Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

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Template:Distinguish Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Russian federal subject

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) also known as Yamalia<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:Langx) is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the town of Salekhard, and its largest city is Novy Urengoy. The 2021 Russian Census recorded its population as 510,490.<ref name="2021Census" />

The autonomous okrug borders Krasnoyarsk Krai to the east, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug to the south, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Komi Republic to the west.

Geography

The West Siberian petroleum basin is the largest hydrocarbon (petroleum and natural gas) basin in the world covering an area of about 2.2 million km2, and is also the largest oil and gas producing region in Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Nenets people are an indigenous tribe who have long survived in this region. Their prehistoric life involved subsistence hunting and gathering, including the taking of polar bears; the practice of hunting polar bears (Ursus maritimus) continues up to the present time.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Template:Webarchive</ref>

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude, that is, at the point 70°N and 70°E, with equal degrees. The Polar Urals rise in the western part and the highest point of the okrug, as well as of the whole Ural mountain system, is Mount Payer.<ref name="PB">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="GЕ">Google Earth</ref>

The area consists of arctic tundra and taiga, with three large peninsulas – the Yamal Peninsula, Taz Peninsula and the Gyda Peninsula (itself containing the Yavay Peninsula and Mamonta Peninsula). There are nearly 300,000 lakes in the okrug, some of the main ones being Pyakuto, Chyortovo, Neito, Yambuto, Yarroto and Nembuto.<ref name="STM">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Ob River flows through Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the Kara Sea via the Gulf of Ob, which dominates the geography of the Okrug (together with its two sub-bays, the Taz Estuary and Khalmyer Bay.<ref name="npolar.no">Regional Index: Regional Index, accessdate: May 5, 2017</ref><ref name="britannica.com">Britannica: ob, accessdate: May 5, 2017</ref><ref name="http://russiatrek.org/yamalo-nenets-okrug">Yamalo-Nenets region, Russia facts, resources, climate, photos: Yamalo-Nenets region, Russia facts, resources, climate, photos, accessdate: May 5, 2017</ref>

A number of islands are off the okrug's coast – from west to east, the main ones are Torasovey Island, Bolotnyy Island, Litke Island, Sharapovy Koshki Islands, Bely Island, Shokalsky Island, Petsovyye Islands, Proklyatyye Islands, Oleny Island, and Vilkitsky Island.

History

On December 10, 1930, Yamal (Nenets) National Okrug (Template:Lang) was formed based on Ural Oblast.

Administrative divisions

Template:Main

Number of districts
(районы)		 7
Number of towns
(города)		 8
Number of urban-type settlements
(посёлки городского типа)		 5
Number of selsovets
(сельсоветы)		 41
As of 2002:<ref name="Census">Results of the 2002 Russian Population Census—Territory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of the Russian Federation by federal subject perepis2002.ru Template:Webarchive</ref>
Number of rural localities
(сельские населённые пункты)		 102
Number of uninhabited rural localities
(сельские населённые пункты без населения)		 19

Template:-

File:Yamalo-Nenetsky AO-names.png
Map of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Administrative and municipal divisions Template:Russia district OSM map

Division Structure OKATO OKTMO Urban-type settlement/
district-level town* 		Rural
(selsovet)
Administrative Municipal
Salekhard (Салехард) city urban okrug 71 171 71 951
Gubkinsky (Губкинский) city urban okrug 71 172 71 952
Labytnangi (Лабытнанги) city urban okrug 71 173 71 953
Nadym (Надым) city Template:Small 71 174 71 916
Muravlenko (Муравленко) city urban okrug 71 175 71 955
Novy Urengoy (Новый Уренгой) city urban okrug 71 176 71 956
Noyabrsk (Ноябрьск) city urban okrug 71 178 71 958 1
Krasnoselkupsky (Красноселькупский) district 71 153 71 913 3
Nadymsky (Надымский) district okrug 71 156 71 916 8
Priuralsky (Приуральский) district 71 158 71 918 6
Purovsky (Пуровский) district okrug 71 160 71 920 5
Tazovsky (Тазовский) district okrug 71 163 71 923 4
Shuryshkarsky (Шурышкарский) district 71 166 71 926 8
Yamalsky (Ямальский) district 71 168 71 928 6

Demographics

File:Стойбище ненцев.jpg
Nenets people in 2014

Template:Historical populationsPopulation: Template:Ru-census

From 1960 to 2016, Yamal Nenets population increased from 60 000 people to more than 530 000 due to the natural resources discovered in the region. Currently, Yamal Nenets is the only Arctic Region in the Russian Federation that is not experiencing population decline. Despite the growing pressure on the regional environment, former governor Dmitry Kobylkin assured in 2016 that industrial developments are not affecting the traditional lifestyles of the native population. Official data accounts for an increment of 11 percent of the indigenous population from 2006 to 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -YaNAO.png
Life expectancy at birth in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Vital statistics

Year Average population (× 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
1970 84 1,683 879 804 20.0 10.5 9.6
1975 127 2,307 819 1,488 18.2 6.4 11.7
1980 194 3,347 1,178 2,169 17.3 6.1 11.2
1985 374 7,838 1,555 6,283 21.0 4.2 16.8
1990 489 8,032 1,631 6,401 16.4 3.3 13.1
1991 483 7,121 1,623 5,498 14.7 3.4 11.4
1992 470 6,123 2,108 4,015 13.0 4.5 8.5
1993 466 5,697 2,764 2,933 12.2 5.9 6.3
1994 473 6,274 2,998 3,276 13.3 6.3 6.9
1995 483 6,337 3,107 3,230 13.1 6.4 6.7
1996 489 6,241 3,004 3,237 12.8 6.1 6.6
1997 495 6,208 2,715 3,493 12.5 5.5 7.1
1998 498 6,395 2,544 3,851 12.8 5.1 7.7
1999 498 6,071 2,608 3,463 12.2 5.2 7.0
2000 497 5,839 2,763 3,076 11.7 5.6 6.2
2001 501 6,388 3,057 3,331 12.8 6.1 6.7
2002 506 6,635 2,934 3,701 13.1 5.8 7.3
2003 510 7,163 3,093 4,070 14.1 6.1 8.0
2004 511 7,264 2,975 4,289 14.2 5.8 8.4
2005 512 7,148 3,099 4,049 14.0 6.0 7.9
2006 513 7,036 3,000 4,036 13.7 5.8 7.9
2007 515 7,700 2,937 4,763 14.9 5.7 9.2
2008 517 7,892 2,959 4,933 15.3 5.7 9.5
2009 519 8,216 2,924 5,292 15.8 5.6 10.2
2010 522 8,263 2,873 5,390 15.8 5.5 10.3
Source:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Regional demographics

File:Муравленко март 2014 - panoramio (2).jpg
Muravlenko
File:North Districts of Novy Urengoy.jpg
North Districts of Novy Urengoy
Raion Pp (2007) Births Deaths Growth BR DR NGR
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 538,600 5,814 2,202 3,612 14.39 5.45 0.89%
Salekhard 40,500 499 256 243 16.43 8.43 0.80%
Gubkinsky 22,300 263 71 192 15.72 4.25 1.15%
Labytnangi 27,700 333 212 121 16.03 10.20 0.58%
Muravlenko 37,000 361 104 257 13.01 3.75 0.93%
Nadym 48,500 443 197 246 12.18 5.42 0.68%
Novy Urengoy 117,000 1,122 334 788 12.79 3.81 0.90%
Noyabrsk 109,900 1,029 384 645 12.48 4.66 0.78%
Krasnoselkupsky 6,200 99 41 58 21.29 8.82 1.25%
Nadymsky 21,300 221 67 154 13.83 4.19 0.96%
Priuralsky 15,300 179 72 107 15.60 6.27 0.93%
Purovsky 49,900 548 195 353 14.64 5.21 0.94%
Tazovsky 17,200 268 92 176 20.78 7.13 1.36%
Shuryshkarsky 9,900 144 69 75 19.39 9.29 1.01%
Yamalsky 15,900 305 108 197 25.58 9.06 1.65%
Source:<ref>http://www.oblstat.tmn.ru/statinfo\act\dwiz.htmTemplate:Dead link for 2008 (January–October)</ref>

Ethnic groups

The Nenets make up 8.9% of the population, preceded by ethnic Russians (62.9%), and followed by Tatars (4.7%) and Ukrainians (4.5%). Other prominent ethnic groups include Khanty (2.5%), Azerbaijanis (1.7%), Bashkirs (1.5%), Kumyks (1.2%), and Nogais (0.9%) (all figures are from the 2021 Census).<ref>Template:Cite web Template:In lang</ref> Due to the area's oil and natural gas wealth, it is one of the few places in Russia where the ethnic Russian population is growing.Template:Citation needed

Ethnic
group 		1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census1 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians 19,308 42.1% 27,789 44.6% 37,518 46.9% 93,750 59.0% 292,808 59.2% 298,359 58.8% 312,019 61.7% 253,306 62.9%
Ukrainians 395 0.9% 1,921 3.1% 3,026 3.8% 15,721 9.9% 85,022 17.2% 66,080 13.0% 48,985 9.7% 18.234 4.5%
Nenets 13,454 29.3% 13,977 22.4% 17,538 21.9% 17,404 11.0% 20,917 4.2% 26,435 5.2% 29,772 5.9% 35,917 8.9%
Tatars 1,636 3.6% 3,952 6.3% 4,653 5.8% 8,556 5.4% 26,431 5.3% 27,734 5.5% 28,509 5.6% 18,912 4.7%
Khanty 5,367 11.7% 5,519 8.9% 6,513 8.1% 6,466 4.1% 7,247 1.5% 8,760 1.7% 9,489 1.9% 9,985 2.5%
Komi 4,722 10.3% 4,866 7.8% 5,445 6.8% 5,642 3.6% 6,000 1.2% 6,177 1.2% 5,141 1.0% 3,556 0.9%
Selkups 87 0.2% 1,245 2.0% 1,710 2.1% 1,611 1.0% 1,530 0.3% 1,797 0.4% 1,988 0.4% 2,001 0.5%
Others 871 1.9% 3,065 4.9% 3,574 4.5% 9,694 6.1% 54,889 11.1% 71,664 14.1% 74,625 14.3% 70,873 15.1%
1 17,517 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. The proportion of ethnicities in this group is estimated to be the same as that of the declared group.<ref>Перепись-2010: русских становится больше. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref>

Religion

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According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 42.2% of the population of Yamalia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 14% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are believers in Orthodox Christianity who do not belong to any church, 1% are members of the Slavic neopaganism (Rodnovery) or practitioners of local shamanic religions, and 1% are members of Protestant churches; Muslims, mostly Caucasian peoples and Tatars, make up 18% of the total population. In addition, 14% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% are atheist, and 0.8% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> Template:Clear

Economy

File:Zapolyarnoye Field (Novy Urengoy).jpg
Zapolyarnoye gas field

In 2009, Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug is Russia's most important source of natural gas, with more than 90% of Russia's natural gas being produced there. The region also accounts for 12% of Russia's oil production.<ref name="kommersant">Template:Cite web</ref> The region is the most important to Russia's largest company Gazprom, whose main production fields are located there. Novatek – the country's second-largest gas producer – is also active in the region, with its headquarters located in Tarko-Sale. According to Novatek on 22 October 2019, the natural gas reserves in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug represent 80% of Russia's natural gas and 15% of the world's natural gas supply.<ref name=Novatek20191022>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since the early 2010s Gazprom has been developing Yamal project in the Yamal Peninsula area. As of 2020, Yamal produces over 20% of Russia's gas, which is expected to increase to 40% by 2030. The shortest pipeline routes from Yamal to the northern EU countries are the Yamal–Europe pipeline through Poland and Nord Stream 1 to Germany.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> The proposed gas route from Western Siberia to China is known as Power of Siberia 2 pipeline.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable people

  • Anastasia Lapsui (b. 1944), Nenets film director, screenwriter, radio journalist

See also

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References

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Sources

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