Yogh

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox grapheme

The letter yogh (ȝogh) ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Scots: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Middle English: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is a Latin script letter that was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing y ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) and various velar phonemes. It descends from the Insular G, the form of the letter g in the medieval Insular script, ᵹ.

In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh.

In Middle Scots, the character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.<ref name="DSL">Template:Citation.</ref> Consequently, some Modern Scots words have a z in place of a yogh—the common surname Menzies was originally written Menȝies (nowadays pronounced mingis but originally menyers, from the French menieres).

Yogh is shaped similarly to the Cyrillic letter З and the Arabic numeral 3, which are sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Capital {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is represented in Unicode by code point Template:Unichar, and lower case {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by code point Template:Unichar.

Pronunciation

File:Yogh.svg
Capital yogh (left), lowercase yogh (right)

In Modern English, "yogh" is pronounced Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en using short o<ref name = "OED">Template:OED</ref> or Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en, using long o.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

It stood for Template:IPAc-en and its various allophones—including {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the voiced velar fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}—as well as the phoneme Template:IPAc-en (Template:Angle bracket in modern English orthography). In Middle English, it also stood for the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and its allophone [ç] as in Template:Angle bracket Template:Gloss ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), and also represented the phonemes /j/ and /dʒ/. Sometimes yogh stood for {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in the word Template:Angle bracket {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Gloss.

In Middle Scots, it represented the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the clusters {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, written l{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and n{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name = "DOST">Template:Citation.</ref>

In medieval Cornish manuscripts, yogh was used to represent the voiced dental fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in Template:Angle bracket, now written Template:Angle bracket, pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

History

File:Ploughmen Fac simile of a Miniature in a very ancient Anglo Saxon Manuscript published by Shaw with legend God Spede ye Plough and send us Korne enow.png
lang}} ("God speed the plough and send us corn enough")

Old English

Template:Further The original Germanic g sound was expressed by the gyfu rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc (which is itself sometimes rendered as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in modern transliteration). Following palatalization, both gyfu and Latin g in Old English expressed the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound before front vowels. For example, "year" was written as gear, even though the word had never had a g sound (deriving from Proto-Germanic *jērą).

With the re-introduced possibility of a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound before front vowels, notably in the form of loanwords from the Old Norse (such as gere from Norse gervi, Modern English gear), this orthographical state of affairs became a source of confusion, and a distinction of "real g" ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) from "palatalized g" ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) became desirable.

In the Old English period, ᵹ was simply the way Latin g was written in the Insular script introduced at the Christianisation of England by the Hiberno-Scottish mission. It only came to be used as a letter distinct from g in the Middle English period, where it evolved in appearance into ȝ, now considered a separate character.

Middle English

In the 14th century, the digraph gh arose as an alternative to yogh for /x/, and eventually overtook yogh in popularity; still, the variety of pronunciations persisted, as evidenced by cough, taught, and though.Template:Clarify The process of replacing the yogh with gh was slow, and was not completed until the arrival of printing presses (which lacked yogh) in England around the end of the fifteenth century. Not every English word that contains a gh was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, spaghetti is Italian, where the h makes the g hard (i.e., {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}); ghoul is Arabic, in which the gh was {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

The medieval author Orm used this letter in three ways when writing Early Middle English. By itself, it represented {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, so he used this letter for the y in "yet". Doubled, it represented {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. Finally, the digraph of ȝh represented {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} came to be spelled night. Middle English re-imported G in its French form for {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (As a further side note, French also used Template:Angle bracket to represent {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in words like voyage and yeux).

Scots

In words of French and Gaelic origin, the Early Scots palatal consonant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} had become {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or in some cases {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and the palatal consonant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} had become {{#invoke:IPA|main}} by the Middle Scots period.<ref name = "DOST" /> Those were variously written {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cf. gn and gli in Italian). By the Modern Scots period the yogh had been replaced by the character z, in particular for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (n{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (l{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), written nz and lz. The original {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} developed into {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in some words such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Zetland for Shetland.<ref name = "DSL" /> Yogh was also used to represent {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in words such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (yesterday) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} but by the Modern Scots period y had replaced yogh.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> The pronunciation of MacKenzie (and its variant spellings) (from Scottish Gaelic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), originally pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Scots,<ref name = "DSL" /> shows where yogh became z. Menzies Campbell is another example.

After the development of printing

In Middle Scots orthography, the use of yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.

The yogh glyph can be found in surnames that start with a Y in Scotland and Ireland; for example the surname Yeoman, which would have been spelled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Sometimes, the yogh would be replaced by the letter z, because the shape of the yogh was identical to some forms of handwritten z.

In Unicode 1.0, the character yogh was mistakenly unified with the quite different character ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and yogh itself was not added to Unicode until version 3.0.

Examples of Middle English words containing a yogh

These are examples of Middle English words that contain the letter yogh in their spellings.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("night")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("eye")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("yea")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("hallowed")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("gate")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (past tense of "go", which in ME is often "yede")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (past participles of "yield" and "yean")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("harboured")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("ear")

Template:Col-2

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("hied, hastened")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("gift")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("if")<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("yes")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("yesterday")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("yester-")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("yet")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("give" or "if")
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("wrought")<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Template:Col-end

Scots words with Template:Angle bracket for Template:Angbr

Placenames

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Dalrulzion – sometimes spelled Dalrulzian, the site of a hut circle and cairnfield in Perthshire and nearby Middleton of Dalrulzion and Dalrulzion House;
  • Dalzean – a dwelling house above Penpont on the course of the Scaur Water in Dumfriesshire that lends its name to the Dalzean Burn and the adjacent hill Dalzean Snout; 
  • Dalzellowlie, Dallzellowlie or Dalziellily – a colliery located between Maybole and Girvan in South Ayrshire whose deposits were contested between the estates of Culzean and Kilhenzie and were set on fire more than once, burning for many decades and becoming known as Burning Hills;
  • Drumelzier – pronounced drumellier (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village in the Tweed Valley that shares its name with Drumelzier Castle, Drumelzier Kirk, the Drumelzier Burn and Drumelzier Law;
  • Drunzie and Drunzie Feus – two adjacent settlements near Glenfarg in Perth and Kinross;
  • Easter Dalziel – pronounced deeyel (IPA Template:IPAc-en) from Gaelic Dail Gheal ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) meaning "white field";
  • Enzie – a settlement in Moray and Enzie railway station;
  • Edzell – now pronounced as written, a village in Angus and the nearby Hill of Edzell, Edzell Castle, Mains of Edzell farm and the nearby settlement Edzell Woods;
  • Falgunzeon – a farm in Dumfries and Galloway that lends its name to the adjacent Falgunzeon Hill;
  • Finzean – pronounced fingen (IPA Template:IPAc-en), an area in rural Aberdeenshire;
  • Finzeuch – a settlement near Keig in Aberdeenshire;
  • Hill of Foulzie – near Macduff in Aberdeenshire and four surrounding farm steadings Foulzie, Backhill of Foulzie, Over Foulzie and Newton of Foulzie;
  • Funzie – pronounced finnie (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village on Fetlar that lends its name to nearby Funzie Ness, Funzie Bay, Haa of Funzie, Loch of Funzie, Muckle Funziegord Geo and the historic dividing wall Funzie Girt;
  • Gartwhinzean – a historic settlement near Crook of Devon in Perth and Kinross;
  • Glenrazie – a small settlement near Newton Stewart, Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenrazie Woods to the north;
  • Glenzier – pronounced glinger (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village in Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenzierfoot and the Glenzier Burn;
  • Helzie – pronounced helly, a place name used for four distinct areas in Orkney, perhaps eponymously named for Helgi an influential Westray householder featured in the Orkneyinga Saga:
    • Dale of Helzie – an area of pasture in Deerness on Mainland;
    • Doun Helzie – a beach on Sanday, Orkney;
    • Helzie and Sands of Helzie – an abandoned dwelling place and adjacent beach on Westray;
    • Helziegetha – a dwelling on Wyre;
  • Henzie Burn – a burn, a tributary to the River Almond, Perth and Kinross which originates in a high corrie, Corry Henzie;
  • Inzie Head – a headland on the Aberdeenshire coast south east of St Combs;
  • Kailzie Gardens – a historic walled garden named after Kailzie Hill and Kailzie Hope near Kirkburn, Scottish Borders;
  • Kenzie's Tower – a minor hillock on Flotta in Orkney;
  • Kilchenzie or Kilkenzie – a small settlement on the Kintyre peninsula, from Choinnich ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), the genitive of Coinneach ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) "Kenneth";
  • Kilhenzie Castle – pronounced kilhinny, a late medieval, baronial keep in Carrick, South Ayrshire, also from Choinnich and which takes its name from the surrounding features Kilhenzie Burn, Kilhenzie Wood and the Back Hill of Kilhenzie;
  • Kilmacfadzean – a prehistoric burnt mound and sheepfold above New Luce in Galloway;
  • Kilrenzie, a remote settlement in the parish of Colmonell in South Ayrshire;
  • Kirkgunzeon – pronounced kirkgunion (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village and civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway that lends its name to the adjacent stream Kirkgunzeon Lane and the nearby Isles of Kirkgunzeon Farm and Cottage;
  • Largizean – a row of three prehistoric standing stones and an adjacent farmstead near Kilchattan Bay on the Isle of Bute;
  • Lenzie – now pronounced as written (IPA Template:IPAc-en), but previously lenyie (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village near Glasgow;
  • Lenziemill – a sizeable industrial district of Cumbernauld;
  • Malzie or Culmalzie, (sometimes Culmazie) – a site in The Machars in Dumfries & Galloway somewhat dubiously supposed to relate to Saint Mhaillidh<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> which lends its name to the Water of Malzie – a tributary of the River Bladnoch and Corsemalzie – a nearby country house hotel;

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Whitelee Forest, East Renfrewshire, also Munzie Burn and Munzie Hill;

  • Onziebust – an RSPB nature reserve on the Isle of Egilsay, Orkney and a second location on Wyre — the two identically named areas face each other across the Rousay Sound;
  • Portencalzie – a small settlement near Kirkcolm on the Rhins of Galloway;
  • Pinzarie – pronounced pingery, a farm steading and ruined farm steading, Old Pinzarie underneath Pinzarie Hill upstream from Tynron on the course of the Shinnel Water;
  • Pitcalzean – an obscure archaeological enclosure near the village of Nigg, Highland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> that lends its name to nearby Pitcalzean House;

  • Queenzieburn – pronounced queenieburn (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a village in Lanarkshire;
  • Rannagulzion House – a country house near Blairgowrie in Perthshire;
  • Ruchazie – now pronounced as written (IPA Template:IPAc-en), a district of Glasgow;
  • Strath Mulzie and Corriemulzie – a broad glen and the river that runs through it in Sutherland that lends its name to the Corriemulzie Lodge & Estate;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also:

Placenames standardised without Template:Angbr

  • Cu' Dheis – a township on Tiree previously found as Cowzeise;
  • Yieldshields – now written as pronounced although previously found as Zuildshields;
  • Yell – found archaically as Zell in early modern texts;
  • Shetland – known commonly as Zetland in the nineteenth century – Zetland County Council being the official name of the county from 1890 until 1975 resulting in Shetland postcodes beginning with the letters ZE.

Surnames

  • Alzie – a surname, historically found in Renfrewshire, Glasgow and Lanarkshire and possibly an alternate spelling of Algie. The name fell into disuse in the early nineteenth century;
  • Cadzow – see placename;
  • Dalziel – pronounced deeyel (IPA Template:IPAc-en) or dehyell, from Gaelic Dail Gheal ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}); also spelled Dalyell and Dalzell;
  • Gilzean – pronounced gilain, a variant of Maclean, from Gaelic MacGilleEathain ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}). However, many now pronounce the 'z', including footballer Alan Gilzean;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Malzie – a now defunct surname possibly related to the Dumfries & Galloway placename;
  • McFadzean – pronounced macfadyen (IPA Template:IPAc-en), scotticised version of the Gaelic surname MacPhaidin also found, primarily in Ireland, anglicised as MacFadden;
  • MacKenzie – now pronounced as written, though as late as 1946 George Black recorded the original form pronounced makenyie (IPA Template:IPAc-en), from the Gaelic MacCoinnich ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) as standard;<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
  • Menzies – most correctly (for example, by Sir Robert Menzies) pronounced mingis (IPA Template:IPAc-en),<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> now also pronounced with Template:IPAc-en;
  • Winzet – pronounced winyet (IPA Template:IPAc-en).

See also:

  • Gilhaize – a seemingly invented surname used for the eponymous protagonist of John Galt's Ringan Gilhaize
  • Layamon – now written as pronounced although frequently rendered with a yogh as Laȝamon up to the early 1900s in literary referents;<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Miscellaneous nouns

  • Assoilzie – pronounced with a silent z – in Scots law: acquittal or ruling in favour of the defender in a civil matter;
  • Brulzie – with a variety of spellings including bruilzie and broolzie – a commotion or noisy quarrel – possibly related to Brulyie to broil;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Capercailzie – the Scots spelling of capercaillie (IPA Template:IPAc-en) from the Gaelic capall-coille ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) meaning "forest horse";
  • Gaberlunzie – most correctly pronounced gaberlunyie (IPA Template:IPAc-en) but now often pronounced as written, a licensed beggar;
  • Spulzie — pronounced spooly with a variety of spellings including spuilzie and spulyie, both the taking of movable goods and the term for a process of restitution for such crimes;
  • Tailzie – pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Scots law: a defunct since 2000 term for an entailed estate/interest in one;
  • Tuilzie – now standardised to Tulyie a struggle or fight, from the Old French 'toeillier' meaning to strive, dispute or struggle;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Ulzie – pronounced ooly, oil. Found in reference to 'The Ulzie Ball' held by Longforgan weavers once daylight had returned sufficiently to allow work without the use of oil lamps.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Egyptology

A Unicode-based transliteration system adopted by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale<ref name=IFAO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> suggested the use of the yogh ȝ character as the transliteration of the Ancient Egyptian "aleph" glyph: <hiero>A</hiero>

The symbol actually used in Egyptology is File:Latin small letter egyptological Alef.svg, two half-rings opening to the left. Since Unicode 5.1, it has been assigned its own codepoints (uppercase U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF, lowercase U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF); a fallback is the numeral 3.

See also

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References

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