Voiceless postalveolar fricative
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox IPA
A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiceless postalveolar fricative only for the sound [[#Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|Template:IPA]],<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but it also describes the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative Template:IPA, for which there are significant perceptual differences.
Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled Template:Angbr, as in ship.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol Template:Angbr).
An alternative symbol is Template:Angbr, an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Samic, North American and African languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: Template:Sibilant Template:Palato-alveolar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. Template:IPA, although this is usually not transcribed.
Classical Latin did not have Template:IPA, though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, Template:Angbr in French Template:Lang "singer" is pronounced Template:IPA. Template:Lang is descended from Latin Template:Lang, where Template:Angbr was pronounced Template:IPA. The Template:Angbr in Latin Template:Lang "science" was pronounced Template:IPA, but has shifted to Template:IPA in Italian Template:Lang.
Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither Template:IPA nor Template:IPAblink, yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this Template:IPA or Template:IPA descends from a Proto-Germanic Template:IPA. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced Template:IPA. The English word "ship" Template:IPA has been pronounced without the Template:IPA the longest, the word being descended from Old English "Template:Lang" Template:IPA, which already also had the Template:IPA, though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old Template:IPA had once been present.
This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached Template:IPA, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift.
Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon Template:IPAblink phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German Template:IPA but a coronalized Template:IPA. However, the exact realization of Swedish Template:IPA varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as Template:IPAblink. See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was Template:IPA.
The sound in Russian denoted by Template:Angbr is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually an apical retroflex fricative.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
A voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It can be transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA, both of which indicate a Template:IPAblink that is retracted, raised, and voiceless.
Features
Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp | crew | Template:IPA | 'crew' | Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of Template:IPA after the word-initial fortis plosives Template:IPA, unless they are preceded by Template:IPA within the same syllable.Template:Sfnp See English phonology |
Voiceless postalveolar approximant
Template:Infobox IPA Some scholars also posit the voiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BengaliTemplate:Sfnp | Some dialects | Template:Lang | Template:IPA | 'again' | Apical; possible allophone of Template:IPA in the syllable coda.Template:Sfnp See Bengali phonology |
| Spanish | Santiagueño dialect | perro | Template:Audio-IPA | 'dog' | Used instead of rolled r (r) in the dialect of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. |
See also
Notes
References
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