Wye College
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox university
The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye, commonly known as Wye College, was an education and research institution in the village of Wye, Kent. In 1447, Cardinal John Kempe founded his chantry there which also educated local children.<ref name="arch">Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp Template:As of, it still includes a rare, complete example of medieval chantry college buildings.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp
After abolition in 1545, parts of the premises were variously occupied as mansion, grammar school, charity school, infant school and national school, before purchase by Kent and Surrey County Councils to provide men's technical education.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp For over a hundred years Wye became the school, then college, of London University most concerned with rural subjects, including agricultural sciences; business management; agriculture; horticulture, and agricultural economics.<ref name="dist" /> Chemist and Actonian Prize winner, Louis Wain<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp developed synthetic auxin selective herbicides 2,4-DB, MCPB and Bromoxynil at Wye in the 1950s<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp alongside his other research into insecticides, plant growth regulators and fungicides.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp Wain's colleague Gerald Wibberley championed alternative priorities for the college with an early emphasis on land use and the environment.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp
Following World War II and a 1947 merger with Swanley Horticultural College for women,<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp Wye transformed itself from small agricultural college, providing local practical instruction, to university<ref name="world" />Template:Rp for a rapidly increasing number<ref name="mcgill" /> of national and international students.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp Successive phases of expansion developed the college's campus along Olantigh Road,<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp Withersdane Hall the country's first post-war, purpose built university hall of residence,<ref name="world">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp and accumulated an estate of nearly Template:Convert.<ref name="estate" /> However, after a difficult 2000 merger with Imperial College and controversial 2005 attempt to build 4,000 houses on its farmland, Imperial College at Wye closed in 2009.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
Template:As of, the pioneering postgraduate distance learning programme created at Wye College continued within SOAS.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp Many of the college buildings have been redeveloped, though some are retained for community use or occasional public access.<ref name="latins" />
History
Chantry
Church leaders from the 14th century onwards were concerned by the influence of John Wyclif and his fellow Lollards on the Weald and Romney Marsh. They felt priests educated in Latin and theology, living in the community, would be better able to counter circulation of heretical translations and interpretation. Where these priests' persuasion failed, the alerted church authorities could punish committed dissenters, or even have them burnt<ref name="draper">Template:Cite journal</ref> as at Wye in 1557.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp Several chantries were established in the vicinity, at least in part for this purpose.<ref name="draper" />
In 1432, John Kempe, then Archbishop of York and a native of adjoining Olantigh, was granted royal license by King Henry VI to found the College of Saints Gregory and Martin in the parish of Wye.<ref name="wyecol">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1447 after protracted negotiation, he obtained about an acre of land, including dwellings known as Shalewell, Goldsmyth and Shank, from the Abbot and Convent of Battle who owned the Manor of Wye. Kempe constructed the Latin School, and buildings around a cloistered quadrangle for the accommodation of secular priests.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp There were up to ten priests at any one time in his chantry.<ref name="wyecol" /> Kempe had also rebuilt adjoining Wye Church in 1447 and Archbishop of Canterbury, John Stafford granted its vicarship to the college. The priests acted as a college of canons for the now collegiate church; performed their chantry duties for the Kempes' souls,<ref name="churchy">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and included a teacher of grammar (Latin). The master had to be a scholar of theology and member of Kempe's alma mater, Merton College.<ref name="wyecol" />
Kempe's statutes required the college to teach all scholars free, both rich and poor, though as a welcome seasonal exception grateful students could reward the schoolmaster with gifts of fowl and pennies on Saint Nicholas Day, confuetam galloram & denariorum Sancti Nicholai gratuitam oblationem.<ref name="genti">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The dedication to Saint Gregory and Saint Martin mirrors that of Kempe's adjoining church. An earlier 1290 Wye Church, on the site, had been solely named for Saint Gregory. The further reference, at both the college and church, to Saint Martin may have been to recognise the contribution of Battle Abbey, itself dedicated to him.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp
By 1450, Wye College had appropriated the pilgrim's church at Boughton Aluph, and acquired land in Canterbury, Wye, Boughton Aluph, Crundale, Godmersham, Bethersden and Postling. King Edward IV granted it the west Kent coast churches of Newington, Brenzett and Broomhill in 1465.<ref name="wyecol" />
The rules were not universally upheld. In 1511, Master Goodhewe was reported to Archbishop Warham for appointing himself, rather than other fellows, to the College's remunerated positions, and taking the entire benefit of its endowment to the neglect of divine service and the cure of souls. He failed to annually proclaim Kempe's statutes and maintained a relationship with a woman, in breach of them. Goodhewe also found time to be Rector of Staplehurst without papal dispensation to hold two incompatible benefices. But he was not removed from office for his misconduct.<ref name="churchy"/>Template:Rp<ref name="wyecol" />
By 1534 the college had annual gross income of £125 15s 4Template:1/2d,<ref name="wyecol" /> or over £94,000 at 2022 values.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Richard Ewan | Appointed 1448 |
| Thomas Gauge | In post 1450, resigned 1462 |
| Nicholas Wright | Appointed 1462, in post 1470 |
| John Goodhewe | Appointed 1500, ceased 1519<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp |
| Richard Waltare / Walker | In post 1525, 1534, 1535 |
| Edward Bowden | Surrendered the college 1545 |
Other partially surviving chantry colleges near Wye include the larger Maidstone,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and smaller Cobham Colleges.<ref name="cob" /> Traces remain at Ashford.<ref name="draper" />
After abolition
The college was surrendered in 1545 under the Abolition of Chantries Act of that year, its assets appropriated for the Court of Augmentations. An inventory was valued at £7 1s 1d plus a silver salt at £3; silver spoons at 27s 6d, and two old masters at 6s 8d.<ref name="wyecol" />
Apart from its principal buildings the college owned nearby Perry Court, and Surrenden manors, together with the rectory and advowson of Broomhill on Romney Marsh. It was entitled to annual payments of 33s 4d from Westwell rectory, 10s from Hothfield rectory and 8s from Eastwell rectory. The college owned other land in Wye, Withersdane, Naccolt, Hinxhill, Godmersham, Crundale, Great Chart, Bethersden, Postling, Westbury and Broomhill.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
These properties were alienated first to Catherine Parr's Secretary, Walter Buckler for £200, who promptly sold them in 1546 to his brother in law, and property speculator, Maurice Denys. Following Denys' disgrace the college was acquired by William Damsell in 1553, thence passing on death in 1582 to his four daughters.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp<ref name="wyecol" />
As the seized lands passed from the Crown, and onwards, they did so subject to conditions, echoing Kempe's statutes, requiring the owners to "at all times provide and maintain a sufficient Schoolmaster capable of teaching boys and young lads in the art of Grammar, without fee or reward, in this parish". Those terms were met haphazardly in the coming years.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp In 1557, Archdeacon Harpsfield urged William Damsell be reminded of his obligations. Damsell had only been paying £9 of the £17 due each year, even though his former college lands in Wye alone gave him annual rents of £80.<ref name="harp">Template:Cite book</ref> Harpsfield's treatment of Damsell was lenient by comparison to the two Protestants he ordered burnt to death at Wye that same year.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp By 1596 it was noted, during a Commission of Inquiry at Deptford, that payments to a Wye schoolmaster required under the college's original transfer to Buckler were no longer being made.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
The college buildings were occupied as a substantial private residence in 1610 for the Twysden family, incorporating the extant, fine Jacobean staircase and imposing fireplaces to the Hall and Parlour. The family may have previously occupied it as tenants of lawyer Henry Haule.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
In about 1626, King Charles I granted the forfeit former Wye College rectories of Boughton Aluph, Brenzett and Newington to reward his loyal supporter Robert Maxwell. The proviso was added Maxwell and his successors paid £16 per year, which reinstated the lapsed stipend for a Wye schoolmaster.<ref name="commis" /> Years later the sum would be diminished by inflation and several holders of the position faced short tenure and great financial hardship.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp<ref name="commis" />
With salary back in place, the following year a grammar school for boys opened in part of the college<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp though the southern range continued to be used as a private house in ownership of the Winchilsea Finch family from Eastwell. Restoration poet Ann Finch and her husband Heneage lived quietly at Wye College from 1690 to 1708 to avoid persecution at Court for their Jacobite sympathies. Several of her works refer directly or indirectly to the college and their time there, including reaction to a chimney fire in 1702.<ref name="finch">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="evid" />Template:Rp
Wye College's grammar school did not achieve the prominence of rival Eton College though its alumni included notables such as journalist Alaric Alexander Watts<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp and Robert Plot, first keeper of Oxford's Ashmolean Museum.<ref name="plot" /> In 1762 there were 40 boarders and 100-day pupils but during other periods considerably less, if any at all.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp Sometimes the position was treated as little more than a sinecure.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
In 1868 the grammar school's position was bleak. Although teaching of classics was free, locals were concerned about increasing costs for tuition in other subjects. The school had only four boarders despite a capacity for 40. An alternative curriculum was considered and unless changes were made, an inspector concluded it would be hard to "keep a good master for £16 and half a house".<ref name="commis" />
| William Clifton<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp<ref name="harp" />Template:Efn | In office 1557, 1569, 1581 |
| Isaac Nicholls<ref name="churchy" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn | In office 1602 |
| Surety-on-High Nicholls<ref name="sut">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn | In office 1642 |
| Henry Bradshaw<ref name="return">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn | 1640s |
| William Fenby<ref name="reco" /> | In office 1661 |
| Jeremy Dodson<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp | In office 1664 |
| John Paris<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn | 1665–1677 |
| Robert Wrentmore<ref name="reco" />Template:Efn | In office 1684 |
| Samuel Pratt<ref name="prat" /> | In office 1684 |
| John Warham<ref name="reco" /> | In office 1714 |
| Thomas Turner<ref name="reco" /> | In office 1717 |
| Johnson Towers<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1754–1762 |
| Philip Parsons<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> | 1762–1812 |
| W T Ellis<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1812–1815 |
| Charles Knowles<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1815–1816 |
| William Morris<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1817–1832 |
| Robert Billing<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp<ref name="arch" />Template:RpTemplate:Efn | 1834–1854 |
| William Bell<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1854–1855 |
| Samuel Cummings<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1855–1855 |
| Edward Ollivant<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1855–1866 |
| George Frederick Noade<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1866–1867 |
| John Major<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1867–1870 |
| Henry Holmes<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1870–1878 |
Lady Joanna Thornhill School
Cardinal Kempe's nephew Thomas Kempe sold Olantigh to Sir Timothy Thornhill in 1607.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 1708 will of Lady Joanna Thornhill,<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref> the daughter of Sir Bevil Grenville, second wife of descendant Richard Thornhill, and Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Catherine of Braganza provided funds to care for and educate the children of Wye.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Her trust purchased parts of the college buildings and other property for that purpose.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
Sir George Wheler, who some sources claim was Lady Joanna Thornhill's nephew, acquired the private mansion – the southern range, garden, outbuildings and Latin School in 1713.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp He had been a pupil at Wye Grammar School but "learnt little" there.<ref name="wheler" />Template:Rp
That transaction left the college part owned by Lady Thornhill's trust and, on Wheler's death in 1724, part by his. A grammar school still operated in the Latin School and buildings around the cloister.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
The grammar school headmaster received free personal accommodation from Wheler's trust, use of the Latin School for classes and the £16, but had to pay rent to Thornhill's trust for other school space. The Thornhill trust operated its own charity schools for boys and girls in the Old Hall and Parlour respectively. Their schoolmaster received £30 per annum salary and the school mistress £20, from rent on property purchased in Wye and on Romney Marsh.<ref name="auto" />
By the late 18th century there were over 100 children attending Lady Thornhills school.<ref name="auto" /> In 1839, rather than join the non-denominational British and Foreign School Society it affiliated with the Church of England's National Society for Promoting Religious Education, becoming a national school.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
Wheler's will provided an annual £10 exhibition, increased to £20 by his son,<ref name="auto" /> for local boys from Lady Thornhill's charity school to receive instruction at Wye Grammar School and then attend Lincoln College. The scholarship was funded by the rent charge on a house in Whitehall which Wheler owned. Unfortunately by 1790, that charge had become impossible to collect. Its absence was still greatly lamented, nearly a century later, both by Wye Grammar School<ref name="commis">Template:Cite book</ref> and Lincoln College.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:AnchorTrustees of Lady Thornhill's charity school, requiring more space for girls, converted an outbuilding at the south east of the grammar school garden for the purpose. The space, with extant exposed crown post roof, belonging to Sir George Wheler's trust became known as the college Wheelroom.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
Nevertheless, the situation was poor. An inspector passed the facilities "but with the greatest reluctance". He observed the Old Hall used as boys' schoolroom "though a fine old room, is ill-adapted for a school and requires constant repair", and bemoaned that "as long as they are allowed to use this old room, the inhabitants of Wye will not lift a finger towards the erection of new schools". His conclusion was that Wye "has about the worst schools in the neighbourhood".<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
In 1878 the Wheler / Thornhill trusts and operation of the grammar and charity school premises they owned were combined,<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp and two years later to comply with the Elementary Education Act 1870 the girls' Wheelroom was leased to Wye and Brook School Board for use as an infant school.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
| Edward Vincer<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | In office 1797 |
| William Adams<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | In office Template:Circa, Template:Circa |
| Henry Holmes<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | 1855–1859 |
| John Herbert<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | Appointed 1859, in office 1862 |
South Eastern Agricultural College
Duty imposed upon beer and spirits under the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 60),<ref name="whisk">Template:Cite web</ref> commonly known as Whiskey Money, was intended to compensate licensees in the country required to close. It created an income which Sir Arthur Dyke Acland instead proposed to Parliament be earmarked for the new county councils to spend on technical instruction. His amendment, it is reported, was adopted by a lethargic and half empty house.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
There were some institutions offering short courses in Agriculture but very few opportunities for degree courses. The Normal School of Science, shortly to merge and form Imperial College, had only graduated seven agricultural students per year between 1878 and 1887. There had been proposals for a single, central agricultural university, potentially near Derby, but no appetite for a network of them or state funding.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp However nationally, now county councils chose to spend £80,000 per year of the Whiskey Money specifically for agricultural education.<ref name="eduhist">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
The combined Lady Thornhill Trust owned its school premises; nearby Amage Farm, and agricultural land on Romney Marsh. An 1891 proposal from the Earl of Winchilsea envisaged this should be the basis of a 40 male student agricultural college for Kent, Surrey and Sussex,<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp funded by Whiskey Money.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp East and West Sussex County Councils dropped out of the scheme, and the farms were not immediately available, but negotiations took place<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp for newly formed<ref name="world" />Template:Rp Kent County Council and Surrey County Council to purchase the school premises and a lease was arranged<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp for Template:Convert of land<ref name="world" />Template:Rp at Coldharbour Farm<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp from Erle-Drax's Olantigh Estate.<ref name="auto" /> Coldharbour was considered difficult, inhospitable, and a suitable challenge for the college to prove its ability to local farmers.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
In 1892, Kent and Surrey county councils obtained the old chantry premises for £1,000, the schools moving to a new building on land Lady Thornhill's trust owned in Bridge Street,<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp and in 1894 opened the South Eastern Agricultural College there. They appointed chemist, socialist and former schoolmaster Alfred Daniel Hall as principal<ref name="smith">Template:Cite thesis</ref>Template:Rp and he opened with thirteen students. It was then the first and only college founded and maintained by public money solely for the benefit of agriculture in England. Hall's student roll grew to 46 in 1900; 71 in 1902, and 124 in 1913.<ref name="stew">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
Unconventionally for a college of agriculture, Hall chose to appoint teaching staff that were scientists rather than agriculturalists with some scientific insight, and at opening, none had agricultural experience. He later accepted that with his initial over-emphasis on basic science the establishment was fortunate to be accepted so quickly by the farming community. Rather than entrust the new college's farm to Hall's team the governors chose to run it themselves with the help of a bailiff. It was not until Frank Baybrook Smith briefly joined the college to teach agriculture that the governors felt sufficiently confident in the academic team to relinquish direct control of the college farm.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
Between 1892 and 1894, the existing buildings were extensively refurbished at a cost of £18,000; a lecture theatre (Old Lecture Theatre) was abutted to the Parlour repurposed as a library, and biological laboratory (Lecture Room A) constructed north west of the cloister range. Original accommodation to the south of the cloister housed the principal. A chemistry laboratory was arranged in the Wheelroom, and housekeeping wing formed between it and the cloister range to service a refectory in the Old Hall. First floor space north of the cloister, and above the new biological laboratory and housekeeping wing, provided 20 student rooms. Others were to be accommodated in village houses.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
Entomologist of independent means, Frederick Theobald joined the opening college as lecturer in agricultural zoology, and later became vice-principal. He remained at Wye throughout his career.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp Theobald's work transitioned a discipline that had been a matter of simply collecting insects to the study of damage they did to crops and how to mitigate it. He spent much of his time curating economic zoology and mosquito collections at the British Museum, and ceased lecturing at Wye from 1920 in favour of agricultural extension. Theobald's research on mosquitos and tropical sanitation earned him international recognition including the Order of Osmanieh and Mary Kingsley Medal. He lived at Wye Court until death in 1930, his coffin carried from there by former colleagues and students to Wye Church for burial.<ref name="theo" />
In its early years only about a fifth of the South Eastern Agricultural College student intake was for three-year qualifications. Others undertook short, more applied instruction for two-year diplomas, or leading to a single year certificate.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp Short courses were provided, for instance to local school teachers tasked with instructing their pupils in nature topics.<ref name="adhall" />Template:Rp
As well as teaching and research, academics and other staff at the South Eastern Agricultural College, throughout its existence, provided agricultural extension services to farmers and growers in the south-east of England.<ref name="cent" /> Hall gave book-keeping and other advice to the Guinness hop farms;<ref name="fms">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp Ernest Stanley Salmon helped hop and other growers combat fungi,<ref name="sal" /> while Theobald advised those confronting crop pests.<ref name="theo" /> Their colleagues dealt with all manner of technical requirements, even designing an innovative aerating sewage treatment plant for nearby Olantigh.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Complementing individual consultations and publications,<ref name="j1909">Template:Cite journal</ref> college staff toured the south-east of England giving lectures to agricultural or rural organisations on "fruit growing, farriery, poultry, bee keeping, and numerous veterinary topics",<ref name="world" />Template:Rp sometimes in migratory vans specially prepared for these roadshows. In Wye they regularly gave talks to the village school, and the laboratories offered a service analysing soil, forage and milk,<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp and performing veterinary post-mortems.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
At the end of its first year of operation Wye's College had cost Kent and Surrey county councils £25,000 split 3:2 in their agreed proportions. The two counties combined technical education budget at the time was only £37,000 per year. In addition to their normal annual contributions the counties had to make exceptional 1895 payments to cover their college's deficit and stringent cost cutting was enforced in place of the earlier largess. Grants from the Board of Agriculture and those changes put the college back onto a sound financial footing ready for further premises expansion.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
Going forward, and particularly following 1910's Liberal government policy for expansion of agriculture and establishment of the Development Fund, this financial burden on the councils diminished,<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp falling to only £3,000 by 1925.<ref name="saunter">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Indeed, itinerant agriculture lecturer Hall<ref name="smith" />Template:Rp left Rothamsted in 1912 to become one of eight commissioners to the Development Fund. The college would be able to seek annual grants from successive central government agriculture or education departments by presenting itself alternately as an agricultural institution or university respectively.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
| 1895 | Cottages on Wye High Street, between the college and Olantigh Road, purchased. Initially for student accommodation but later demolished to make way for a main entrance.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
The South Eastern Agricultural College at Wye immediately took advantage of the University of London Act 1898 and became one of its federated schools<ref name="world" />Template:Rp with such privileges as it would have had if situated within the administrative county of London. Even in formal documents it was also referred to as Wye College at the time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From 1894, students seeking a three-year qualification completed the college's two-year diploma and were then prepared a further year for examination by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, the Surveyors' Institution or by Cambridge University. The arrangement was reversed for the new London University Bachelor of Science degree. Students could take first year basic science courses anywhere in the university's Faculty of Science and the latter years provided specialist teaching such as agricultural chemistry, agricultural botany and agricultural engineering.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
| 1901 | Architect Thomas Collcutt, noted for the Savoy Hotel and Palace Theatre, had prepared designs that would complete the college facing onto Wye High Street. Unlike his dramatic earlier work these buildings drew from Arts and Crafts themes incorporating traditional materials.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp |
| West quadrangle built out to the college boundary, including a lecture hall (Lecture Room B); botany and zoology rooms; museum; drawing office and common room. A new chemistry wing (Lecture Room C) constructed to the north east and 30 student rooms provided on the first floor.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
Alfred Daniel Hall removed to Rothamsted in 1902 to continue his marriage of agriculture and science.<ref name="perc" />Template:Rp At Wye he was replaced as principal by his Oxford contemporary Malcolm Dunstan, formerly director of the Midland Agricultural and Dairy Institute.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
Hall's departure was promptly followed by opening botany lecturer and vice-principal John Percival who moved to the University of Reading and became founding father of the faculty of agriculture there. Seeds Percival took with him formed the nucleus of a native European wheat variety collection eventually numbering over 2,500 varieties in the 1930s.<ref name="perc">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
John Russell had joined the college in 1901 and took over chemistry teaching from Henry Cousins.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp Russell began research into soil microbiology determining that oxygen uptake could be used to measure micro-organism activity in a soil sample. However, he too departed in 1907 taking up an invitation to rejoin Hall at Rothamstead.<ref name="jruss" />Template:Rp In 1968, Wye College's Russell Laboratories were named for him.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
In 1903, the college appointed C S Orwin its lecturer in farm management and book-keeping. At opening he had been the first potential student interviewed by Hall<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp and went on to be treasurer of the college's students' union in its first year. Orwin remained on staff for three years and was later appointed by Hall to lead the Department of Agricultural Economics created at Oxford.<ref name="cent" /> Academics at Wye sought early ways to establish the actual cost of agricultural products on farm, albeit with varied success, and double entry book-keeping was then a part of the curriculum.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp
| 1904 | Workshops for practical instruction (latterly parts of the maintenance and housekeeping department) constructed along Olantigh Road to the north east of existing buildings.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
| 1906 | Construction of north and south quadrangles with gymnasium on the later dining hall site. The enclosure comprised research laboratories; offices (Agriculture Department), and student rooms on the first floor.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
| 1912 | North, and part of the east, to what would become the front quadrangle, constructed incorporating research laboratory and student space.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
In 1913, East Malling and Wye Fruit Experimental Station established on Template:Convert bought by Kent County Council at East Malling. It was under the college's control and initially advised by botanist V H Blackman of Imperial College. Ronald Hatton was appointed director of the station in 1914 and remained in post for the rest of his career. Hatton prioritised basic research; was concerned about the conditions of horticultural workers like fellow socialist Hall, and merely tolerated requests for practical advice from growers. The station became independent of the college in 1921.<ref name="smith" />Template:Rp
| 1914 | Gateway and porters' lodge constructed completing the college's front quadrangle.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
The 1894 premises included chemical and biological laboratories. By 1901 expansion meant rooms could be dedicated to a drawing office as well as botany, zoology and analytical laboratories. With completion of works in 1914, space would be made available to support study of agriculture, horticulture, entomology, mycology, dairying, engineering, economics and physics. There was an iron workshop / forge and accommodation for operational research.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
During World War I, student numbers shrank as students enlisted. A 28 bed reception hospital operated from 1915 to 1916 and subsequently a Red Cross supply depot<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp was organised by Mrs Barnard of Withersdane Hall<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and principal Dunstan's daughter Hester.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp The War Office presented the college with a German field gun in gratitude.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp
Malcolm Dunstan left Wye in 1922 to lead the Royal Agricultural College.<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp He was replaced by Robert Wilson, formerly principal of the East Anglian Institute of Agriculture.<ref name="wilson" />
| 1924 | Southern Table Poultry Research Station opened<ref name="smith" />Template:Rp by the National Poultry Institute, with funding from Government and British Poultry Council.<ref name="eduhist" />Template:Rp Initial research was on suitable nutrition for the birds.<ref name="smith" />Template:Rp The college was already engaged in egg-laying competitions for ducks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> |
| 1925 | Pig research unit established.<ref name="country">Template:Cite web</ref> Until this time pig production, along with the rearing of poultry or rabbits, bee-keeping and even production of pigeons for meat, was considered part of horticulture.<ref name="smith" />Template:Rp |
| Template:AnchorRow of Houses (Squires) to north of the college on Olantigh Road purchased. They had been built in 1905.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | |
| Taper of land north of the college to the Occupation Road crossroads purchased<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp from Erle-Drax family as a part of their disposal of Wye Court and other Olantigh Estate property.<ref name="stuff">Template:Cite web</ref> Initially the space was used as garden, but would be developed as laboratories and the New Lecture Theatre.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
Lord Northbourne joined the college's board of governors in 1925. He was also on the board of future merger partner Swanley Horticultural College and remained a governor of Wye College until 1965.<ref name="northb">Template:Cite journal</ref>
| 1927 | Amage, Coldharbour and Silks Farm purchased,<ref name="country" /> again likely from the Erle-Drax family.<ref name="auto" /> |
| 1935 | Template:AnchorGuinness Laboratories constructed, north of the main college buildings,<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp for the Hop Research Department.<ref name="country" /> Works were funded by the eponymous brewing company and opened by the Earl of Iveagh in 1936.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp The vaguely Arts and Crafts design was considered old fashioned at the time, particularly for a scientific research building isolated from the original college's medieval fabric.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp |
Ahead of war in 1939, Betteshanger Summer School visited the college farm. Lord Northbourne, originator of the term organic farming, hosted a biodynamic agriculture study week and was governor of the college.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
During World War II the college initially remained open, alongside providing training to the Women's Land Army, but closed in autumn 1940,<ref name="wilson" /> its accommodation requisitioned for 180 Land Army recruits. Remaining students and faculty transferred to the University of Reading<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp but principal Robert Wilson died in September 1940.<ref name="wilson" /> Military Southern Command used some of the buildings.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp General Montgomery, Corps Commander for the South East, was a frequent visitor, briefing troops in the Old Lecture Theatre and Latin School.<ref name="upd">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="evid">Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp The college dining hall (Wheelroom) provided a space for servicemen's Catholic Mass, the first time it had been celebrated in the village of Wye since the Reformation.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp
With the end of hostilities Withersdane Hall was purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard to house students of Swanley Horticultural College. Initially they lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on its grounds.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp Botanist Norah Lillian Penston joined the South Eastern Agricultural College, ahead of its merger with Swanley College, as first female vice-principal. She went on to lead Wye's Department of Biological Science until 1951.<ref name ="pens">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:AnchorFormer World War II RAF Wing Commander<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp Dunstan Skilbeck was appointed principal at the end of the war. A "forceful character", he remained in post for 23 years modelling Wye on an Oxford college, establishing and reinforcing traditions such as formal dining and the wearing of academic gowns. He took particular interest in forming the college's archeological society<ref name="skil">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp and beagle pack.<ref name="w2014" />Template:Rp
Template:AnchorSkilbeck was joined by Louis Wain, returning to Wye as head of the two person chemistry department. He had previously been a temporary lecturer between 1937 and 1939. Wain went on to be head of Wye's ARC Plant Growth Substances and Systemic Fungicides Unit, and contributed to agricultural chemistry research at the college for fifty years.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp While at Wye he developed and patented early synthetic auxin selective herbicides 2,4-DB, MCPB, Bromoxynil and Ioxynil.<ref name="wain"/>Template:Rp Wain was widely regarded as "Wye's unofficial chief scientist" and "ambassador" responsible for much of the college's reputation.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp His work there also created herbicide Mecoprop, fungicides Captan and Wyerone, as well as innovative plant growth regulators and insecticides.<ref name="wain"/>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
| 1947 | Construction of premises for the National Agricultural Advisory Service at the north-west corner of the estate, along Olantigh Road. The service took over agricultural extension tasks the college had performed for the south-east of England, albeit co-located and in close co-operation.<ref name="cent">Template:Cite journal</ref> |
In 1947, the South Eastern Agricultural College formally amalgamated with Swanley Horticultural College as the School of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during World War II and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp
| Alfred Daniel Hall | 1894–1902<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp |
| Malcolm Dunstan | 1902–1922<ref name="stew" />Template:Rp |
| Robert Wilson | 1922–1940<ref name="wilson">Template:Cite journal</ref> |
| Dunstan Skilbeck | 1945–1948<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp |
Wye College
On 13 September 1948 Wye College was incorporated, by royal charter of King George VI, a full institution of the University of London as The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye generally known as "Wye College". Its objects included:-<ref name="1948act" />
The major impact for the college was a cessation of short and diploma courses in favour of entirely degree-level education,<ref name="trus" />Template:Rp which occurred alongside transfer of its agricultural extension work to the newly formed National Agricultural Advisory Service.<ref name="cent" /> Over the next 20 years the institution was to transform itself from a local agricultural college that "happened to have a network of international contacts" to a truly "national and international" establishment combining the "practical and academic".<ref name="world" />Template:Rp
| 1948 | Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp This was to be a nucleus for the country's first purpose built post-war university hall of residence.<ref name="world" />Template:Rp |
Template:AnchorIn 1951, a room behind the college's Jacobean staircase north west of the cloister was converted to a chapel and consecrated by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury. Paintings to be hung on the walls were provided by principal Dunstan Skilbeck's father and pews salvaged from the collapsed Eastwell Church. It had been a toilet before earlier transformation to small laboratory.<ref name="skil"/>Template:Rp There has been speculation this room was originally the chantry's library.<ref name="cob" />
The refurbishment featured a stained glass window designed by Michael Farrar-Bell, looking onto Wye Church, incorporating the University of London coat of arms, and depictions of King Henry VI and Cardinal Kempe.<ref name="crag" />Template:Rp
The chapel was reconsecrated in 1997,<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp and under 2021's planning permission is to be "available for public worship for four services per month and an annual heritage open day".<ref name="pp" />Template:Rp
| 1952 | National Fruit Collection established at Brogdale with Wye College as the scientific partner. In spite of Government proposals to close Brogdale ADAS in 1989 and move the collection to Wye Template:As of, the collection remains at Brogdale managed by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and University of Reading.<ref name="eduhist" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> |
| 1954 | Template:AnchorGymnasium demolished and replaced by (or converted to) a dining hall<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp incorporating hammerbeam roof, and wood panelling designed by Lord Northbourne. The external brick and stone architecture is subtly different on each side to reflect the various buildings facing it.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp |
In 1954, Gerald Wibberley was appointed head of the Department of Economics. He led a move to broaden the college's interest in land use and explored alternatives to a farming first philosophy, sometimes causing conflict with the national agricultural establishment<ref name="wib" /> and colleagues promoting Wye's agricultural chemistry tradition.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp With associate Robin Best who for the first time accurately measured urban land area and loss of farmland, Wibberley drew particular early ire in the garden controversy, an exploration of capacity for food security from productive modern farming; the role of domestic gardens, and the potential for releasing farmland to other purposes.<ref name="best">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="wib" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Alongside his roles at the Council for Small Industries in Rural Areas, and as expert witness to public inquiries into large scale planning applications, Wibberley continued at the college until 1985.<ref name="wib" /> His work led to expansion of social science research and teaching at Wye with new Rural Environmental Studies and Landscape Ecology, Design and Maintenance courses, and ultimately business management options.<ref name="leaver" /><ref name="wib" />
| 1957 | Court Lodge farm and manor house at Brook purchased for £20,500, adding Template:Convert to the college estate. The house was refurbished as residence for the principal.<ref name="museum" /><ref name="world" />Template:Rp |
| 1961 | Construction of single storey research and teaching laboratories, and New Lecture Theatre, alongside diagonal footpath at north of college.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
| Agricultural Research Council Unit of Plant Nutrition and Morphogenesis moved to Wye College under Francis John Richards.<ref name="schwabe" />Template:Rp It initially operated from the Guinness Laboratories before relocating to the purpose built Russell Laboratories in 1968.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | |
| 1968 | Harry Darling replaces Dunstan Skilbeck as principal.<ref name="skil"/>Template:Rp Darling was a committed Christian<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and had been Professor of Agriculture at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria. During his tenure the College's character changed substantially. Domestic students were joined by 200 from some 50 countries overseas.<ref name="churchy" />Template:Rp |
| Russell Laboratories opened facing Olantigh Road north of the Occupation Road junction. Named for Sir John Russell.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp | |
| Undergraduate Rural Environment Studies course commenced, commonly known both by its acronym RES and alternative expansion "Real Easy Studies".<ref name="rcc">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="bbc"/><ref name="life"/>Template:Rp |
Template:AnchorThe Wye Double Digger was developed at Wye College in the 1970s, for experimental evaluation of comprehensive subsoil loosening akin to the traditional horticultural practise of double digging. It incorporates a conventional mouldboard plough with rotary cultivator operating in the open furrow, and can break up soil compaction layers below plough depth; mix topsoil with subsoil, and deeply incorporate soil nutrients. The powered blades help provide forward propulsion for the share.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Wye's Double Digger was tested around the world, notably at Purdue University. A business was established to market it, and commercial two furrow version built, before development ceased.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| 1974 | Students' union building opened.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp |
| 1975 | CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
In 1977, the college appointed Ian Lucas as principal to replace Harry Darling. Darling's departure was marked by a farewell above Wye village, on the Crown slope painted in weedkiller for all to see across the Stour Valley.<ref name="ianl">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="syk" />Template:Rp Lucas had extensive experience of overseas agriculture and arrived from the University College of North Wales where he had been Professor of Agriculture. During his 11 years at Wye student enrollment increased 40%.<ref name="mcgill">Template:Cite journal</ref>
During the early 1980s, Government spending cuts led to a series of mergers between University of London colleges. In spite of Wye being among the very smallest, and persistent concerns that agriculture was not "a fit subject to study at university", it was spared a merger because of physical isolation outside the capital and the absence of course overlap / potential cost savings with sister London colleges.<ref name="world" />Template:Rp
| 1986 | Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| New Lecture Theatre expanded and renamed Carr Lecture Theatre for Stephen and Ann Carr who assisted the scheme.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp | |
| 1989 | Wolfson Lecture Theatre completed.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp |
| 1992 | Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former principal, followed the next year by adjoining Bernard Sunley Hall / Garden Hall. The latter scheme was assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation and included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1996 | Principal's house, Court Lodge, sold for £300,000 as a private dwelling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Template:AnchorIn 1996, Natural Resources International Ltd was incorporated in partnership with Imperial College, and the universities of Edinburgh and Greenwich, to take over overseas development training and consulting services formerly provided by the Government's Overseas Development Agency Natural Resources Institute. Turnover in the first year was £25.9 million rising to £26.8 million by the time of the college's merger with Imperial College. Clients included the Department for International Development, World Bank, European Union, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, and other state and commercial bodies.<ref name="nri">Template:Cite report</ref><ref name="nri2">Template:Cite report</ref> Template:Anchor
In 1997 the Kempe Centre, named for Cardinal John Kempe, was opened by Princess Anne at the junction of Olantigh and Occupation Roads.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp<ref name="country" /> The learning resource building designed by Nicholas Hare Architects received a RIBA award, with praise for its aesthetic grandeur and environmental efficiency.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It subsequently formed the nucleus of Wye School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Of the £4 million projected cost only £750,000 came from the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The college provided £2 million from property sales (including Court Lodge); the Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust donated £100,000, and £500,000 came from an appeal including sums from the Wolfson Foundation, Westminster foundations and individual alumni. The remainder was funded by commercial loans.<ref name="trus" />Template:Rp<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
According to Imperial College's account of the "World Class Merger" in 2000, Wye College had students enrolled from 50 countries; 477 undergraduates; 259 postgraduates, and 200 on short courses. The growing External Programme had registered 975 mid-career professionals from 120 countries.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
| Dunstan Skilbeck | 1948–1968<ref name="skil" />Template:Rp |
| Harry Darling | 1968–1977<ref name="skil" />Template:Rp<ref name="syk" /> |
| Ian Lucas | 1977–1988<ref name="ianl" /> |
| John Prescott | 1988–2000<ref name="syk">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp |
Imperial College at Wye
In 2000, Wye College merged with Imperial College and was renamed Imperial College at Wye. It ceased to be an independent College of London University.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
Justifications for the merger from Wye College's side were largely an aspiration to achieve financial resilience through scale. There was anticipated decline in demand for domestic agricultural qualifications. Government intended to withdraw from funding near market agricultural research in favour of pure sciences; reduce per capita student payments generally; weight them away from the subjects taught at Wye, and move to annual rather than five yearly funding arrangements. The college governors felt these measures would disproportionately and adversely impact small agricultural teaching and research institutions like Wye.<ref name="leaver">Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Rp
Apart from Imperial College, mergers were considered with University of Kent at Canterbury and University of Greenwich. The governors concluded that Imperial College, like Wye a constituent College of the University of London, complemented Wye most closely. The colleges were already partners in Natural Resources International, though so too was Greenwich. Imperial College was publicly enthusiastic.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
In spite of reporting an operating surplus only once in its last ten independent years, instead relying heavily on endowment income and property sales, Wye College went into the merger with net assets of £18.24 million. It had doubled annual revenue in those years to £12.65 million and pivoted away from a dependency on traditional agricultural science courses. The college had just invested £5.5 million in new facilities, and a further £2 million preparing 50 postgraduate courses for the External Programme.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
Imperial College briefly used Wye College's origins to dubiously claim the status of third-oldest university in England.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp
Sir Richard Sykes was appointed new rector of Imperial College in 2000. He visited Wye and expressed enthusiasm for investment in academic facilities there, placing the campus in the short lived Life Sciences faculty that arose from his early reorganisation of Imperial College.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nevertheless, 25% of academic staff at Wye were offered redundancy terms and took them. Worse still, Imperial College inadvertently did not include Wye undergraduate courses in its prospectus so admissions plummeted in 2000 and 2001.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
As early as January 2001, Imperial College privately declared the 2000 merger a mistake and sought Higher Education Funding Council for England finance to transfer Wye campus to the University of Kent or a local technical college.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp As a result of these problems newly installed provost, Tim Clark resigned to be replaced by Jeff Waage.<ref name="clar" /> In public however, Imperial College began promoting Wye to potential students.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
The Higher Education Funding Council did agree to meet legitimate costs Imperial College incurred in the 2000 merger. Imperial claimed £10.2 million. In 2002, the sum to be paid was settled at £2.5 million.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
During a 2003 lecture to civil engineering students Sykes expressed concern about the integration of Wye College into Imperial College and stated it was not a part of his vision for Imperial College. By then student admissions to Wye were at record high levels, notably from EU residents on Agricultural Business Management courses, and research income was growing.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
The campus met its first set of financial targets but was disadvantaged by Imperial College's policy to allocate property and occupancy costs at a flat rate across all its sites. Intensively used city centre premises in South Kensington were being charged the same rate per floor area as the many acres of glasshouses at Wye. In private, Imperial College rejected Wye's Department of Agricultural Science business plan for 2004 / 2005.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
In 2004 Leszek Borysiewicz, Imperial College's deputy rector informed staff that Wye's Department of Agricultural Sciences was closing and most teaching and research at Wye would end. Provost, Jeff Waage protested then resigned. The sudden announcement was blamed on the department's financial performance; distance between Wye and London, and low academic grades among applicants for agriculture courses. Critics argued these were all matters well known to Imperial College before merger.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Tim Clark | 2000–2001<ref name="clar">Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Jeff Waage | 2001–2004<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Imperial College scheme
In 2005, Imperial College announced it intended to convert Wye College's estate into a research centre for non-food crops and biomass fuels, and that it had support from Kent County Council and Ashford Borough Council.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later accounts included commercial biofuel production facilities on Wibberley Way and BP suggested as putative partner / operator. Leaked documents revealed Imperial College expected to gain £100 million by building 4,000 houses on Template:Convert in the Kent Downs, provoking national as well as local opposition.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite book</ref>
Imperial College's project team had spent at least £850,000 on external consultants preparing their Wye Park masterplan, and subsequently paid Bell Pottinger to lobby regional and national government in its favour.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
The plan was seen as a test case for other attempts to build on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. Campaigners hailed the decision as a key victory preserving the status of protected areas, and Wye as a village.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>
Closure
In 2007, the University of Kent ran undergraduate business management courses from Wye College though later transferred them to its main campus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="abm">Template:Cite web</ref> The following year science staff relocated from Wye to Imperial College's South Kensington or Silwood Park sites<ref name="country" /> and in 2009, the last students graduated and Wye College campus closed. Thereafter Imperial College sought to develop the estate, or to find suitable tenants for it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The main village properties were sold to Telereal Trillium in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further sales included Squires Hostel as three dwellings; Wolfson Hostel as a site for six houses; the buildings opposite the college on High Street, and the pig, sheep and poultry (Agricultural Field Station / Farm Mechanisation Unit).<ref name="future">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2021, Telereal Trillium obtained planning permission to convert the traditional college buildings to 38 dwellings. Conditions require public access one day a month to the cloistered quadrangle; Old lecture theatre; Old Hall; Parlour, and Jacobean staircase, and use of the Chapel for public worship. The former estates office area is reserved for charity, Wye Heritage.<ref name="pp">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="latins">Template:Cite web</ref> Imperial College's endowment fund retains ownership of the Wye College farmland.<ref name="agricola" />
Estate and facilities
Wye College's estate extended to about Template:Convert, largely between the villages of Wye and Brook. The college farmed approximately Template:Convert, and Template:Convert was employed for horticulture, both on a commercial basis. The remainder accommodated hop gardens, woodland, recreation space, research facilities and buildings.<ref name="estate">Template:Citation</ref>
By 1984, the college owned much of Wye village across the High Street from its main entrance, over to Bridge Street and some premises on Oxenturn Road. That was variously used for administration, student hostels, car parking, a clinic, laundry and offices. Outside the village Wye College owned the NIAB facility at Coldharbour Farm; the MAFF / Defra regional offices and laboratories on Olantigh Road; Regional Veterinary Investigation Centre / Edward Partridge House off Coldharbour Lane; Withersdane Hall, Agricultural Field Centre / Farm Mechanisation Unit / Poultry Research; beagle kennels; Court Lodge; Brook Agricultural Museum; sport fields on Cherry Garden Lane, and an SSSI site at Wye Crown and quarry.<ref name="life" /><ref name="arch" />Template:Rp<ref name="estate" />
By 2005, teaching and research resources included extensive glasshouses; climate-controlled growth rooms; a containment facility for transgenic plants; dedicated laboratories for plant molecular biology; genomics and gene sequencing; electron microscopy; use of radiochemicals; soil analysis, and plant/animal cell culture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Research was carried out at dairy, pig, hop and sheep enterprises on the college's farm; in the horticulture department; on the chalk grasslands, and among commercial crops.<ref name="estate" />
Layout
Student accommodation
Student bedrooms were provided at Withersdane Hall, or on the first floor of the main campus above teaching and administration space. Alternatively, the college owned student hostels in Wye village. Some of the hostels were self catering. Other student accommodation was available in college and privately owned houses.<ref name="life" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Old Flying Horse
The hostel directly facing the main college entrance across High Street had been an inn, and before that medieval hall-house. Fourteenth century painted decoration and a dais canopy to protect guests from falling soot and sparks survived into the 20th century.<ref name="parkin" />Template:Rp
Cloister
Template:Blockquote Template:Notelist
Painted glass
In about 1996, it was discovered the low ground floor window from the college's cloistered quadrangle to Wye Churchyard was medieval painted glass and bore the crest of both's founder, Cardinal Kempe. The window was in a precarious position by the publicly accessible churchyard on the one side, and in a space used for student parties and ball games on the other. The college decided to replace it with a modern replica and sell the original. York Minster purchased the medieval glass at auction and incorporated it in their new Zouche Chapel, with other glasswork relating to Kempe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Latin School
The building may not have consistently been used as a schoolroom. As early as the 16th century, references suggest it was employed as a chapel.<ref name="cob">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1903, a brick extension was added to accommodate a billiard table. The existing jacobean fireplace was moved and incorporated into the new structure.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp
During WWII the building, along with the college's Old Lecture Theatre, was used for briefings by General Montgomery.<ref name="evid" />Template:Rp<ref name="upd" />Template:Rp
Following college closure the Latin School was briefly occupied by community group Wye Heritage, as an exhibition and event space, but in 2021 Telereal Trillium obtained planning permission for conversion to residential use.<ref name="latins" />
Old Hall
The minstrels' gallery is a 1946 embellishment, opposite the dais end of the hall.<ref name="parkin">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
Parlour
To the left of the parlour's cloister entrance is the door to what was Template:As of, a large medieval wine cellar.<ref name="crag">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp
Withersdane Hall
Wye's College's Withersdane Hall was the country's first, post war, purpose built hall of residence though constructed around a pre-existing mansion.<ref name="world" />Template:Rp It included Swanley Hall auditorium; facilities for breakfast catering; lounges; laundry; formal gardens; tennis courts; woodland car parking; extensive lawns,<ref name="life" /><ref name="cons">Template:Cite web</ref> and could be configured as a residential conference centre. CEAS operated from premises on the site.<ref name="trus" />Template:Rp Between 1986 and 1993 Lloyds Bank, Dunstan Skilbeck and Bernard Sunley halls of residence were added to the complex.<ref name="with">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
The name Withersdane derives from Wider's Farmstead, being Widres tun in Old English. Tun became corrupted to don, den and then finally to the present name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp In the 18th century, Hasted described Withersden as a hamlet, formerly a manor, "full of small inclosures, and the soil deeper".<ref name="auto" />
The original Withersane Hall was constructed in the early 1810s as a grand country mansion<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp near the site known for its curative mineral well named for Saint Eustace.<ref name="auto" />
Russell Hoban repurposed Withersdane as "Widders Dump" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker. Wye became "How"; The Devil's Kneading Trough, "Mr Clevvers Roaling Place", and Pet Street, "Pig Sweet".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Template:Circa | Withersdane Hall originally constructed as a grand, three-storey, country mansion.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| Template:Circa | Occupied by Captain Arthur Davies who farmed Template:Convert with 16 labourers and a further eight domestic staff.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp The house was owned by his uncle William Fuller.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1867 | Following Davies' death, the property was acquired by John Erle-Drax of Olantigh.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| 1881 | Premises leased to market gardener William Aycliffe.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1881 | Leased to land agent Frederick Beard and family.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1898 | Occupied by Dean Crake, and his wife, who built a billiard room on the site of the later breakfast room.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1901 | Vacant until 1903<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1903 | The Georgian mansion at Olantigh was destroyed by fire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wanley Elias Sawbridge-Erle-Drax moved his household to Withersdane during reconstruction.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| 1912 | Withersdane leased by Andrew Bigoe Barnard,<ref name="with" />Template:Rp former Deputy Director Criminal Intelligence of the Bengal Police Department<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| 1928 | Andrew Bigoe Barnard died.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1930 | Andrew Bigoe Barnard's widow Florence purchased Withersdane Hall from the Erle Drax family and replaced the billiard room with the structure that later became the college's breakfast room.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1930s | Andrew and Florence's son Norman Barnard, commonly known as Chippy, "presided over a gilded era of garden parties and social events straight out of the pages of P G Wodehouse".<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| John Charles Wanley Sawbridge Erle-Drax, a relation of the Erle-Drax former owners, produced pageants at Withersdane Hall, once playing Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp | |
| Visitors included future Lord Chancellor Quintin Hogg, and author Anthony Powell whose A Dance to the Music of Time roman-fleuve portrayed a golden era of country house parties, just like those he attended at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp | |
| 1939 | Norman Barnard worked for the Committee of Imperial Defence and was deputed to the underground Cabinet War Rooms.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| Barnard moved his mother and children from their London town house, to the ostensibly safer countryside at Withersdane. Young evacuees from East London were billeted with them. The conflict was not entirely distant; gas mask practice was frequent, and a bomb exploded nearby killing three sheep.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp | |
| 1940 | On Monday April 22, 1940, Major Barnard and his wife May visited their children. During the return to London their car left the road on Charing Hill. Mrs Barnard suffered a broken leg, but he died later of head injuries.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp |
| 1941 | Withersdane Hall was requisitioned and fortified for the war effort It become a headquarters for the 43rd Wessex, and then the 56th (London), Divisions housing the divisional general and intelligence section.<ref name="ReferenceA" />Template:Rp Template:As of, some remains of bunkers and pill boxes are extant from that period.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1945 | Withersdane Hall purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard. Initially Swanley College students lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on the site.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1946 | Horticulture lecturer Mary Page redesigned the Template:Convert garden at Withersdane Hall to include extensive informal areas and a series of formal spaces separated by yew hedges within the walled garden.<ref name="barn">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| 1947 | Amalgamation of South Eastern Agricultural College with Swanley Horticultural College as the Schools of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during the war and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.<ref name="wain" />Template:Rp |
| 1948 | Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1949 | Foyer, cloakrooms, and student rooms above, built at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1951 | Swanley Hall (named for Swanley Horticultural College), kitchens, and rooms above completed at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp Withersdane Hall officially opened by Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.<ref name="maam">Template:Cite web</ref> |
| 1953 | Withersdane Hall hosts artist Evelyn Dunbar's only solo exhibition.<ref name="evelyn1">Template:Cite web</ref> |
| 1957 | Evelyn Dunbar donated her large 1938 work, An English Calendar to the college and it hung at Withersdane Hall for many years. Post closure, the painting passed to Imperial College. Dunbar's husband Roger Folley was a horticulture lecturer at the college.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| 1975 | CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1980 | Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother admitted as a Fellow of the college and shown the courtyard garden at Withersdane Hall named for her.<ref name="maam"/> |
| 1986 | Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1992 | Dunstan Skilbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former principal.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 1993 | Bernard Sunley Hall opened at Withersdane Hall. The scheme, assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation, included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 2014 | Imperial College leased Withersdane Hall as a rehabilitation clinic.<ref name="with" />Template:Rp |
| 2019 | Imperial College sold Withersdane Hall to the private, for profit, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.<ref name="ital">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
Jacobean staircase
The grade I listed, Jacobean, three flight staircase adjacent to Wye College's cloister has been compared in significance to the grand staircases at Knole House. Its seven newel finials are large painted statues, two male and seven female, commonly referred to as the Ancient Britons. The largest male of the chestnut, Flemish style figures is believed to represent Hercules. They were separated from the newel posts for protection against students who pelted them, and placed for safe display on the nearby Old Hall's minstrels' gallery.<ref name="stat" />
Imperial College sold the statues in 2009 as reproductions. English Heritage and Ashford Borough Council ordered that Imperial College repurchase and return them, which it did.<ref name="stat">Template:Cite web</ref>
Students' Union
A dedicated Students' Union complete with swimming pool opened in 1974, replacing the Wheelroom complex.<ref name="arch" />Template:Rp<ref name="life" />
The Wye College Union of Students was NUS affiliated and a constituent union of ULU.<ref name="life" /> Originally established at the South Eastern Agricultural College in 1894,<ref name="cent" /> in 2000 it merged with Imperial College Union.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Wye Crown and quarry
During a parish meeting in 1902, the South Eastern Agricultural College's principal offered to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII with a hill figure, carved into the North Downs scarp, above the college. Horses and humans carved into hillsides are well known, but the Template:Convert tall crown motif chosen was to be unique. It had to be distorted to take account of the viewpoint below and took 35 students four spring days, and 7,000 wheelbarrow loads of turf, soil and chalk to excavate. The King's 30 June coronation was delayed by illness, but there was still a bonfire on the Crown. When the coronation did take place on 7 August the Crown was illuminated by 1,500 candles. The King was able to view the Crown himself, as a guest of Baron Frederic John Gerard at Eastwell Manor, two years later when it was lit by electric light.<ref name="crowns">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="kl">Template:Cite web</ref>
To mark the 1977 retirement of principal Harry Darling, before Wye College owned the crown field, students pegged out Goodbye Harry and marked it with herbicide, visible for all to see across the Stour Valley.<ref name="syk" />Template:Rp
In 1991, gabions, filled with white-washed flint, were embedded at a cost of £29,000 to delineate the motif and reduce maintenance. Previously students had regularly scoured the exposed chalk and rebuilt its edges.<ref name="syk" />Template:Rp The work was followed up in 2003, when a bench and carved slate compass rose were installed above the Crown, on the North Downs Way. The Millennium waymarker identifies directions to historic towns including Canterbury, Hastings and York, and is inscribed with the motto Floreat Wye or may Wye flourish. It rests on a time capsule containing articles relating to the area.<ref name="syk" />Template:Rp
Wye Crown has been a focus of celebrations for royal and national occasions,<ref name="royle" /> as well as Wye College students' charity week bonfires.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="syk" />Template:Rp In 2020, the Crown was illuminated to mark the 75th anniversary of VE Day,<ref name="royle">Template:Cite web</ref> although during World War I and II it had to be camouflaged from enemy aircraft to prevent use as a navigation landmark.<ref name="crowns" />
Behind the bench and way marker are numerous small hollows believed to be ancient ironstone pits.<ref name="chalk">Template:Cite web</ref> The features acquired a mythology among Wye College students and spoof traditions were attributed to inscriptions on stone tablets supposedly found there.<ref name="life" />
The college's former quarry, below Wye Crown was a source of flint and chalk, the chalk likely burnt for construction lime.<ref name="chalk" /> Wye College students used it for clay pigeon shooting and spectacular parties,<ref name="life" /> causing marginally less disruption than the machine gun training there during World War II.<ref name="syk" />Template:Rp In 1991, part of the slope was converted to seating arranged as a natural, outdoor amphitheatre.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Wye Crown and quarry form part of the Wye National Nature Reserve. Its thin, seasonally grazed chalk grassland provides an ideal habitat for orchids.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Legacy activities
External Programme
The Wye College External Programme, established in 1988 under Ian Carruthers and Henry Bernstein, was the first use of exclusively, distance learning by the University of London. The programme built upon Wye's established research and teaching links to the rural developing world, especially in Africa and combined resources from existing departments to offer rural development and other cross disciplinary MSc and Postgraduate Diploma courses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Developing the 50 courses cost Wye College £2 million.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp Learning resources were initially on paper, supplemented by audio cassettes; videotapes, and 24-hour telephone support. The World Wide Web was embraced later.<ref name="dist">Template:Cite web</ref>
The programme received a Queen's Anniversary Prize for Education in 1994, the first year the awards were granted. A citation commended the unique programme for providing quality professional development to agriculturalists at a third the cost of overseas students in the UK, and its ability to project even into war torn countries thereby assisting their recovery.<ref name="priz">Template:Cite web</ref>
By 2000, Wye's External Programme had 975 mid-career professionals registered from 120 countries, and was growing. In 2007, it became the Centre for Development, Environment and Policy of SOAS, albeit initially from the Wye campus. This arrangement allowed enrolled students to be awarded their contracted University of London degrees but deprived Imperial College of a programme it had been enthusiastic about acquiring.<ref name="leaver" />Template:Rp
Hop research
Mycologist and accomplished tennis player,<ref name="thirty">Template:Cite book</ref> Ernest Stanley Salmon established a systematic hop breeding programme at the college in 1906. It was the world's first, and a model for those that followed.<ref name="sal" /> The importance of his work was rapidly understood so while the college's other hop gardens were grubbed out in 1917 to grow potatoes and support the war effort, Salmon's trial plots were spared.<ref name="pjune">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Seeking fungal resistance he crossed European plants with seeds grown on from a wild Manitoban hop cutting,<ref name="sal" /><ref name="thirty" /> and thence bred varieties including Brewer's Gold (1934), Bullion (1938), and Northern Brewer (1944). It was estimated in 2005 that over half of all hops grown commercially worldwide were descended from Salmon's original seedlings. Ray Neve succeeded Salmon in 1953 producing varieties such as Wye Northdown (1971), Wye Challenger (1971), and Wye Target (1972).<ref name="beers">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
In 1981, Peter Darby took over the programme focussing on dwarf hops such as First Gold (1995); aphid resistance (Boadicea, 2004), and flavour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="beers" /> At that time, the college's breeding programme was producing 30,000 plants a year to evaluate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The unit merged into the newly formed Horticulture Research Institute in 1985; through subsequent consolidation became part of Horticulture Research International in 1990, and spun off with East Malling Research Station to form East Malling Research in 2004.<ref name="eduhist" />Template:Rp As Imperial College sought to close their Wye campus in 2007, hop research activities transferred to Wye Hops Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Hop Association,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> based at China Farm, Upper Harbledown.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, Wye Hops' national hop variety collection has been relocated to Shepherd Neame's Queen's Court at Faversham.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cyclamen persicum
In the 1960s, Allan Jackson's breeding programme at Wye<ref name="cyc" />Template:Rp crossed large flowered cyclamen with wild forms, producing smaller houseplants with scented, elongated flowers and attractively marked foliage.<ref name="bbc" /> These became known commercially as the "Wye College Hybrids"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Template:As of, continue to be produced.<ref name="bbc">Template:Cite web</ref>
The hybrid varieties include Wye Downland (white), Admiral (orchid-mauve), Peacock (pinky / red) and Fritillary (dark-red and jewel colours). Those named after butterflies are fragrant and breed true to the colour of their namesakes.<ref name="cyc">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Biological pest control
explored biological methods of pest control and facilitated their widespread adoption.<ref name="bugs">Template:Cite web</ref> Mike Copeland's entomology team harnessed Australian ladybirds, and parasitic wasps to suppress mealy bug and soft scale insect pests. He launched Wye Bugs at the 1991 Chelsea Flower Show to make insect controls available to ordinary gardeners, and with the subsequent closure of Wye Campus to facilitate continued research.<ref name="bugs" /> Wye Bugs occupied glasshouses and laboratory facilities to the north of Occupation Road but by 2019, when that site was presented for development, moved south of the track.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Template:As of, Wye Bugs supply biological control insects and pest deterrents,<ref name="bugs" /> mainly on a wholesale basis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
John Nix Pocketbook
John Nix published the first edition of his Farm Management Pocketbook in 1966 and sales were estimated at 250,000 copies by the time he retired in 1989.<ref name="nix" />Template:Rp As of 2022, it is in its 55th edition and known as the John Nix Pocketbook for Farm Management. Contents include information for budgeting, or benchmarking, that seeks to anticipate forthcoming trends.<ref name="ander" />
For many years, Nix's colleague in the Wye College Farm Business Unit, Paul Hill, researched and co-authored the pocketbook.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nix died in 2018,<ref name="nix">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp and his pocketbook is published, Template:As of, by The Andersons Centre.<ref name="ander">Template:Cite web</ref>
It was described in the International Journal of Agricultural Management as a "standard reference for business in agriculture".<ref name="nix" />Template:Rp
Brook Agricultural Museum
In 1948, Wye College agreed to be custodian to a collection of old agricultural implements acquired by former staff members. Students including Michael Nightingale undertook the transfer, cataloguing and arrangement of items, from East Malling Research Station to Coldharbour Farm. When Wye College purchased Court Lodge Farm, Brook in 1957, the growing collection was transferred to the 14th century crown post roof Manorial Barn there.<ref name="museum" />
In 1996 the college decided to sell the adjoining Principal's House at Court Lodge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wye Rural Museum Trust, again led by Michael Nightingale, was established to take over the collection. With help from grants and donations the trust purchased its barn at Brook in 1997.<ref name="museum">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of, the museum operates regular summer opening hours to the public.<ref name="museum" />
CEAS
The Centre for European Agricultural Studies was conceived at Wye College in 1971, within the Department of Agricultural Economics. As the UK joined the European Common Market, agricultural affairs in Britain were expected to be strongly influenced by Europe's Common Agricultural Policy. The centre was intended to be an independent research centre focused on implications for UK food, farming and rural communities of these new policy directions.<ref name="ceas">Template:Cite web</ref>
A 1973 appeal raised £463,000 to support the research and in 1975,<ref name="with" />Template:Rp Henry Plumb opened the purpose-built £650,000 premises and European Documentation Centre at Withersdane Hall. The Frank Parkinson Lecture Theatre there was supported by a grant from the Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust and incorporated facilities for live translation of speakers. Space was provided to accommodate visiting academics.<ref name="trus">Template:Cite book</ref>
By 1990, CEAS was providing a venue for the Worshipful Company of Farmers Advanced Management Course and specialist training to Lloyds and National Westminster Bank. The conference facility had a turnover of £200,000 and was booked up two years in advance.<ref name="trus" /><ref name="liv" />
CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd incorporated in 1985 to undertake CEAS's commercial consultancy work, and Wye College held a Template:Fraction ownership stake that subsequently passed to Imperial College.<ref name="detll" /> By 1990, it had established a satellite office in Brussels.<ref name="trus" /> In 2006, CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd moved from Withersdane Hall to Bramble Lane, Wye and Template:As of, it operates, as Agra CEAS Consultants Ltd, at an address in Berkshire.<ref name="detll">Template:Cite web</ref>
Following changes to Common Agricultural Policy priorities, the centre was renamed the Centre for European Agri-Environmental Studies. In 2006, it left the closing Wye Campus and became a Centre of the University of Kent in Canterbury.<ref name="ceas" /><ref name="liv">Template:Cite web</ref>
Wye College Beagles
John Stevens established a Wye College Beagle pack in 1947, encouraged by principal Dunstan Skilbeck who was chairman from 1947 to 1967, and the endeavour was largely run by students of the college. It disbanded in 2014, having been independent of the college since 2008 when the campus closed.<ref name="w2014">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
The first kennelman lived in an old double decker bus by the kennels, but as facilities developed Beagle Cottage was made available by the college to his successors.<ref name="w2014" />Template:Rp
Supporters of the beagle pack ran annual horse, and terrier shows from the 1950s to 1980s, and also a hunt ball and puppy show.<ref name="w2014" />Template:Rp Opponents of hunting within the college's student body organised their alternative "Anti-hunt Ball" on the same evening as the beagle hunt ball.<ref name="life">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1988, at the invitation of Simon Block, Lay Sheriff, Wye College's beagles led the Lord Mayor's Parade through the City of London. They were accommodated the night before at Knightsbridge Barracks.<ref name="w2014" />Template:Rp
Wye College Beagles achieved national prominence in 2001 when Animal Liberation Front activists raided their kennels and took approximately 47 of the pack. It was reported the beagles had only caught one hare in the previous year.<ref name="hotseh">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
In popular culture
In the 1992 Darling Buds of May episode Stranger at the Gates, Pop Larkin's visit to the Kent County Council's offices is filmed at the college.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2007 television drama Cape Wrath includes scenes filmed at Wye College. The Old Lecture Theatre's steeply tiered, student-proof oak benches masquerade as a London academic institution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="evid" />Template:Rp
Alumni and staff
Agricola Club
The Wye College Agricola Club is an association of former students and staff of the college. It was founded in 1901 for the South Eastern Agricultural College, and from 1951 to 1995 was named the Wye College Agricola Club and Swanley Guild. From 2000 to 2009 it formed part of Imperial College's Imperial Alumni, but Template:As of is an independent entity with some 3,000 members.<ref name="agricola">Template:Cite web</ref> The club publishes an annual journal, Wye: The Journal of The Wye College Agricola Club.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Staff
Students
Further reading
References
External links
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