Voiceless retroflex fricative

A voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of Template:Angbr (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Features

File:Voiceless retroflex fricative articulation.svg

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of a voiceless retroflex fricative:

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and laminal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

The commonality of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref>

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'day'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Transliteration	Template:Audio-IPA	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'stone'	Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol	Romagnol	lang}}	main}}	'yes'	Apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English	General American	worship	main}}	'worship'	main}} after {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Faroese		lang}}	main}}	'eighty'
Hindustani	Hindi	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'trouble'	See Hindi phonology
Hmong		Template:Script / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'to write'
Kannada		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'difficult'	Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
Kazakh		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'small, compact'	See Kazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian<ref name="Šewc">Template:Harvp</ref>Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'glass'
Malayalam		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'fog'	main}} in post-nuclear position.Template:Sfnp
Marathi		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'sage'	See Marathi phonology
Nepali		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'Shashthi (day)'	main}} in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		lang}}	main}}	'Norwegian'	main}} in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Oʼodham		lang}}	main}}	Tucson
Pashto	Southern dialect	lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'to show'
Polish	Standard<ref name="Hamann">Template:Harvp</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by Template:Angbr. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is transcribed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || rowspan="2" | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || rowspan="2" | 'they hid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} into Template:IPAblink (see szadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Romanian	Moldavian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'barn'	Apical.Template:Sfnp See Romanian phonology
	Transylvanian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp
Russian<ref name="Hamann"/>		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'jester'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'scarf'	main}}. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
SlovakTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'kerchief'
Swedish		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'rapids'	main}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'difficult'	main}}. See Tamil phonology
Telugu		lang}} / Template:Transliteration			Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
TodaTemplate:Sfnp			main}}	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp
TorwaliTemplate:Sfnp		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'thin rope'
Ubykh			main}}	'head'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'chess'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Example needed	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/>
Vietnamese	Southern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'milk'	See Vietnamese phonology
Yi		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'gold'
Yurok<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation		CitationClass=web }}</ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ||'coyote'
Zapotec	TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Example needed	—	—	main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Features

Features of a voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Ormuri<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Kaniguram dialect	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	Template:Gloss	Usually corresponds to Template:IPAslink in the Logar dialect.

Voiceless retroflex approximant

Template:Infobox IPA Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>		lang}}	main}}	Template:Gloss	Contrasts with Template:IPAslink
Chokri<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		Template:Gloss	In free variation with Template:IPAslink; contrasts with Template:IPAslink
Faroese		lang}}	main}}	'only'	main}}.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiced retroflex fricative

References

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External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible