Voiced retroflex fricative

A voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).

Features

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of a voiced retroflex sibilant:

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and laminal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

The frequency of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online – Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref>

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		lang}}	main}}	'half'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'old'	Laminal.
AwetíTemplate:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'to pray'	Diachronically related to Template:IPAblink and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for Template:IPAblink where there is {{#invoke:IPA|main}} now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening in Waurá.Template:Sfnp
Chinese	Mandarin	肉/ròu	Template:Audio-IPA	'meat'	Also transcribed as a retroflex approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} depending on accent and dialect. See Mandarin phonology.
	Changshu dialect	lang}}	main}} (without tone sandhi)	'Changshu'	Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to a retroflex approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (similar to the Standard Mandarin r) when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.
Faroese		lang}}	main}}	'run'
Lower Sorbian<ref name="sewc">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'Lusatia'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'flower'	May be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Marrithiyel	Marri Tjevin dialect	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'they are laughing'	Voicing is non-contrastive.
MehinákuTemplate:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'parrot'	Resulted from the voicing of Template:IPAslink in between vowels.Template:Sfnp
Pashto	Southern dialect	[[Pashto alphabet|Template:Script/Arabic]]	main}}	'thirsty'	See Pashto phonology
Polish	Standard<ref name="Hamann">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'wife'	Also represented orthographically by Template:Angbr and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || rowspan="2" | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || rowspan="2" | 'he paid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} into Template:IPAblink (see Szadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Romagnol		lang}}	main}}	'ten'	Apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
Russian	Standard<ref name="Hamann" />	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'wife'	Concave apical postalveolar, no true subapicality as expected from retroflexes.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Tend to be labialised and/ or velarised.<ref name="Yanushevskaya">Template:Citation</ref> See Russian phonology
	Most speakers in most words	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'to call in casually /to drive into'	Modern pronunciation of older Template:IPAslink often derived from underlying {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Subsists as such in some words for conservative Moskovite accents.<ref name="Yanushevskaya" />
Serbo-Croatian		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'yellow'	Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shina	Gilgiti<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙَکُݨ }} / ẓakuṇ	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'donkey'
	Kohistani
Slovak<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'frog'
Spanish	Andean	hacer	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'do'	main}} changes to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, when it is at the end of a syllable
		marrón, ratón	main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'brown', 'mouse'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central dialects<ref name="Elert 2000">Template:Cite book</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'raw'	Apical. Allophone of rhotic, may also be pronounced Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.<ref name="Elert 2000"></ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> See Swedish phonology
Taruma<ref name="Serke 2022">Template:Cite thesis</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'rain'	Main allophone of a marginal retroflex phoneme, with Template:IPAblink as quasi-allohpone word initially before Template:IPAslink.<ref name="Serke 2022"></ref>
Tilquiapan Zapotec<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		?	main}}	'bottom'
Torwali<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		ݜوڙ	main}}	'straight'
Ubykh		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'firewood'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		lang}}	main}}	'frog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Example needed			Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in the standard language.<ref name="sewc" />
Yi		lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'grass'

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Features

Features of a voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Eastern Cape<ref name="sowl165">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	red	main}}	'red'	main}} in that region.<ref name="sowl165" /> See South African English phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiced postalveolar fricative
• Voiceless retroflex fricative

References

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External links

• Template:Phoible