The Bridge at Remagen

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The Bridge at Remagen is a 1969 DeLuxe Color war film in Panavision starring George Segal, Ben Gazzara, and Robert Vaughn. The film, which was directed by John Guillermin,<ref name="The Bridge at Remagen">Template:Cite web</ref> was shot in Czechoslovakia. It is based on the nonfiction book The Bridge at Remagen: The Amazing Story of March 7, 1945 by writer and U.S. Representative Ken Hechler.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The screenplay was adapted by Richard Yates and William Roberts.<ref name="The Bridge at Remagen" />

The film is a highly fictionalized version of actual events during the last months of World War II, when the U.S. 9th Armored Division approached Remagen and captured the intact Ludendorff Bridge. While the real battle ran for ten days and involved several artillery duels between the U.S. troops and German defenders, the film focuses more specifically on the heroism and human cost in gaining the bridgehead across the Rhine before the Allies' final advance into Germany. The Remagen bridge was never rebuilt; the towers on each bank were converted into a museum and arts studios.

Plot

In 1945, the United States Army failed to capture the still-intact Oberkassel railway bridge in the last weeks of World War II. Lieutenant Phil Hartman is an experienced and war-weary platoon leader in the 9th Armored Division. After the death of his company commander Captain John Colt, he's promoted to replace him and continue the advance to Remagen. The Allied commanders expect the bridge there to be destroyed and promise to let Hartman and his men rest once they're reached the Rhine River. Major Paul Krueger of the German Army is assigned to command the defence of the Remagen bridge by Colonel General von Brock, whose own orders are to destroy it immediately. The general instead gives Krueger a verbal order to keep the bridge open for retreating units of the German 15th Army who are otherwise trapped west of the river.

After capturing Meckenheim, 12 miles (20 km) from Remagen, Hartman is ordered by his battalion commander, Major Barnes, to continue the advance until they encounter resistance. Krueger inspects his defenses, bolstering morale with promises of tank support guaranteed by von Brock.

Hartman's troops attack the outer defenses of the town and Krueger is told by von Brock that the tanks have been sent to another battle. Finding the bridge intact, General Shinner orders Major Barnes to rush it at the far end and secure its capture. Barnes commits Hartman's company to a hasty assault. In a confrontation at the west end of the bridge, Barnes refuses to lead the attack, threatens Hartman with his carbine, and is struck by Sergeant Angelo. A weary Hartman leads the attack.

As the U.S. soldiers rush the bridge, Krueger, explosives engineer Captain Otto Baumann and Captain Karl Schmidt try to set off the explosives under the bridge. They detonate, but the weak industrial explosives fail to destroy the structure. Hartman's troops secure a tenuous bridgehead on the east side of the bridge.

Leaving the remnants of his tiny command at Remagen, unable to counter-attack, Krueger returns to headquarters to make a personal appeal for reinforcements, finding the HQ building seized by the SS, and Von Brock under arrest. Krueger is blamed for not destroying the bridge and also arrested.

At Remagen, Hartman leads a raid against a machine-gun nest on a river barge, and Angelo goes missing in action. Also desperate for reinforcements, Hartman makes a single-handed advance on the last German defenders just as the first M24 Chaffee light tanks cross the bridge. The last defenders surrender with Captain Schmidt.

In the aftermath of the battle, Hartman discovers Angelo alive and Krueger is executed by an SS firing squad. The end titles inform the viewer that the bridge at Remagen collapsed into the Rhine ten days after its capture.

Cast

Original book

The film was based on a book by Ken Hechler, a war historian who was serving in the U.S. Army in 1945. "I was lucky to be about 10 miles from Remagen when the electrifying news came down that the bridge had been captured," said Hechler later. "We had just liberated this wine cellar. The first units came back and were sent into reserve, and had nothing to do but drink wine and talk about what they had done."<ref name="ken">4 QUESTIONS: Revisiting 'Remagen'; Ken Hechler talks about his book's journey into the big screen Marks, Rusty. The Charleston Gazette19 May 2005: 13D.</ref>

The resulting interviews, plus postwar interviews with German soldiers who were at the bridge during the Battle of Remagen, formed the bulk of the research for Hechler's book, which was published in 1957.<ref>War Book Hero Visits White House. The Washington Post and Times-Herald, 13 November 1957: B6.</ref><ref>Kirsch, Robert. THE BOOK REPORT. Los Angeles Times 13 February 1958: B5.</ref> The book ended up selling over 500,000 copies.<ref>Casey, Phil. Congressman Has a Premiere: Film. The Washington Post and Times-Herald, 28 June 1969: C1.</ref>

Hechler used money from the book to finance his successful campaign to represent West Virginia's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in the 1958 elections.<ref>G.O.P. REIGN ENDS IN WEST VIRGINIA: Democrats Pick Up 2 Senate Seats -- 'Foreigner' Ousts Doctor, 83, in House By JOSEPH A. LOFTUSSpecial to The New York Times. New York Times 6 Nov 1958: 42.</ref>

Production

Development

In May 1958, film rights were purchased by Schulberg Productions, owned by Budd Schulberg, who had witnessed the crossing and intended to film it as The Day We Crossed the Rhine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was meant to follow Schulberg's film Wind Across the Everglades. Schulberg said Stanley Kubrick was interested in directing and the film would be made in West Germany.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Columbia agreed to finance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 1960, Schulberg said the film would start shooting in May 1961 with financing from the Mirisch Company and United Artists,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the film was not made by Schulberg.

In 1965, the rights were bought by David Wolper.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was to be the first in a six-picture deal he signed with United Artists. Irvin Kershner was to direct.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Roger O. Hirson was signed to write the script.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A few months later, Richard Yates was reportedly working on the script.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later on William Roberts, Rod Serling, and Theodore Strauss worked on it.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These delays meant Wolper ended up making another war film first, The Devil's Brigade. Hechler says he was only offered $5,000 for the use of the book. "They told me if I held out for more money, they'd change the name from The Bridge at Remagen to The Remagen Bridge and base it on newspaper accounts, which were public domain and covered the event widely at the time."<ref name="ken" />

Casting

By April 1968, George Segal had signed to star and John Guillermin was to direct.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ben Gazzara then agreed to sign – his first feature in three years. Robert Vaughn joined soon after. "I decided to get young actors," said Wolper. "You can't get Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster – who are older than General Eisenhower."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Robert Blake was cast in a role but departed in order to spend more time with his family, while Alex Cord declined to be in the film.<ref name=":0" />

Filming

West German officials would not allow the film to be made in West Germany because of shipping traffic on the Rhine. The trend was increasing at the time to shoot Hollywood films in Eastern Europe to save money – The Fixer was filmed in Hungary and Castle Keep in Yugoslavia. Correspondingly, after six months of location scouting, The Bridge at Remagen became the first American film to be shot in Communist Czechoslovakia.<ref name=":0" /> According to a British press report, £833,000 of the £2,100,000 budget were saved by shooting in Czechoslovakia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Czechoslovakia

File:Davle detail torzo tunelu most-u Remagenu.JPG
Remains of a bridge in Davle, Czech Republic, where scenes for the Remagen Bridge were shot

Wolper paid $750,000 and Czechoslovak distribution rights to Barrandov Studios in exchange for their facilities and local labor.<ref name="crisis">Template:Cite news</ref> The U.S. World War II equipment was borrowed from the government of Austria, which had originally obtained it from the Americans.<ref name="cia">Template:Cite news</ref> The Czechoslovak government provided German uniforms and weapons that had been captured during the war. Czechoslovak People's Army soldiers served as extras in the film, and were even trained to use U.S. military equipment.<ref name=":0" />

Filming started on June 6, 1968, and was meant to be completed by October, but shooting was difficult from the start. The production manager fell ill, and the first assistant director quit. Also, clashes in work methods occurred within the crew, of whom roughly 60 were from the West and 200 were Czech. However, after an awkward start, the Westerners and Czechs eventually forged a decent working relationship.<ref name="crisis" />

It was a period of political instability in Czechoslovakia due to the Prague Spring. The film crew was accused by the Soviet and East German presses of smuggling weapons into the country and serving as a cover for the CIA.<ref name="nazi">Template:Cite news</ref> The Czechs, however, did not take this charge too seriously, and Czech members of the crew jokingly referring to Wolper as "Mr. CIA". After East German newspaper Neues Deutschland alleged that the production was a front for preparations of a U.S. Armed Forces occupation of the country, some Czechoslovak police and military officials did inspect the arsenal of arms at Barrandov studios and found everything in order.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="cia" />

Many of the Remagen town scenes were shot in the city of Most.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The old town was being demolished and rebuilt at a new location at the time so that the lignite deposits under its soil would become accessible for mining.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This lent an unprecedented level of realism to the explosions of real buildings rather than backlot sets.

The Remagen Bridge scenes were shot at Davle on the Vltava River using the old bridge, which the Czechoslovak Ministry of Transportation closed for the summer. This was controversial because many residents of Prague used the bridge to access vacation homes in Davle. Fake towers and a fake railway tunnel were constructed for the film. The film's opening scenes, where the U.S. Army fails to capture the Oberkassel, Bonn bridge, were shot just south of the village of Vrané nad Vltavou using the railway bridge, which carries the Prague-Dobříš line over the river Vltava.

During filming, Guillermin told producer Wolper that he did not want the distraction of Wolper being on set, and tried to ban the producer from it. Wolper responded by telling Guillermin that if he could not direct with Wolper on set, then he would be fired. Guillermin promptly apologized.<ref>John Guillermin Pendreigh, Brian. The Herald; Glasgow (UK) [Glasgow (UK)]10 Oct 2015.</ref> Wolper later called Guillermin "a real pain in the ass".Template:Sfn

Soviet invasion

On 20 August 1968, when the film was two-thirds complete, the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia to reinstall a hardline Communist government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Filming had to be halted and the bulk of the cast and crew were stuck in the International Hotel in Prague under advice from the U.S. Embassy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wolper had flown out from Prague to Rome the night of the invasion to supervise filming of his other film If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium and then quickly flew to Vienna to negotiate with the new government for permission for the film's crew to be released.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="crisis" />

The cast and crew voted on whether to stay or leave. Only three voted to stay — Guillermin and two stuntmen. Some cast and crew, including future U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia Shirley Temple Black, left in a 400-car convoy that took them to Plzeň and then to Nuremberg. A few hours later, 79 cast and crew escaped in a 20-car caravan driven by Czechs. They travelled to Gmünd in Austria, one hour before the border was closed, after which they travelled to Vienna.<ref name="crisis" />Template:Sfn

Items left behind included many personal possessions, the last five days' worth of filming, and $1 million worth of equipment, including eight tanks and four cameras of unprocessed film. "It was just like an adventure movie," said Bradford Dillman, "except the tragedy was real."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some had to flee to Vienna in a 60-car convoy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wolper said, "circumstances have conspired to turn an innocent and expensive enterprise into a political football."<ref name="cia" /> The issues caused the budget to increase from $3.5 million to $5 million.<ref name=budget />

West Germany

Filming resumed in Hamburg, West Germany, where ideal studio facilities were available, in October 1968.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Unfinished scenes involving the bridge were shot at Castel Gandolfo in Italy. Wolper also negotiated filming of the blowing up of the bridge in Prague.<ref name="ham" />Template:Sfn

Wolper later wrote, "the actors get on the bridge in Czechoslovakia, remove explosive under the bridge in Germany and get off the bridge in Italy."Template:Sfn "If we bring some unity to this picture it will be a miracle," said Robert Vaughn.<ref name="ham">'Remagen' Now Filming in Hamburg By Bob Thomas The Washington Post and Times-Herald 29 Oct 1968: B6.</ref>

Wolper says the film had insurance to cover an invasion, but that the insurance company argued that it was not an invasion, rather the government invited the Russians in. The matter settled and Wolper got some compensation, but not the full amount. Contrary to Wolper's expectations, the Soviet occupation force allowed the U.S. military equipment lent by the Austrian government to be returned.<ref name=":0" />Template:Sfn The film finished after 93 days.Template:Sfn

Accuracy

According to Hechler, "although Hollywood has its own ideas of the truth, probably 95% of it is accurate. It was doubly exciting to see the good actors they got to portray it."<ref name="ken" /> Hechler says the opening scene of the tanks going fast was not true. "They said it was more exciting that way. Also, there were several scenes with women, which I never saw in 1945. There's a little bit of a love interest there."<ref name="ken" /> Hechler also says the names of the participants were changed, "I imagine to avoid lawsuits",<ref name="ken" /> and he was "very happy with" the film, "because it brought attention to one of the great examples of the initiative and training of the American soldiers. They took advantage of an opportunity that had not been planned at all. It's also a tribute to the leadership of [Lt.] Karl Timmermann, who was the first officer who crossed."<ref name="ken" />

Release

The Bridge at Remagen was released in theatres on June 25, 1969. The ABC network broadcast the film on television in the U.S. on July 24, 1977.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Home media

The film was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on January 24, 2006 and January 31, 2006.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Reception

Critical response

The film holds a 20% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60 out of 10.<ref>Template:Cite web, with an average rating of 5.60 out of 10.</ref>

Wolper says, "perhaps it was not the best idea to distribute a film about war and heroism at the height of the war in Vietnam. The film received mixed reviews. It was accused of being too realistic and not realistic enough ... Given the circumstances, I think it is a fine picture and it plays quite often on television."Template:Sfn

FilmInk said "it's tough and fast and looks great."<ref name="ink">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

2007 radio play

In 2007, Vaughn played himself in a BBC Radio 4 dramatization of the events surrounding the invasion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

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References

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Sources

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