Voiced postalveolar fricative

A voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is a sibilant and one is not.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

A voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

Transcription

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh Template:Angbr (Template:IPAc-en). An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is Template:Angbr, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph Template:Angbr.

File:Palatoalveolar fricative.svg

main}}

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr).

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} occurs as a borrowed phoneme in a number of languages under the influence of French, Persian or Slavic languages, as in the Germanic languages (Dutch, English, German and Luxembourgish), the Romance languages (Italian, and Romanian), the Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Turkish, and Uyghur), and the Uralic languages (Estonian and Hungarian), Breton and Maltese.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The phoneme has the lowest consonant frequency in both English and Persian.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In English and French, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} may have simultaneous lip rounding ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of a voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'beard'
Albanian		lang}}	main}}	'noise'
Arabic	Maghrebi<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'husband'
	Hejazi	lang}}	main}}	'ready'	main}} used by a number of speakers.
Armenian	Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'hour'
Assyrian		lang}}	main}}	'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avar		lang}}	main}}	'today'
Azerbaijani		lang}}	main}}	'blinds'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Berta		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'honey'
Breton		lang}}	main}}	'play'
Bulgarian		lang}}	main}}	'the man'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Eastern	gel	main}}	'ice'	Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal [ʑ] and postalveolar [ʒ] fricative. See Catalan phonology.
Chechen		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'sheep'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	床	main}}	'bed'
	Fuzhou dialect	只隻	main}}	'this one'
Corsican		lang}}	main}}	'church'	Also in Gallurese
Czech		lang}}	main}}	'men'	See Czech phonology
Dutch		lang}}	main}}	'garage'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Dutch phonology.
Emilian	Bolognese	lang}}	main}}	'case'	Apical; not labialized; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'vision'	See English phonology
Esperanto		lang}}	main}}	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
French<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		jour	Template:Audio-IPA	'day'	See French phonology
German	Standard<ref name="MangoldPA">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'garage'	main}}. Only occurs in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Georgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'magazine'
Goemai		zhiem	main}}	'sickle'
Greek	Cypriot	lang}}	main}}	'sky blue'
Gwich’in		lang}}	main}}	'wolf'
Hän		lang}}	main}}	'wolf'
Hebrew		lang}}	main}}	'genre'	Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'dragon'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	lang}}
Hungarian		lang}}	main}}	'rose'	See Hungarian phonology
Ingush		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'sheep'
Italian	Tuscan	lang}}	main}}	'press'	See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish		lang}}	main}}	'woman'
Juǀʼhoan		ju	main}}	'person'
Kabardian		lang}}	main}}	'tree'
Kabyle		lang}}	main}}	'my grandfather'
Kashubian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation		CitationClass=web }}</ref> ||kòżdi rôz ||{{#invoke:IPA|main}}||'constantly'||
Kazakh		lang}}	main}}	'seven'
Latvian		lang}}	main}}	'to dry'	See Latvian phonology
Ligurian		lang}}	main}}	'light'
Limburgish	MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'jeweller'	Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt. The authors state that {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).</ref>
Lithuanian		lang}}	main}}	'wife'	See Lithuanian phonology
Livonian		kūž	main}}	'six'
Lombard	Western	resgiôra	main}}	'matriarch'
Macedonian		lang}}	main}}	'toad'	See Macedonian phonology
Megrelian		ჟირი/žiri	main}}	'two'
Navajo		łizh	main}}	'urine'
Neapolitan		lang}}	main}}	'to slam'
Ngas		zhaam	main}}	'chin'
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'to split'
Occitan	Auvergnat	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'money'	Southern dialects
	Gascon		main}}
Pashto		ژوول/žowul	main}}	'chew'
Persian		lang}}	main}}	'eyelash'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'green'	{{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} merge into {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in these dialects. In standard Polish, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant.
	Lubawa dialect<ref name="Dubisz">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
	Malbork dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
	Ostróda dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
	Warmia dialect<ref name="Dubisz"/>
Portuguese<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'shop'	Also described as alveolo-palatal Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Portuguese phonology
Romani		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'to know'
Romanian		lang}}	main}}	'embers'	See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'hour'	main}}, now primarily heard among older speakers in the south of the island and Vatersay.
Serbo-Croatian		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'yellow'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian	Gmina Istebna<ref name="Dąbrowska">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Example needed			These dialects merge {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} into {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
	Jablunkov<ref name="Dąbrowska"/>	Template:Example needed
Sioux	Lakota	waŋži	main}}	'one'
Slovak		žena	[ʒena]	'woman'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene		lang}}	main}}	'cereal'	See Slovene phonology
Spanish	Rioplatense<ref name="spanish1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'I'	Most dialects.<ref name="spanish1" /> See Spanish phonology and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
	Ecuadorian Andean Spanish<ref>Template:Cite journal </ref> || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'they' || See Spanish phonology and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Tadaksahak		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'to answer'
Tagish		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'what'
Turkish		lang}}	main}}	'dew'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		lang}}	main}}	'giraffe'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Tutchone	Northern	lang}}	main}}	'what'
	Southern	lang}}	main}}	'berry'
Ukrainian		lang}}	main}}	'frog'	See Ukrainian phonology
Veps		lang}}	main}}	'five'
Welayta		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'bush'
West Frisian		lang}}	main}}	'luggage'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		lang}}	main}}	'orange'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	llan	main}}	'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by Template:Angbr is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

In English, the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is often found as a hyperforeign substitute for Template:IPAblink in certain borrowings, Beijing (Mandarin Chinese Template:IPAblink, a voiceless Template:IPAblink), raj, Taj Mahal, and sometimes even parmesan (French {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Italian {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Template:Infobox IPA A voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed Template:Angbr IPA (retracted constricted {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

Occurrence

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'lake'	main}}.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology.
Manx<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'big'	main}}, in free variation with other allophones.

See also

• Ezh
• Voiceless postalveolar fricative
• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiceless retroflex fricative

References

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External links

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