh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
2 Template:Nastaliq ph Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
3 Template:Nastaliq th Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
4 Template:Nastaliq ṭh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
5 Template:Nastaliq jh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
6 Template:Nastaliq ch Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
7 Template:Nastaliq dh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
8 Template:Nastaliq ḍh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
9 Template:Nastaliq rh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
10 Template:Nastaliq ṛh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
11 Template:Nastaliq kh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
12 Template:Nastaliq gh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
13 Template:Nastaliq lh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
14 Template:Nastaliq mh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
15 Template:Nastaliq nh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
16 Template:Nastaliq wh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq
17 Template:Nastaliq yh Template:IPA Template:Nastaliq<ref name="waddi-yhawa">Template:Cite Q</ref>
  • Template:Lang (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of Template:Lang.
  • Vowels are expressed as follows:
Final Middle Initial
ـہ Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
یٰ Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
N/A Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
N/A Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq

Difference from Persian and Urdu

Template:See also Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: Template:Lang to represent /ʈ/, Template:Lang to represent /ɖ/, Template:Lang to represent /ɽ/, Template:Lang to represent /◌̃/, and Template:Lang to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, Template:Lang, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/, this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/. These characters, however are seldom used.

Pronunciation

The letter Template:Lang is pronounced 'j' in French or as viTemplate:Strongon in English and the letter Template:Lang is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

See also

References

Template:Notelist Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Arabic alphabets Template:Punjabi language topics

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