Waikīkī

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Waikīkī (Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:Cite EPD</ref><ref>Template:Cite LPD</ref> Template:IPA) is a Honolulu<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> neighborhood and the eponymous Waikīkī beach on its south shore, on the island of [[Oahu|OTemplate:Okinaahu]] in the U.S. state of Hawaii. (Despite situational use of the spelling "Waikiki", typically in materials aimed at tourists, the spelling "Waikīkī" is official and common.)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Waikīkī Beach is one of six beaches in the district, along with Queen's Beach, Kuhio Beach, Gray's Beach, Fort DeRussy Beach, and Kahanamoku Beach. The sandy beach is almost entirely man-made.<ref name="manmade">Template:Cite news</ref>

Waikīkī (Hawaii) is home to public places including [[Kapiolani Park|KapiTemplate:Okinaolani Park]], Fort DeRussy, Kahanamoku Lagoon, Kūhiō Beach Park, and Ala Wai Harbor. Waikīkī was the first capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1795 to 1796.

Etymology

The Hawaiian language name Template:Lang means "spouting fresh water", for springs and streams that fed wetlands that once separated Waikīkī from the interior.<ref>Template:Hawaiian Dictionaries</ref>

History

After the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Waikīkī was its first capital, 1795–1796.

In the 1800s, the area was a retreat for Hawaiian royalty, who enjoyed surfing there on early forms of longboards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A few small hotels opened in the 1880s. In 1893, Greek-American George Lycurgus leased the guest house of Allen Herbert and renamed it the "Sans Souci" (French for "without worries" or “carefree”) creating one of the first beach resorts. Later that year Robert Louis Stevenson stayed at the resort; subsequently it became a popular destination for mainland tourists.<ref name="greek">Template:Cite journal</ref> The area at coordinates Template:Coord is still called "Sans Souci Beach".<ref name="sansouci">Template:Cite web</ref>

20th century

In the early 1900s, Waikīkī was home to many wetlands, which were claimed to harbor disease-carrying mosquitoes. To get rid of the mosquitoes, developers created the Ala Wai canal. The canal, originally known as the Waikīkī Drainage Canal, was created by a Hawaiian dredging company run by Walter F. Dillingham. The project took about seven years, 1921–1928.<ref name=":0" />

Duke Kahanamoku became a well-known surfer in Waikīkī. Throughout his life and after competing in the Olympics, many people around the world wanted to learn to surf. Duke's influence made Waikīkī beach a surfing hotspot.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Dukes", a club in Waikīkī named for Kahanamoku, helped Don Ho produce music and hosted the longest-running show in Waikīkī.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The first high-rise hotels on Waikīkī were built in 1955, including the Waikiki Biltmore and Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel. Development boomed due to demand, and the area became filled with large resort hotels, such as the Hilton Hawaiian Village, Halekulani, the Hyatt Regency Waikiki, Marriott Waikiki, Sheraton Waikiki. These complemented historic hotels dating back to the early 20th century such as the Moana Surfrider Hotel and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel.

Changes in the shoreline

Waikīkī developed erosion problems starting in the late 1800s, as hotels and homes were built too close to the natural shoreline, while seawalls and other structures blocked the natural ebb and flow of sand along the beach.Template:R

In the 1920s and 1930s, sand was imported from Manhattan Beach, California, via ship and barge.<ref name="Manhattan_Beach_sand">Template:Cite web</ref>

Before 1950, Waikīkī beaches were continuous. Then seawalls and groins began to appear. These helped build sand at one beach, but typically appropriated sand from others. They became separated into sections, some with sandy beach and others without. By 1950, more than 80 structures, including seawalls, groins, piers, and storm drains, occupied the Waikīkī shoreline.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref>

Following World War II, Waikīkī beach restoration efforts have occurred every few years. Sand was imported to this artificial beach from the 1920s to the 1970s, once by boat and barge from Southern California. Template:Convert of shoreline was replenished at a cost of $2.4 million following chronic erosion of more than a foot a year.<ref name="HM 2009-02-20">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Importing stopped in the 1970s. In March 1971, the Corps of Engineers Pacific Ocean Division, created a Draft Environmental Statement for the Kuhio Beach Sector of Waikīkī, which aimed to improve the overall quality and size of the fading and narrowing shoreline.<ref name=":1" />

21st century

From October 29 through November 4, 2000, the first FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships were held in the waters off Waikīkī Beach.<ref>HistoFINA, volume 10 Template:Webarchive; published by FINA; published=2009-07-01, retrieved=2012-03-03 (FINA's self-history, 2009 edition; volume 10 deals with Open Water Swimming).</ref>

A partial restoration was completed in the spring of 2012. The project imported sand from nearby shoals and widened the Template:Convert beach by about Template:Convert between the Royal Hawaiian Hotel concrete groin and the Kūhiō Beach crib wall. The project temporarily restored the beach to its 1985 shoreline.<ref name="nourish">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two aging sandbag groin structures were also removed that year.<ref name="habel">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2017, beach erosion worsened with high-energy king tides and elevated sea levels. Honolulu's mayor stated: "I'm not a scientist, but I'll get a jackhammer in there and remove all the concrete that's there creating this backwash and sucking out more sand, plus it's just downright dangerous."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The beach hosts many events, including surf competitions, outdoor performances, hula dancing, and outrigger canoe races. The many amenities, shops, and hotels enable Waikīkī to generate approximately 42 percent of Hawaiʻi's visitor revenue.<ref name="Honolulu Magazine 2018">Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

The neighborhood extends from the Ala Wai Canal (a channel dug to drain wetlands) on the west and north, to Diamond Head (LēTemplate:Okinaahi, tuna brow) on the east. Waikīkī Beach is noted for its views of the Diamond Head tuff cone, its usually warm and cloud-free climate, and its surf break.<ref name="Waikiki Historic Trail Map">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Ho‘okuleana">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Ejiri">Template:Cite thesis</ref> The Waikīkī skyline is filled with high-rises and resort hotels.

Beaches

Waikīkī Beach

Before 1950, the beach in the Waikīkī neighborhood was continuous and known as Waikīkī Beach. Seawalls and other developments have since separated the coast into eight distinct beaches.<ref name=":3" /> Since 1951, nearly Template:Convert of sand have been added to restore the beach in the region,Template:Fact but it is believedTemplate:By whom? that little of the added sand remains. As of 2020 the family of beaches in the region are still referred to as "Waikīkī Beach", but most venues and addresses will use the name of a specific subsidiary beach.

From Waikīkī Beach the sunset in the sea is visible from mid-September to late March. Half of the beach is marked off for surfers. For some distance into the ocean the water is quite shallow, with numerous rocks on the bottom. The waves can have some force, particularly on windy days. The surf is known for its long rolling break, making it ideal for long boarding, tandem surfing, and beginners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Subsidiary beaches

Largely as a result of shoreline development, Waikīkī has eight beaches. They are Ft. DeRussy Beach, Duke Kahanamoku Beach, Halekulani Beach, Royal Hawaiian Beach, Kūhiō Beach, KapiTemplate:Okinaolani Beach, Queens Beach, and Kaimana Beach.

Thoroughfares

Waikīkī's main thoroughfare is Kalākaua Avenue, named after King Kalākaua, which houses most of the high-end hotels (Royal Hawaiian, Sheraton, Hyatt, Marriott, Moana Surfrider Hotel), most of the luxury designer brand stores (Apple Store, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Burberry, Dior, Tiffany & Co., Fendi, Harry Winston, Saint Laurent, Gucci, and Hermès), department store (Macy's), and popular surf clothing brand stores (Quiksilver, Billabong, Volcom). Waikīkī's other main thoroughfare, Kūhiō Avenue, named after Prince Kūhiō, is better known for its restaurants, cafes and grocers, along with its clubs, nightlife and prostitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Public art

In 1990, the Template:Convert bronze statue of Duke Kahanamoku by Gordon Fisher was installed at Waikīkī Beach, accompanied by a bronze replica of his surfboard, honorary spears, and commemorative bronze plaques. It serves as a culture and tourist locale with thousands of annual visitors and numerous cultural events.<ref name="ST">Template:Cite web</ref> Seven years later, Billy Fields created The Stones of Life (in Hawaiian: Nā Pōhaku Ola O Kapaemahu A Me Kapuni), a sculpture incorporating ancient basaltic stones, was installed nearby and is considered a local monument.<ref name="MOCA">Template:Cite web</ref> A bronze sculpture in KapiTemplate:Okinaolani Park of Mahatma Gandhi by Stephen Lowe entitled "A Fistful of Salt" was a gift in 1990 from the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation and the Jhamandas Watumull Fund.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At Kūhiō Beach and Queens Beach, three public artworks were installed in the early 2000s. The bronze statue of Prince Jonah Kuhio by Sean Browne<ref name="sa">Template:Cite news</ref> and the children's story sculpture Makua and Kila by Holly Young were installed in 2001. Robert Pashby's Surfer on a Wave was installed at Queens Beach in 2003.<ref name="ST2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Beach issues

Erosion

Waikīkī beach has had repeated problems with erosion, leading to the construction of groins and beach replenishment projects.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Imported sand came from California, local beaches such as Pāpōhaku Beach on Moloka‘i, and a sandbar from Oʻahu's Northern side near Kahuku.<ref name=":2" /> Officials look for ways to sustain the existing sand by eliminating loss due to tidal flow.<ref name="Waikiki Beach erosion">Template:Cite web</ref>

Erosion claims about Template:Convert of beach per year.<ref name=":3" /> Local sources are sought for sand to replenish the beach.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Water quality

Waikīkī Beach had repeated contamination problems due to sewage spills in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Homelessness

Many homeless people settle around the beach because of the public shower and sanitary facilities available there. The Honolulu Police Department has increased patrolling in and around Waikīkī Beach with assistance from other city agencies and local businesses to prevent homeless people from making camp in this area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education

Hawaii state Department of Education operates conventional public schools throughout Hawaii. Thomas Jefferson Elementary School is located in Waikīkī proper, while Waikīkī Elementary School is located nearby, at the makai (seaward) edge of the Kapahulu neighborhood.<ref>"School Information Template:Webarchive." Waikiki Elementary School. Retrieved on May 22, 2009.</ref>

The Hawaii State Public Library System operates the Waikīkī Public Library.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>