Voiced postalveolar fricative

A voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound [[#Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|Template:IPA]],<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative Template:IPA, for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is a sibilant and one is not.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

A voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

Transcription

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh Template:Angbr (Template:IPAc-en). An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is Template:Angbr, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph Template:Angbr.

palato-alveolar fricative Template:IPA

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of Template:IPA and Template:IPA in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr).

Template:IPA occurs as a borrowed phoneme in a number of languages under the influence of French, Persian or Slavic languages, as in the Germanic languages (Dutch, English, German and Luxembourgish), the Romance languages (Italian, and Romanian), the Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Turkish, and Uyghur), and the Uralic languages (Estonian and Hungarian), Breton and Maltese.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The phoneme has the lowest consonant frequency in both English and Persian.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In English and French, Template:IPA may have simultaneous lip rounding (Template:IPA), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of a voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'beard'
Albanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'noise'
Arabic	Maghrebi<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'husband'
	Hejazi	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'ready'	An allophone of Template:IPA used by a number of speakers.
Armenian	Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'hour'
Assyrian		ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avar		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'today'
Azerbaijani		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'blinds'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Berta		Template:IPA		'honey'
Breton		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'play'
Bulgarian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'the man'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Eastern	gel	Template:IPA	'ice'	Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal [ʑ] and postalveolar [ʒ] fricative. See Catalan phonology.
Chechen		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sheep'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	床	Template:IPA	'bed'
	Fuzhou dialect	只隻	Template:IPA	'this one'
Corsican		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'church'	Also in Gallurese
Czech		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'men'	See Czech phonology
Dutch		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'garage'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Dutch phonology.
Emilian	Bolognese	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'case'	Apical; not labialized; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English		Template:Lang	Template:Audio-IPA	'vision'	See English phonology
Esperanto		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
French<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		jour	Template:Audio-IPA	'day'	See French phonology
German	Standard<ref name="MangoldPA">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'garage'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.<ref name="MangoldPA"/> Some speakers may merge it with Template:IPA. Only occurs in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Georgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'magazine'
Goemai		zhiem	Template:IPA	'sickle'
Greek	Cypriot	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sky blue'
Gwich’in		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wolf'
Hän		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wolf'
Hebrew		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'genre'	Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'dragon'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	Template:Lang
Hungarian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'rose'	See Hungarian phonology
Ingush		Template:Lang/Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'sheep'
Italian	Tuscan	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'press'	See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'woman'
Juǀʼhoan		ju	Template:IPA	'person'
Kabardian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'tree'
Kabyle		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'my grandfather'
Kashubian<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>		kòżdi rôz	Template:IPA	'constantly'
Kazakh		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'seven'
Latvian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to dry'	See Latvian phonology
Ligurian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'light'
Limburgish	MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'jeweller'	Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt. The authors state that Template:IPA is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).</ref>
Lithuanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'wife'	See Lithuanian phonology
Livonian		kūž	Template:IPA	'six'
Lombard	Western	resgiôra	Template:IPA	'matriarch'
Macedonian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'toad'	See Macedonian phonology
Megrelian		ჟირი/žiri	Template:IPA	'two'
Navajo		łizh	Template:IPA	'urine'
Neapolitan		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'to slam'
Ngas		zhaam	Template:IPA	'chin'
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect	Template:IPA		'to split'
Occitan	Auvergnat	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'money'	Southern dialects
	Gascon		Template:IPA
Pashto		ژوول/žowul	Template:IPA	'chew'
Persian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'eyelash'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'green'	Template:IPA and Template:IPA merge into Template:IPA in these dialects. In standard Polish, Template:IPA is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant.
	Lubawa dialect<ref name="Dubisz">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
	Malbork dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
	Ostróda dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
	Warmia dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
Portuguese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'shop'	Also described as alveolo-palatal Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Portuguese phonology
Romani		Template:IPA		'to know'
Romanian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'embers'	See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'hour'	Dialectal allophone of Template:IPA, now primarily heard among older speakers in the south of the island and Vatersay.
Serbo-Croatian		Template:Lang / Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'yellow'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian	Gmina Istebna<ref name="Dąbrowska">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Example needed			These dialects merge Template:IPA and Template:IPA into Template:IPA.
	Jablunkov<ref name="Dąbrowska"/>	Template:Example needed
Sioux	Lakota	waŋži	Template:IPA	'one'
Slovak		žena	[ʒena]	'woman'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'cereal'	See Slovene phonology
Spanish	Rioplatense<ref name="spanish1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'I'	Most dialects.<ref name="spanish1" /> See Spanish phonology and Template:Lang
	Ecuadorian Andean Spanish<ref>Template:Cite journal </ref> || Template:Lang || Template:IPA || 'they' || See Spanish phonology and Template:Lang
Tadaksahak		Template:IPA		'to answer'
Tagish		Template:IPA		'what'
Turkish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'dew'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'giraffe'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Tutchone	Northern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'what'
	Southern	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'berry'
Ukrainian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'frog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Veps		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'five'
Welayta		Template:IPA		'bush'
West Frisian		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'luggage'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'orange'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	llan	Template:IPA	'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by Template:Angbr is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

In English, the phoneme Template:IPA is often found as a hyperforeign substitute for Template:IPAblink in certain borrowings, Beijing (Mandarin Chinese Template:IPAblink, a voiceless Template:IPAblink), raj, Taj Mahal, and sometimes even parmesan (French Template:IPA; Italian Template:IPA).

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Template:Infobox IPA A voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed Template:Angbr IPA (retracted constricted Template:IPA).

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

Occurrence

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'lake'	A rare post-vocalic allophone of Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Realization of Template:IPA varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology.
Manx<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	'big'	Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of Template:IPA, in free variation with other allophones.

See also

• Ezh
• Voiceless postalveolar fricative
• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiceless retroflex fricative

References

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External links

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