Krasnodar Krai

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Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Russian federal subject

Krasnodar Krai (Template:Langx, Template:IPA) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and is administratively a part of the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar. The third most populous federal subject in Russia, it had a population of 5,838,273 as of the 2021 Census.<ref name="2021Census">Template:Ru-pop-ref</ref>

Krasnodar Krai is formally and informally referred to as Kuban (Template:Langx), a term denoting the historical region of Kuban situated between the Sea of Azov and the Kuban River which is predominantly within the krai. It is bordered by Rostov Oblast to the north, Stavropol Krai to the east, Karachay-Cherkessia to the south-east. Adygea is an enclave entirely within the krai. Krasnodar Krai shares an international border with Georgia and borders annexed Crimea to the west, across the Kerch Strait.

The northern part of the krai takes in a part of the Don Steppe, while the southern part has a distinctive Mediterranean climate which has made it a popular tourist location. Novorossiysk is Russia's main port on the Black Sea, one of the few cities awarded the title of the Hero City,Template:Not verified in body and Sochi was the host of the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014. Krasnodar Krai is home to significant infrastructure of the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet.

Geography

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Krasnodar Krai is located in the southwestern part of the North Caucasus and borders Rostov Oblast in the northeast, Stavropol Krai and Karachay-Cherkessia in the east, and with the Abkhazia region (internationally recognized as part of Georgia) in the south.<ref name="OffSiteGeo">Official website of Krasnodar Krai. General Information About the Region Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref> The Republic of Adygea is completely encircled by the krai territory. The krai's Taman Peninsula is situated between the Sea of Azov in the north and the Black Sea in the south.<ref name="Gorshenyov">Gorshenyov</ref> In the west, the Kerch Strait separates the krai from the contested Crimean Peninsula, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but under de facto Russian control.<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> At its widest extent, the krai stretches for Template:Convert from north to south and for Template:Convert from east to west.<ref name="OffSiteGeo" />

The krai is split into two distinct parts by the Kuban River, which gave its name to this entire geographic region.<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> The southern, seaward part is the western extremity of the Caucasus range, lying within the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion;<ref name="WWF">WWF. Central Asia: Southwest Russia and the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea coast</ref> the climate is Mediterranean or, in the southeast, subtropical.<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> Historically it is known as Circassia. The northern part is a steppe zone which shares continental climate patterns.<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> It is also known as Kuban region. Template:See also The height of the mountains exceeds Template:Convert, with Mount Tsakhvoa being the highest at Template:Convert,<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> with Mount Fisht, at Template:Convert, being the Great Caucasus' westernmost peak with a glacier.<ref name="Gorshenyov" />

The Black Sea coast stretches from the Kerch Strait to Adler and is shielded by the Caucasus Mountains from the cold northern winds.<ref name="Gorshenyov" /> Numerous small mountain rivers flow in the coastal areas, often creating picturesque waterfalls.<ref name="Gorshenyov" />

Lake Abrau, located in the wine-making region of Abrau-Dyurso, is the largest lake in the northeastern Caucasus region.<ref name="Gorshenyov" />

History

File:Phanagoria excavations (2008).JPG
Phanagoria, ancient Greek city and former capital of early medieval Old Great Bulgaria

The region's earliest known inhabitants are referred to, generally, as the Maiōtai, who are the ancestors of the modern-day Circassians, Abkhazians and Abazins<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (after the Greek name for the Sea of Azov). During the 6th century BC, Pontic Greeks founded the area's first cities, such as Phanagoria (near modern Sennoy) and Hermonassa (on the Taman Peninsula), who traded with nomadic tribes including the Skuthai (Scythians) and Sindi.

In the 7th century, Phanagoria served as the capital of Old Great Bulgaria. From the 8th to the 10th centuries, the area was dominated by the Khazars, a Turkic people who had earlier migrated from the east onto the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, where a hypothesis claims that they converted to Judaism. After the defeat of the Khazar Khanate in 965 Kievan Prince Svyatoslav conquered the area, it came under the rule of Kievan Rus', and it then formed the Tmutarakan principality. Later, due to the increasing claims of the Eastern Roman Empire at the end of the 11th century, the Tmutarakan principality came under the authority of the Eastern Roman Emperors (until 1204).Template:Citation needed

In that period of history, the Circassians were first mentioned, under the ethnonym Kassogs. For example, the Kassog Prince Rededya was mentioned in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1243–1438, the current territory of the Kuban was part of the Golden Horde. After the latter's collapse, parts of Kuban were held under the Crimean Khanate, Circassia, and the Ottoman Empire, which dominated the region. The Lesser Nogai Horde was the Nogai Tatar territory in Kuban, allied with the Crimean Khanate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Tsardom of Russia began to challenge the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire in the area during the Russo-Turkish wars.

File:Krasnodar Krai map-en.svg
Krasnodar Krai

In April 1783, after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate, right-bank Kuban and Taman Peninsula were annexed to the Russian Empire by decree of Catherine II. In 1792–1794, the Cossacks moved there from Zaporizhzhia, now located in Ukraine, and formed the Black Sea Area troops, with the creation of a solid cordon line for the Kuban River and the marginalization of the neighboring Circassians. The administrative region was accorded the status of "Land of Black Sea Cossack Army", with its center in the city of Yekaterinodar (renamed Krasnodar by the Bolsheviks in 1920).

In 1900, the region's population numbered around two million people. In 1913, the gross grain harvest Kuban region entered second place in Russia, for the production of marketable grain – in first place.Template:Clarify During the Russian Civil War, the anti-communist Kuban People's Republic was established on January 28, 1918. It sought union with the Ukrainian People's Republic during its brief independence until Soviet forces occupied the latter in May 1920.

Krasnodar Krai was founded on September 13, 1937, when Azov-Black Sea Krai of the Russian SFSR was split up in Krasnodar Krai and Rostov Oblast. The Greek Autonomous District and Shapsug national district were located within the Krai. On January 30, 1996, Krasnodar Krai signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.<ref name="asymmetries">Template:Cite journal</ref> This agreement would be abolished on April 12, 2002.<ref name="demokratiztsiya">Template:Cite journal</ref>

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2012 floods

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On July 7, 2012, at least 171 people died in Krasnodar Krai, after torrential rains overnight caused the worst flooding and landslides in more than seventy years.<ref name="Russia144">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Russia150">Template:Cite news</ref> Over Template:Convert of rain – the typical amount for a four- or five-month period – was reported to have fallen within forty-eight hours.<ref name="Russia100" /> A local police spokesman stated that most of the dead were in Krymsky District, where at least 159 died when a wave of water Template:Convert high swept through the town of Krymsk in the middle of the night.<ref name="Russia150" /><ref name="Russia100">Template:Cite news</ref> Ten more deaths occurred in Gelendzhik, including five electrocuted when a transformer fell into the floodwater, and two in Novorossiysk.<ref name="Russia144" /><ref name="Russia100" /> Authorities stated that 17 people had been officially reported missing, and there were fears the death toll would rise further, while medics had hospitalized 210 people, including 16 children.Template:Citation needed

The regional government claimed that over 24,000 people were affected by the floods, with more than 3,000 evacuated, and that more than 10,000 rescuers and 140 helicopters were searching for victims and evacuating survivors.<ref name="Russia144" /><ref name="Russia100" /> In Krymsk, 14 temporary shelters were set up to house around 2,000 evacuees.Template:Citation needed The transport system in the region was said to have collapsed, while oil shipments from Novorossiysk were halted when the port, located in the lower part of the city, was threatened by landslides.<ref name="Russia144" /><ref name="Russia100" /><ref name="Putin">Template:Cite news</ref> Russia's President Vladimir Putin flew to the area to hold emergency talks with officials in Krymsk, while authorities in Perm Krai dispatched a rescue team to evacuate dozens of children from the region, who had been staying at summer camps on the Black Sea coast.<ref name="Russia144" /><ref name="Putin" />

Residents of Krymsk claimed the wave of water that hit the town resulted from the sluice gates of a nearby reservoir being opened, although the prosecutor general's investigative committee denied this. Local prosecutors had earlier confirmed that the gates were opened, but stated that it was too early to determine whether this was the cause of the flooding.<ref name="Russia150" />Template:Update after

Politics

File:Krasnodar 002.JPG
Krai Administration building in Krasnodar

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Krasnodar CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority), the chairman of the Krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the Krai Executive Committee (executive power). In 1991, the CPSU lost power, and the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor have been since appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Krasnodar Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the krai government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The krai administration supports the governor's activities, who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the Krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Administrative divisions

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Krasnodar Krai is administratively divided into thirty-eight districts (raions) and fifteen cities of district equivalence. The districts and cities are further subdivided into eleven towns, plus urban-type settlements, and rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs.

Economy

As a result of 2014 Winter Olympics, Krasnodar Krai has seen significant infrastructure spending.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Over $50 billion has been spent on various infrastructure projects including a bullet train.

Large companies in the region include Tander, Novorossmetal, Autonomous Heat Energy Company, Gazprom gas distribution Krasnodar, and Evrokhim Chemical Fertilizers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transportation

Several lines of Russian Railways cross the region and link it with Abkhazia, Ukraine, and neighboring Russian regions. There are direct trains from resort cities like Sochi and Anapa to Moscow, via Krasnodar, which become very popular during the summer vacation season. There are also suburb train connections. The Apsheronsk narrow-gauge railway, the longest mountain narrow-gauge railway in Russia, runs through Krasnodar Krai.

There are several airports in the region, including Krasnodar International Airport, Sochi International Airport, Anapa Airport, and Gelendzhik Airport.

The biggest ports are Novorossiysk and Tuapse. Others are Eisk and Temryuk on the Azov Sea, and Port Kavkaz, Taman, Anapa, Gelendzhik, and Sochi on the Black Sea. The Crimean Bridge connects Krasnodar Krai and Crimea.

Demographics

Population

Template:Ru-censusTemplate:Historical populationsVital statistics for 2024:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  • Births: 51,509 (8.8 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 73,705 (12.7 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1.51 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):<ref name="rosstat">Template:Cite web</ref>
Total — 70.53 years (male — 66.08, female — 74.90)

Settlements

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The population of Krasnodar Krai is concentrated in the Kuban River drainage basin, which was traditionally Cossack land (see History of Cossacks). The Kuban Cossacks are now generally consideredTemplate:According to whom to be ethnic Russians, even though they are still an important minority in their own right in the area. Historically, they were considered to be ethnic UkrainianTemplate:According to whom, and reported their language as Ukrainian in censuses well into the 20th century (see National Identity of Kuban Cossacks). This change in identity is due to assimilation and historical persecution of the Kuban Cossacks, which was particularly prominent due to questions of their loyalty to Moscow and the Communist state during the Russian Revolution and First World War.Template:Citation needed

Other notable ethnic groups include the Adyghe, who are the region's indigenous population and were nearly completely annihilated following the Circassian genocide,<ref name="RLS">Template:Cite book</ref> and the Armenians (including Christian Hamsheni and Cherkesogai), who have lived in the region since at least the 18th century.Template:Citation needed

Ethnic groups

The 2021 Census identified ethnic groups, as shown in the following table:<ref name="census2021">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ethnic
group 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians 1,358,996 46.67 2,754,027 86.80 3,163,219 91.54 3,873,463 89.29 4,006,811 86.71 4,436,272 86.55 4,522,962 86.55 5,121,482 87.72
Armenians 77,751 2.67 60,501 1.91 75,163 2.18 114,438 2.64 171,757 3.72 274,566 5.36 281,680 5.39 211,132 3.62
Ukrainians 1,418,820 48.72 149,874 4.72 137,604 3.98 156,500 3.61 182,128 3.94 131,774 2.57 83,746 1.60 29,317 0.50
Tatars 5,036 0.15 19,093 0.44 14,547 0.31 25,589 0.50 24,840 0.48 18,912 0.32
Caucasus Greeks 42,568 1.34 11,989 0.35 20,650 0.48 28,337 0.61 26,540 0.52 22,595 0.43 13,117 0.22
Georgians 5,128 0.15 8,085 0.19 12,105 0.26 20,500 0.40 17,826 0.34 12,451 0.21
Gypsies 4,428 0.13 6,499 0.15 8,186 0.18 10,873 0.21 12,920 0.25 11,590 0.20
Adyghe 64,177 2.02 10,384 0.30 16,584 0.38 20,795 0.45 15,821 0.31 13,834 0.26 10,484 0.18
Azerbaijanis 1,264 0.04 2,806 0.06 10,343 0.22 11,944 0.23 10,165 0.19 8,804 0.15
Turks 267 0.01 2,119 0.05 13,496 0.26 8,527 0.16 8,070 0.14
Circassians 2,213 0.06 3,849 0.09 3,562 0.08 4,446 0.09 5,258 0.10 6,166 0.11
Belarusians 23,302 0.80 29,789 0.69 34,688 0.75 26,260 0.51 16,890 0.32 5,923 0.10
Russian Germans 33,041 1.13 34,287 1.08 4,510 0.13 22,849 0.53 29,946 0.65 18,469 0.36 12,171 0.23 5,678 0.10
Kurds 537 0.01 2,262 0.05 5,022 0.10 5,899 0.11 5,609 0.10
Other ethnicities 67,240 2.12 34,465 1.00 62,434 1.44 93,284 2.02 90,622 1.77 85,121 1.63 77,389 1.33
Ethnicity not stated 23 0.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 13,190 0.26 101,657 1.95 292,149 5.00

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Religion

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According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 52.2% of the population of Krasnodar Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, and 1% are Muslims. In addition, 22% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist, and 7.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> Template:Clear

References

Notes

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Sources

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