Shahmukhi

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox Writing system Template:Arabic-script sidebar

Shahmukhi (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Lit, Template:Small) is an alphabet (abjad) developed from the Perso-Arabic script used for the Punjabi language (including its varieties), predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which is also used for Persian and Urdu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties.Template:Citation needed

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhī'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal-era Punjab, when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhī script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.<ref name=":3" /> Shahmukhi Punjabi was added to Google Translate in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Alphabet

Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script's Persian alphabet. It is identical to the Urdu alphabet, but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology. For writing Saraiki, an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants (Template:Nq).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Vowel diacritics

Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script, to express short vowels.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
Name Symbol Usage IPA Notes Examples
Short vowels
Zabar Template:Nastaliq a Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Zer Template:Nastaliq i Template:IPAlink Written below a letter
Pesh Template:Nastaliq u Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Nūn Ġunna Template:Nastaliq ṉ Template:IPAlink, Template:IPAlink Nasal vowel diacritic ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘face’)
Tashdīd Template:Nastaliq Geminate Template:IPAlink Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged ‘Template:Nq’ ('kk')
Loan diacritics
Khaṛī Zabar Template:Nastaliq á Template:IPA link Used in certain Arabic loanwords only ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘Jesus’)
Zabar Tanwīn Template:Nastaliq an [ən] ‘Template:Nastaliq’ (‘Immediately’)
Other diacritics
Hamza Template:Nastaliq Template:Strong Indicates a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq‘, and Template:Nq , not written as a separate diacritic

Consonants

No. Name<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> IPA Final glyph Medial glyph Initial glyph Isolated glyph
1 Template:Nastaliq alif main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
2 Template:Nastaliq bē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
3 Template:Nastaliq pē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
4 Template:Nastaliq tē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
5 Template:Nastaliq ṭē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
6 Template:Nastaliq s̱ē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
7 Template:Nastaliq jīm main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
8 Template:Nastaliq cē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
9 Template:Nastaliq waḍḍi ḥē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
10 Template:Nastaliq k͟hē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
11 Template:Nastaliq dāl main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
12 Template:Nastaliq ḍāl main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
13 Template:Nastaliq ẕāl main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
14 Template:Nastaliq rē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
15 Template:Nastaliq ṛē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
16 Template:Nastaliq zē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
17 Template:Nastaliq žē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
18 Template:Nastaliq sīn main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
19 Template:Nastaliq shīn main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
20 Template:Nastaliq ṣwād main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
21 Template:Nastaliq ẓwād main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
22 Template:Nastaliq t̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
23 Template:Nastaliq z̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
24 Template:Nastaliq Template:Okinaain main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
25 Template:Nastaliq ġain main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
26 Template:Nastaliq fē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
27 Template:Nastaliq qāf main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
28 Template:Nastaliq kāf main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
29 Template:Nastaliq gāf main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
30 Template:Nastaliq lām main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref> Template:Nastaliq ḷām main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
32 Template:Nastaliq mīm main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
33 Template:Nastaliq nūn main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
34<ref name=":4" /> Template:Nastaliq ṇūn main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq
35 Template:Nastaliq nūn ġunnah main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
36 Template:Nastaliq vāTemplate:Hamzao main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
37 Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq 		nikkī hē
gol hē 		main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
38 Template:Nastaliq do-cashmī hē main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
39 Template:Nastaliq hamzah main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
40 Template:Nastaliq choṭī yē main}} Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
41 Template:Nastaliq waḍḍi yē main}} Template:Nq N/A N/A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

No Punjabi words begin with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Words which begin with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat.<ref name="rh-words">Template:Cite Q</ref> The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, Template:Nastaliq and Template:Nastaliq form ligatures with Template:Nastaliq: Template:Nastaliq (Template:Nastaliq) and Template:Nastaliq (Template:Nastaliq).

Aspirates

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}}</ref>

Transcription<ref name="LoC" /> IPA Example
1 Template:Nastaliq bh main}} Template:Nastaliq
2 Template:Nastaliq ph main}} Template:Nastaliq
3 Template:Nastaliq th main}} Template:Nastaliq
4 Template:Nastaliq ṭh main}} Template:Nastaliq
5 Template:Nastaliq jh main}} Template:Nastaliq
6 Template:Nastaliq ch main}} Template:Nastaliq
7 Template:Nastaliq dh main}} Template:Nastaliq
8 Template:Nastaliq ḍh main}} Template:Nastaliq
9 Template:Nastaliq rh main}} Template:Nastaliq
10 Template:Nastaliq ṛh main}} Template:Nastaliq
11 Template:Nastaliq kh main}} Template:Nastaliq
12 Template:Nastaliq gh main}} Template:Nastaliq
13 Template:Nastaliq lh main}} Template:Nastaliq
14 Template:Nastaliq mh main}} Template:Nastaliq
15 Template:Nastaliq nh main}} Template:Nastaliq
16 Template:Nastaliq wh main}} Template:Nastaliq
17 Template:Nastaliq yh main}} Template:Nastaliq<ref name="waddi-yhawa">Template:Cite Q</ref>
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
  • Vowels are expressed as follows:
Final Middle Initial
ـہ Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
یٰ Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
N/A Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
N/A Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq
Template:Nastaliq Template:Nastaliq

Difference from Persian and Urdu

Template:See also Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to represent /ʈ/, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to represent /ɖ/, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to represent /ɽ/, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to represent /◌̃/, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/, this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/. These characters, however are seldom used.

Pronunciation

The letter {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is pronounced 'j' in French or as viTemplate:Strongon in English and the letter {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

See also

References

Template:Notelist Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Arabic alphabets Template:Punjabi language topics

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