Uzhhorod

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement

UzhhorodTemplate:Efn is a city on the Uzh River in western Ukraine, on the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650–690 km) making it the most inland city in this part of Europe. It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast (region), as well as the administrative center of Uzhhorod Raion (district) within the oblast.

Name

The city's earliest known name is Ungvár, from Hungarian Ung (River Uzh) and vár "castle, fortress", originally referring to a castle outside the city (probably Nevytske Castle<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>).<ref name="sebestyen">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="halas">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The name Uzhhorod was coined in early 19th century Slavophile circles as a literal translation of the name Ungvár.<ref name="sebestyen" /><ref name="halas" /> The city officially adopted this name some time after 1920, under Czechoslovak administration.

The names of the city also include: Template:Langx (before 1996); Template:Langx, Template:Langx (historically); Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx, Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx.

History

Early history

White-Croat Ungvar (677)

The city was founded by early Slavs, one tribe of whom was the White Croats, who settled the area of the modern Uzhhorod under Kuber in the second half of the first millennium AD.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Warriors from Ukraine established the Ungvar fortress in 677 according to the Chronicon Pictum. The settlement was the center of a new Slavic principality headed by a dynasty descended from Porga's nephew Kubrat. In the 9th century, the fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement which according to Gesta Hungarorum was originally subject to the Old Bulgarian Prince Salan until falling to Laborec, a ruler who was loyal to Great Moravia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In his 1861 seminal work 'Ungvár története: a legrégibb idöktől maig' (History of Uzhhorod: from ancient times to the present), Hungarian historian Károly Mészáros from Hajdúdorog writes: 'The first inhabitants of Ungvámak, before the city and its region came into the possession of the conquering Hungarians, were Slavs and Ruthenians'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Magyar conquest (895)

Horiany Rotunda, the oldest building in Uzhhorod

According to the Hungarian medieval chronicle Gesta Hungarorum by Anonymus, the Magyars led by Álmos, Grand Prince of Hungarians, arrived in the region and stormed theTemplate:Sndas he called itTemplate:Snd'Hungvar' fortress in 895 AD, then ruled by Laborec. Having taken over the castle, Almos appointed his son Árpád as prince of 'Hungvaria' and from Hungvar his warriors were called Hungarians.<ref>Deeds of the Hungarians by Anonymous, Chapter 13</ref> As this may be viewed as naive folk etymology by a medieval writer (as magyars were called ”ungri” by chroniclers decades before 895), for further information on the ethnonym of the Hungarians see the article Name of Hungary.Template:Citation needed Template:Snd In the Kingdom of Hungary, the small town began to extend its borders. King Saint Stephen made it the centre (castrum) of Ung County with a strong military presence to protect the north east border of Hungary. In 1241–1242, the Mongols of Batu Khan burnt the settlement. In 1248 the city was granted town privileges by King Béla IV of Hungary. In the early 14th century, Uzhhorod was involved in the civil wars in the interregnum between Hungarian barons when the dynasty of Árpád died out. Finally Charles I of Hungary from the Anjou dynasty, descendant of the House of Árpád by his mother occupied the throne. The Anjou House also ruled the Kingdom of Naples and the Hungarian king Charles I invited the Drugeths into Hungary and gave the town to them. The Drugeth family became a member of the Hungarian nobility. During that period Philip Drugeth built Uzhhorod Castle. Together with the castle, the city began to grow. From 1430, Uzhhorod became a free royal town.

Under Habsburg rule

During the 16–17th centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary fell into three parts. The middle was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, the northwest was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, the eastern part became the Principality of Transylvania, that hold the independent Hungarian statehood. During this period, the city was engaged in the religious and political fight between primarily Hungarian Protestant Transylvania and the German Catholic Austria. Each one wanted to reunite the Kingdom of Hungary under their rule. In 1646 the Union of Ungvár was proclaimed and the Greek-Catholic church was established, in a ceremony held in the Ungvár castle by the Vatican Aegis. In 1707 Ungvár was the residence of Ferenc II Rákóczi, leader of the national liberation war of Hungarians against Habsburgs. From 1780 the city became the capital of the Greek Catholic Eparchy and from 1776 the center of a newly created school district.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

The beginning of the 19th century was characterized by economic changes, including the first factories in the city. The greatest influence on Ungvár among the political events of the 19th century was made by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849, during which the native Hungarian nobility sought both to shake off the suzerainty of the Austrian Empire and to have authority over their own people. 27 March 1848 was officially celebrated in the city as the overthrow of the monarchy in Hungary. It is now celebrated in Hungary on 15 March.

In 1872 the first railway line opened, linking the city to the important railway junction of Chop, then known as Csap.

According to the 1910 census, the city had 16,919 inhabitants, of which 13,590 (80.3%) were Magyars, 1,219 (7.2%) Slovaks, 1,151 (6.8%) Germans, 641 (3.8%) Rusyns and 1.6% Czechs.<ref>Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Template:Webarchive</ref> By religion, 5,481 Roman Catholic, 5,305 Jewish, 4,473 Greek Catholic, 1,368 Calvinist. At the same time, the municipal area of the city had a population composed of 10,541 (39.05%) Hungarians, 9,908 (36.71%) Slovaks, and 5,520 (20.45%) Rusyns.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the World Wars

The First World War slowed down the tempo of city development. On 10 September 1919, Subcarpathia was officially allocated to the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Uzhhorod became the administrative center of the territory. During these years Uzhhorod developed into an architecturally modern city, with Malyi Galagov, a new government quarter, being built from scratch.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the First Vienna Award in 1938, Uzhhorod was given back to Hungary from which it was separated after World War I.

In 1941 the Jewish population reached 9,576.Template:Citation needed On 19 March 1944, German troops entered the city. They established a Judenrat (Jewish council) and set up two ghettos, at the Moskovitz brickyard and Gluck lumberyard. During May 1944, all Jews were deported to Auschwitz in five different transports and subsequently murdered. Only a few hundred Jews survived.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Soviet Union

On 27 October 1944, the city was captured by the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front of the Red Army.<ref>https://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/1-ssr-6.html. In Russian. Retrieved June 19, 2025.</ref>

This period brought significant changes. On the outskirts of Uzhhorod new enterprises were constructed and old enterprises were renewed.Template:Citation needed On 29 June 1945, Subcarpathian Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union and became a westernmost part of the Ukrainian SSR. This followed the assumption of local authority by the People's Committee of Transcarpathian Ukraine based in Uzhhorod and headed by a local Communist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That year the Uzhhorod State University (now Uzhhorod National University) was also opened. Since January 1946 Uzhhorod was the center of newly formed Zakarpatska oblast.Template:Ref

In Ukraine

Since 1991, Uzhhorod has been one of 24 regional capitals within independent Ukraine. Of these, Uzhhorod is the smallest and westernmost.

Embankment of the Uzh River

In 2002, a bust of Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia's first president, was unveiled in a main square of the city. A similar bust was unveiled in 1928 on the 10th anniversary of Czechoslovak independence, but was removed by the Hungarians when they took over the region in 1939.<ref>PRECLÍK, Vratislav: "Profesor Masaryk a Podkarpatská Rus právě před sto lety" (Professor Masaryk and Subcarpatian Russia just hundred years ago), in Čas: časopis Masarykova demokratického hnutí, leden - březen 2019, roč.XXVII. čís. 125. ISSN 1210-1648, str.18 – 23 </ref>

On 15 April 2022, as part of the derussification campaign that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Uzhhorod City Council decided to rename 58 streets connected to Russian figures.<ref name="7339760Uzhhorod">Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Climate

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Cherry blossoms in Uzhhorod

Uzhhorod has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with cool to cold winters and warm summers. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of Template:Convert while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of Template:Convert.<ref name="pogoda" /> The coldest temperature ever recorded is Template:Convert and the warmest temperature was Template:Convert. Average annual precipitation is Template:Convert, which is evenly distributed throughout the year though the summer months have higher precipitation.<ref name="pogoda" /> On average, Uzhhorod receives 2133 hours of sunshine per year.<ref name=WMOCLINO />

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Demographics

Template:Historical populationsAccording to the Ukrainian 2001 census, the population of Uzhhorod included:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 89 624 77.55%
Russian 14 335 12.40%
Hungarian 8 123 7.03%
Romani 1 494 1.29%
Other or undecided 1 992 1.73%
Total 115 568 100.00 %

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 85% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, 9% spoke Russian, and 1% spoke Hungarian.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transportation

File:Uzhhorod2017-3.jpg
Uzhhorod railway station

The city is served by Uzhhorod railway station and has railway connections with Chop and Lviv. It is also served by Uzhhorod International Airport.<ref name="UzzhAir1111750">Flights to resume at Uzhgorod Airport as Ukraine, Slovakia reportedly settle border issues, UNIAN (19 August 2020)</ref> The airport is situated near the Ukraine Slovakia border.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Government

The territory of the city of Uzhhorod is coterminous with Uzhhorod urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine which was established on 12 June 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sport

The city was home to the SC Rusj Užhorod football club from 1925. Contemporary side FC Hoverla Uzhhorod made their debut in the Ukrainian Premier League in 2001, but dissolved in 2016 due to money issues.<ref name="Hoverla1522663338">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2020 professional football matches at the highest levels of Ukraine returned to Uzhhorod since the 2020–21 season FC Mynai plays its home matches in the Avanhard Stadium.<ref name="92055Uzhhmynay">Template:Cite web</ref> FC Uzhhorod currently in Ukrainian Second League also plays its matches at Avanhard Stadium.

International relations

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Uzhhorod is currently twinned with: Template:Div col

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Notable people

File:Erdélyi Morelli.jpg
János Erdélyi, Template:Circa
File:Janovics Jenő.jpg
Jenő Janovics, 1901
File:Avgustyn Voloshyn.jpg
Avgustyn Voloshyn
File:Дарья Шестакова 2.jpg
Daria Shestakova, 2018

Sport

See also

Notes

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References

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Further reading

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Template:Zakarpattia Oblast Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine Template:Cities in Ukraine Template:Authority control

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