Twins in mythology

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File:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Female ere ibeji twin figure pair.jpg
A pair of early 20th-century female ere ibeji twin figures (Children's Museum of Indianapolis)

Twins in mythology are in many cultures around the world.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> In some cultures they are seen as ominous, and in others they are seen as auspicious.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Twins in mythology are often cast as two halves of the same whole, sharing a bond deeper than that of ordinary siblings, or seen as fierce rivals. They can be seen as representations of a dualistic worldview.<ref name=":2" /> They can represent another aspect of the self, a doppelgänger, or a shadow.

Twins are often depicted with special powers. This applies to both mortal and immortal sets of twins, and often is related to power over the weather.<ref name=":2" /> Twins in mythology also often share deep bonds. In Greek mythology, Castor and Pollux share a bond so strong that when mortal Castor dies, Pollux gives up half of his immortality to be with his brother. Castor and Pollux are the Dioscuri twin brothers. Their mother is Leda, a being who was seduced by Zeus who had taken the form of a swan. Even though the brothers are twins, they have two different fathers. This phenomenon is a very common interpretation of twin births across different mythological cultures.<ref name=":3" /> Castor's father is Tyndareus, the king of Sparta (hence the mortal form).<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Pollux is the son of Zeus (demigod). This brothers were said to be born from an egg along with either sister Helen and Clytemnestra.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> This teleologically explains why their constellation, the Dioskouroi or Gemini, is only seen during one half of the year, as the twins split their time between the underworld and Mount Olympus. In an aboriginal tale, the same constellation represents the twin lizards who created the plants and animals and saved women from evil spirits. Another example of this strong bond shared between twins is the Ibeji twins from African mythology. Ibeji twins are viewed as one soul shared between two bodies. If one of the twins dies, the parents then create a doll that portrays the body of the deceased child, so the soul of the deceased can remain intact for the living twin. Without the creation of the doll, the living twin is almost destined for death because it is believed to be missing half of its soul.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Twins in mythology are often associated with healing.<ref name=":2" /> They are also often gifted with the ability of divination or insight into the future.<ref name=":2" />

Divine twins in twin mythology are identical to either one or both place of a god. The Feri gods are not separated entities but are unified into one center. These divine twins can function alone in one body, either functioning as a male or as male and female as they desire. Divine twins represent a polarity in the world. This polarity may be great or small and at times can be opposition. Twins are often seen to be rivals or adversaries.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

By culture

Africa

Egyptian

  • Nut and Geb, Dualistic twins. God of Earth (Geb) and Goddess of the sky (Nut)
  • Osiris - Isis' twin and husband. Lord of the underworld. First born of Geb and Nut. One of the most important gods of ancient Egypt.
  • Isis - Daughter of Geb and Nut; twin of Osiris.
  • Ausar - (also known by Macedonian Greeks as Osiris) twin of Set. Set tricked his brother at a banquet he organized so as to take his life.

West African

  • Mawu-Lisa - Twins representing moon and sun, respectively. Ewe-Fon culture.
  • Yemaja - Mother of all life on earth. Yoruba culture.
  • Aganju - Twin and husband of Yemaja<ref name=":1" />
  • Ibeji - Twins of joy and happiness. Children of Shango and Oshun.<ref name=":1"/>

Amerindian

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Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Greek and Roman mythology

Norse mythology

Hinduism

Jewish

Christian

  • Thomas the apostle and his unnamed twin brother.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Zoroastrian

  • Ahura Mazda and Ahriman - Twins of opposing forces: good and evil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ossetian mythology

Afro-Caribbean cosmologies

East Asian

See also

References

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Selected literature

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  • "Ahura Mazda (Ohrmazd) and Ahriman." New Catholic Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com.12 Dec. 2018 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
  • "ISIS." Egyptian Mythology for Smart People, egyptianmythology.org/gods-and-goddesses/isis/.
  • Lewin, Vivienne. Twin Enigma. Karnac Books, 2017.
  • Myers, Bethany. "Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC." Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC, 2002, opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1005&context=uhp_theses.
  • Voth, Grant, et al., directors. The Beauty of African Mythology. Welcome to Virginia Commonwealth University | Kanopy, 2015, vcu.kanopy.com/s?query=african+mythology.

Further reading

  • Carvalho, Sílvia Maria Schmuziger de; Ralle, Elena (traducteur). "Soleil et Lune: les jumeaux mythiques et le caractère tricheur". In: Les grandes figures religieuses: fonctionnement pratique et symbolique dans l'Antiquité. Actes du Colloque international (Besançon, 25-26 avril 1984) Besançon: Université de Franche-Comté, 1986. pp. 159-164. (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 329) [www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1986_act_329_1_1673]
  • Hankoff L. D. (1977). "Why the healing gods are twins". In: The Yale journal of biology and medicine 50(3): 307–319.
  • Harris, James Rendel. The Cult of the Heavenly Twins. Cambridge: University Press. 1906.
  • Rachewiltz, B., Parisi, P., & Castellani, V. (1976). "Twins in Myth". In: Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae, 25(1): 17-19. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
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